Phylum Cycliophora
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Phylum Cycliophora contains microscopic marine invertebrates that live commensally on lobsters. There are possibly 3 known species that were discovered in 1995 living on the mouthparts of lobsters. Cycliophora have a multicellular, bilateral, and acoelomate body form and go through both asexual and sexual reproduction. They feed by filtering food particles through a buccal funnel and have both motile larval stages and a sessile feeding stage.
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Vertebrate digestive system
Embryonic Digestive Tract:
Archenteron:
The embryonic archenteron becomes the lining of the adult digestive tract and of all its derivatives.
Splanchnic mesoderm adds layers of connective tissue and smooth muscles around the archenteron.
Ectodermal invagination of the head forms the stomodaeum leading into oral cavity, and a similar mid-ventral ectodermal invagination forms proctodaeum, which leads into the hindgut.
The stomodaeum becomes the adult buccal cavity and gives rise to teeth enamel, epithelial covering of tongue, glands, e.g., mucous, poison and salivary, etc., and Rathke’s pouch of anterior pituitary gland.
The proctodaeum forms either a small terminal part of the cloaca in lower vertebrates and rectum in mammals.
Digestive Tract of Adult:
Following outgrowths arise from the digestive tract- oral glands, Rathke’s pouch, thyroid gland, gill-clefts, tympanic cavity, thymus and other glands of gill-clefts, trachea, lungs, swim bladder, liver, pancreas, yolk sac, and urinary bladder.
Histology: The wall of the alimentary canal is made of four concentric layers.
An outermost visceral peritoneum or serous coat is made of mesothelial cells and thin layer of connective tissue. It is lacking in the oesophagus.
(ii) Below this is a muscular layer formed of smooth muscle fibres arranged in outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle fibres. Between the two layers of muscles is a network of nerve cells and nerve fibres of the autonomic nervous system, known as myenteric plexus or plexus of Auerbach.
(iii) Beneath the muscle layer is a submucosa made of connective tissue having elastic fibres, fat, blood and lymph vessels, nerve cells and fibres glands.
(iv) The innermost layer is a mucosa composed of three regions:
(a) Outer-most narrow muscularis mucosa of outer longitudinal and inner circular smooth muscle fibres.
(b) Middle thin layer of lamina propria of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves and nodules of lymphatic tissue, and
(c) A basement membrane supporting a layer of columnar epithelial cells which are often glandular and ciliated.
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Splanchnic mesoderm adds layers of connective tissue and smooth muscles around the archenteron.
Ectodermal invagination of the head forms the stomodaeum leading into oral cavity, and a similar mid-ventral ectodermal invagination forms proctodaeum, which leads into the hindgut.
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Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g sozoa ; describe
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Solution
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Phylum Cycliophora
- 2. Possible 3 species are known
- 3. Discovered recently in 1995 by Danish scientists Reinhardt Kristensen and Peter Funch
- 5. General Body Form Mircovillous cellular epidermis Well defined cuticle Secreted by epidermis Individual muscles, not sheaths Brain Location unknown Nervous system not well understood
- 6. Found living commensally on the setae of the mouth parts of lobsters. Found on maxillae and maxillipeds Mouthparts can have thousands of individuals Filter feed on the leftovers of host. Symbionpandorafound on Norway lobster (Nephropsnorvegicus) Symbionamericanusfound on the American lobster (Homarus americanus) -Commercially important species of lobster Not presently described species found on the European lobster (Homarusgammarus)
- 8. Multiple Life Stages Feeding Sessile Stage Asexual or sexual Multiple Motile Larval stages Pandora larva Chordoidlarva Prometheus larva
- 11. Asexual Inner Budding Loses buccal funnel and digestive tract New bud arises from embryonic cells producing only a new buccal funnel and digestive tract Process repeated multiple times
- 12. Asexual Reproduction Pandora larva is formed much the same way as asexual inner budding Free-swimming larva settle close to parent individual to form new feeding stage. Allows for quick replication over mouthparts
- 14. Sexual Reproduction Primary male (Prometheus larva) or female housed inside the body of the feeding stage. Primary male hatches and settles on a feeding stage. Primary male lacks penis or testis therefore forms secondary male itself with penis and spermatozoa.
- 15. Sexual Reproduction Secondary male swims to another feeding stage with female. Fertilization occurs inside female with oocyte. Female releases from feeding stage and settles close by.
- 16. Sexual Reproduction Chordoidlarva forms inside settled female. Chordoid larva has stacked muscle cells Larva ingests entire female and hatches Good swimmer Represents dispersal stage Larva settles on new host and forms a new feeding stage.
- 18. Bibliography Funch, Peter and R. Kristensen. Symbionpandora. 1995. Photograph. Web. 01 May 2011. http://128.128.175.117/pages/1922 Funch, P., and Kristensen, R. M. 1995. Cycliophora is a new phlum with affinities to Entoprocta and Ectoprocta. Nature 378: 711-714. Hansen, Asbjørn. European Lobster. 2005. Photograph. Web. 01 May 2011. http://www.flickr.com/photos/xoto/57297523/ Reinhardt MøbjergKristensen. 2002 . An Introduction to Loricifera, Cycliophora, and MicrognathozoaIntegr. Comp. Biol. 42(3): 641-651 doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.641 Ruppert, Edward E., and Robert D. Barnes. Invertebrate Zoology. 7th ed. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, 2003. 812-15. Print.
- 19. Thank You!!!