PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
INTRODUCTION
Phosphate SOLUBILIZERS are a group of beneficial micro-organisms capable of breaking down of organic and inorganic insoluble phosphorous compounds to soluble P form that can easily be assimilated by plants.
Phosphorous (P) is a major growth-limiting nutrient, Plants acquire phosphorus from soil solution as phosphate anion.
TYPES
MECHANISM
ISOLATION
INOCULANT PRODUCTION
INOCULANT APPLICATION
ROLE OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZERS
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from soil Likhith KLIKHITHK1
A number of bacterial species provide beneficial effects to a plant and these are mostly present in rhizosphere and hence called rhizobacteria. This group of bacteria has been termed plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Phosphorus is an essential element for plant development and growth making up about 0.2 % of plant dry weight. Plants acquire P from soil solution as phosphate anions. However, phosphate anions are extremely reactive and may be immobilized through precipitation with cations such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ and Al 3+. In these forms, P is highly insoluble and unavailable to plants. Different bacterial species has ability to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate compounds, such as tricalcium phosphate, di calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and rock phosphate to soluble form, Hence theses bacteria's are referred to as phosphate solubilizing bacteria.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Isolation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from soil Likhith KLIKHITHK1
A number of bacterial species provide beneficial effects to a plant and these are mostly present in rhizosphere and hence called rhizobacteria. This group of bacteria has been termed plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Phosphorus is an essential element for plant development and growth making up about 0.2 % of plant dry weight. Plants acquire P from soil solution as phosphate anions. However, phosphate anions are extremely reactive and may be immobilized through precipitation with cations such as Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Fe 3+ and Al 3+. In these forms, P is highly insoluble and unavailable to plants. Different bacterial species has ability to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate compounds, such as tricalcium phosphate, di calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and rock phosphate to soluble form, Hence theses bacteria's are referred to as phosphate solubilizing bacteria.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Biofertilizers definition, classification, bacterial biofertilizers, mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, prospects and constraints of biofertilizers production in hilly regions of Indian states. Liquid biofertilizers and its uses and advatages
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Biofertilizers definition, classification, bacterial biofertilizers, mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, prospects and constraints of biofertilizers production in hilly regions of Indian states. Liquid biofertilizers and its uses and advatages
PRODUCTION TECHNOLGY FOR BIOAGENTS AND BIOFERTILISZERBHUMI GAMETI
WHAT IS BIOFERTILISER? ITS USE ,
HOW TO MAKE?
BENEFITS OF BIOFERTILIZER
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
CROP PRODUCTIVITY
TYPES
WORK
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA
PIKOVSKAYA BROTH NEDIUM
Till 1997-98 strong correlation is found between Fertilizer consumption and food grains production
After 1997-98, this relationship distorted
Most of States are experiencing increase in fertilizer consumption with slower pace of crop productivity
Some states witness consumption of fertilizer picking up without any conspicuous gain on agricultural crop productivity
Biofertilizers is one such component of organic farming that keep the soil environment rich in all kinds of micro- and macro-nutrients via nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilisation or mineralization, release of plant growth regulating substances, production of antibiotics and biodegradation of organic matter in the soil. When biofertilizers are applied as seed or soil inoculants, they multiply and participate in nutrient cycling and benefit crop productivity. In general, 60% to 90% of the total applied fertilizer is lost and the remaining 10% to 40% is taken up by plants. Biofertilizers improve soil fertility by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen and solubilising insoluble phosphates and produce plant growth-promoting substances in the soil.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
Increasing efficiency of ROCK PHOSPHATE on problematic soilssamanyita94
PHOSPHATE ROCK-
Phosphate rock denotes the product obtained from the mining and subsequent metallurgical processing of P-bearing ores.
PRs can be used-
as raw materials in the industrial manufacture of WSP fertilizers,or as P sources for direct application in agriculture
Phosphate rocks as raw materials for P-fertilizer manufacturing:
1.Sulphuric acid and PR are the raw materials used in the production of single superphosphate (SSP) and phosphoric acid.
2.Phosphoric acid is an important intermediate by-product that is used to make triple superphosphate (TSP) and ammonium phosphate.
3.It is used for industrial purposes and for the production of animal feed supplements and food products.
4.used in the manufacture of elemental P and its derivatives, in particular sodium tri-polyphosphate(a major component of heavy-duty laundry detergents).
Rock phosphate for direct application:
As mentioned above, PRs mainly of sedimentary origin are suitable for direct application because they consist of fairly open, loosely consolidated aggregates of micro crystals with a relatively large specific surface area.
They show a considerable proportion of isomorphic substitution in the crystal lattice and contain a variable proportion and amounts of accessory minerals and impurities.
Advantages – less expensive , slow and steady supply of P and More P restoration capacity.
Factors affecting the effectiveness of rock phosphate:
Reactivity of RP: Reactivity is a measure of its rate of dissolution.
Particle size: Finer the particle size, more is the dissolution.
Usually less than 0.15mm.
Soil properties:Low pH (less than 5.5 ), high organic-matter content and low solution concentration of Ca ions.
Soil acidity, Cation exchange capacity, and exchangeable calcium and magnesium, Soil organic matter, Crop species and Soil solution ‘P’ concentration and retension capacity
B. Management practices: PR placement, Rate of PR application, Timing of PR application, Lime application
ways for improving efficiency of rock phosphates:
Depends on various factors:-
the physical and chemical properties of PRs;
soil and climate factors;
plant species and the cropping system; and
farming management practices.
biological,chemical and physical means of increasing efficiency
5 R's of reduce India's dependency on phosphate rock derived P
DEFINITION
RHIZOSPHERE EFFECT
MICROORGANISMS FOUND IN RHIZOSPHERE
FACTORS INFLUENCING THEIR GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF RHIZOSPHERIC MICROORGANISMS ON PLANTS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF RHIZOSPHERIC MICROORGANISMS ON PLANTS
Carbon cycle is a biogeochemical in which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere of earth.
In earth’s atmosphere , CO2 is only 0.32%.
The process of photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition move carbon through carbon cycle partly as CO2.
Carbon is the backbone of life on Earth.
SOURCES
CARBON CYCLE
MAJOR DIVISIONS OF CARBON CYCLE
TYPES
SLOW CARBON CYCLE
FAST CARBON CYCLE
CATEGORIES OF CARBON
PROCESS INVOLVED
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
COMBUSTION
RESPIRATION
DECOMPOSITION
MINERALISATION
IMMOBILISATION
ASSIMILATION
IMPORTANCE OF CARBON CYCLE
Mutation
A mutation is a change in the DNA’s nucleotide sequence.
An abrupt shift in the nucleotide sequence causes an organism’s morphological traits to change. Such a change is referred to as a mutation if it is heritable.
So, mutation is defined as any heritable change in the sequence of nucleotide of DNA.
Features
Change in number- it is the change in the number or arrangement of nucleotide sequence of a gene.
It is heritable change in the DNA sequence.
Permanent structural change inherited material DNA effects
Can be harmful/beneficial or have no effects.
Can be sometimes attributed to random chance events.
Can be caused by mistakes during cell division or
May be caused by exposure to DNA damaging agents to the environment such as radiation and Mutagenic chemicals.
Types
Point mutation
-Silent Mutation
-Non sense Mutation
-Mis sense Mutation
Frame shift mutation
Substitution
Addition
Deletion
Causes
MUTAGENS
Physical
Chemical
Biological
ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay) by Pranzly.pptPranzly Rajput
INTRODUCTION
The term ELISA was first used by Engvall & Perlma in 1971.
high sensitivity
useful & powerful method in estimating ng/mL to pg/mL ordered materials in the solution.
Similar To RIA, Except No Radio-labelling.
Alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase and beta-galactosidase are the enzymes used in the EIA tests.
PRINCIPLE
MATERIAL REQUIRED
REAGENTS
TYPES
NON-COMPETITIVE ELISA
DIRECT ELISA
INDIRECT ELISA
SANDWICH ELISA
COMPETITIVE ELISA
ELISA RESULT
QUALITATIVE
QUANTITATIVE
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE
PRECAUTIONS
The glutamate family :-
Conversion of a-Ketoglutarate to Glutamate
In the presence of enzyme glutamate dehydrogenase.
Synthesis of Glutamine -two step process.
Synthesis of Proline
Synthesis of Arginine- more complex pathway
Types of organs system.
∆Primary organs
Immature lymphocytes generated in hematopoiesis mature and become committed to a particular antigenic specificity within the primary lymphoid organs
Only after a lymphocytes has matured within a primary lymphoid organ is the cell immunocompetent (capable of mounting an immune response).
T cells arise in the thymus, and in many mammals—humans
-Bone marrow -supports self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into mature blood cells.
bone marrow is the site of B-cell origin and development
the long bones (femur, humerus), hip bones (ileum), and sternum tend to be the most active
contains several cell types that coordinate HSC development.
-Thymus
∆secondary organs
Lymph nodes and the spleen are the most highly organized of the secondary lymphoid organs and are compartmentalized from the rest of the body by a fibrous capsule.
lymphoid tissue is organized into structures called lymphoid follicles,
Until it is activated by antigen, a lymphoid follicle—called a primary follicle—comprises a network of follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells.
After an antigenic challenge, a primary follicle becomes a larger secondary follicle—a ring of concentrically packed B lymphocytes surrounding a center (the germinal center)
-Spleen
-Lymph nodes
-Associated tissue
-MALT
-GALT
-BALT
-CALT
Types of immune cells
∆Lymphoid cells
-lymphocytes
constitute 20%–40% of the body’s white blood cells and 99% of the cells in the lymph
continually circulate in the blood and lymph and are capable of migrating into the tissue spaces and lymphoid organs
lymphocytes enlarge into 15 µm-diameter blast cells, called lymphoblasts; these cells have a higher cytoplasm : nucleus ratio and more organellar complexity than small lymphocytes.
Lymphoblasts proliferate and eventually differentiate into-
effector cells or into
memory cells.
* B-lymphocytes
*T-lymphocytes
* Natural killer cells
∆mononuclear phagocytes
The mononuclear phagocytic system consists of monocytes circulating in the blood and macrophages in the tissues.
-macrophages
-monocytes
∆granulocytes cells
Granulocytes are at the front lines of attack during an immune response and are considered part of the innate immune system.
Granulocytes are white blood cells (leukocytes) that are classified as neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, or eosinophils on the basis of differences in cellular morphology and the staining of their characteristic cytoplasmic granules
The cytoplasm of all granulocytes is replete with granules that are released in response to contact with pathogens.
These granules contain a variety of proteins with distinct functions:
Some damage pathogens directly;
some regulate trafficking and activity of other white blood cells, including lymphocytes
-neutrophills
-basophils
-eosinophils
-dendritic cells
-mast cells
∆Phosphorous cycle
∆Sources of phosphorus
-ROCK DEPOSITS (SEDIMENTS)
-AGRICULTURE CROPS CONTAIN 0.05-0.5%
-ORGANIC FORMS- IN FORM OF PHYTIN, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, NUCLEIC ACID, PHOSPHORYLATED SUGAR, COENZYMES, ACID
-ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE(ATP)
-SOIL IS RICH IN ORGANIC PHOSPHOROUS
∆Steps in phosphorus cycle
WEATHERING OF ROCKS
ABSORPTION BY PLANTS
ABSORPTION BY ANIMALS
RETURNING TO THE ENVIRONMENT THROUGH DECOMPOSITION
∆Process involved in phosphorus cycle
ALTERATION OF SOLUBILITY OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF phosphorus.
MINERALISATION
IMMOBILISATION OF PHOSPHOROUS
ASSIMILATION
OXIDATION/REDUCTION
Importance of phosphorus cycle
Types of Normal flora
Association between human and normal flora .
Characteristics of normal flora
Tissue specificity
Specific aadherence
Biofilm formation
Normal flora of skin
Normal flora of oral cavity
Normal flora of conjunctiva
Normal flora of respiratory tract
Normal flora of gastro intestinal tract
Normal flora of urogenital tract
Beneficial effect of normal flora
Harmful effect of normal flora
Disease caused by normal flora
Factors that affect microbial growth by Pranzly.pptxPranzly Rajput
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors
Intrinsic factors include
Characteristics of the food itself are called intrinsic factors.
These include naturally occurring compounds that influence microbial growth,
MOISTURE CONTENT
pH AND ACIDITY
NUTRIENT CONTENT
BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
REDOX POTENTIAL
NATURALLY OCCURING AND ADDED ANTIMICROBIAL
Extrinsic factors are those that refer to the environment surrounding the food.
TYPES OF PACKAGING AND ATMOSPHERES
EFFECT OF TIME/TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS ON MICROBIAL GROWTH
STORAGE AND HOLDING CONDITION
PROCESSING STEPS
antibiotic susceptibility testing
disk diffusion method
Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method
Stokes method
diluted method
agar dilution
test tube dilution
epsilometer test (E test)
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. INDEX
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES
• MECHANISM
• ISOLATION
• INOCULANT PRODUCTION
• INOCULANT APPLICATION
• ROLE OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING BACTERIA
3. INTRODUCTION
• PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING MICROORGANISM(PSMs) are
a group of beneficial micro-organisms capable of
breaking down of organic and inorganic insoluble
phosphorous compounds to soluble P form that can
easily be assimilated by plants.
• Phosphorous (P) is a major growth-limiting nutrient,
Plants acquire phosphorus from soil solution as
phosphate anion.
• they are associated with the plant rhizosphere, so they
are called as rhizobacteria. been termed plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR).
phosphate anions
are extremely
reactive and may
be immobilized
through
precipitation with
cations such as
Ca2+ , Mg2+ , Fe3+
and Al3+
4. • P is highly insoluble and unavailable to plants
• Different bacterial species to solubilize insoluble inorganic phosphate
compounds, such as tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate,
hydroxyapatite, and rock phosphate.
• used as biofertilizers or control agents for agriculture improvement
TYPES OF PSB
Bacterial
genera
Fungal genera Actinomycetes
Arbuscular
mycorrhizal(A
M)
5. MECHANISMS OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION
• It includes the production of organic acids, and acid phosphatases play a major
role in the MINERALIZATION of organic phosphorus in soil.
• Production of organic acids results in acidification of the microbial cell and its
surroundings
• Gluconic acid and 2-ketogluconic acid seems to be the most frequent agent with
phosphate solubilizing ability.
Organic acid Strains
2-Ketogluconic acid Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium meliloti,
Bacillus firmus
Gluconic acid Pseudomonas sp., Erwinia herbicola, Pseudomonas
cepacia, Burkholderia cepacia
: Microbial strains producing organic acid
6. Strains of Bacillus were found to produce mixtures of lactic, isovaleric, iso-butyric
and acetic acids
Other organic acids, such as glycolic, oxalic, malonic, and succinic acid, been
identified among phosphate solubilizers.
Chelating substances and inorganic acids such as sulphideric, nitric, and carbonic
acid are phosphate solubilization
Genera Pseudomonas,
Bacillus and
Rhizobium are among
the most powerful
phosphate solubilizers
7. ISOLATION OF PHOSPHATE
SOLUBILIZING.BACTERIA
Using plate screening methods
Phosphate solubilizers produce clearing
zones around the microbial colonies in
media.
Insoluble mineral phosphates such as
tricalcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite
are contained in the media
bromophenol blue method that
produce yellow halos following pH drop
through the release of organic acids
NOTE:
Clearing zones on agar
plate method is
generally used
Pikovskays’s medium is
a general medium for
selection of phosphate
solubilizer
:Phosphate solubilizer
forming clear zone by Fungi
8. Inoculant Production
STEP-1 CULTIVATION
-Media: proper media for inoculant (nutrient broth, yeast extract
broth etc.)
-Incubation condition: temperature, light, incubation period
STEP-2 COLLECTION
-After incubation period, collect microbial cells by centrifuge
-Wash cells with distilled water or diluted saline solution
STEP-3 FORMULATION OF INNOCULATION USING CARRIER
MATERIALS
-Mix cells using carrier materials such as peat, vermiculite, perlite
Potential materials that are able to support good growth and survival of
bacteria including different types of COALS, BENTONITE, CORN OIL,
MINERAL SOILS, PEAT, PEAT MOSS, VERMICULITE, AND PERLITE
Cultures centrifuged
