he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
Interaction of microorganisms with vascular plants.pptxMicrobiologyMicro
Microbial association with vascular plants
Plants—the major source of organic matter on which most soil microorganisms are dependent.
Different Microorganisms are associated with the leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots.
The microbial community influences plants in direct and indirect ways.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
application of biofertilizers in forest nursery. Different types of biofertilizers and application methods. advantages and disadvantages of biofertilizers.
INTRODUTION A biofertilizer is a substance which contains living microorganisms, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
Reforestation through micropropagationHarish Kumar
In this power point overview of micropropagation and its classification has been discussed then Steps involved in the micropropagation. And also its contribution towards reforestation.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Mass Production of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AM Fungi) | (VAM Fungi)
1. Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University
College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30
Submitted By :
Arunodaya Maji
CARA-2018-110
Batch - D
Under the guidance of,
Course In-charge :
Dr. S. Triveni
3. Introduction :
1. Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of
higher plants and fungi.
2. It is an Greek word, mykes: mushroom or fungi; rhiza: root.
3. Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last
century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
4. In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83%
Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
5. Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
4. An arbuscule of Glomus
versiforme in a root cortex cell
with branch hyphae densely
packed in the cortex cell of the
host
Arbuscule of Gigaspora margarita
with an elongated trunk hypha (T)
and tufts of fine branch hyphae
(arrows)
5. Developing arbuscule of
Glomus mosseae in a root
cell with fine branch hyphae
(arrows). The trunk (T) of
this arbuscule branched
from an intercellular
hyphae.
6.
7. Mycorrhiza
• The term “mycorrhiza” was coined by A. B. Frank,
1885.
• Mutualistic symbiosis (non-pathogenic
association) between soil-borne fungi and roots of
plants.
• Key components of ecosystems
• Link plants within a habitat
• Labelled CO2 fed to tree can be
found in seedlings growing nearby
• Retain and conserve mineral
nutrients
8. Types of mycorrhizae :
• On the basis of morphological and anatomical features,
mycorrhizae are divided into the three types.
• 1. Endomycorrhizae
• 2. Ectomycorrhizae
• 3. Ectendomycorrhizae
9. Endomycorrhizae further classified in to
five types.
• 1. AM fungi (Arbuscular mycorrhizae)
• 2. Orchidoid mycorrhizae
• 3. Monotropoid mycorrhizae
• 4. Ericoid Mycorrhizae
• 5. Arbutoid mycorrhizae
11. Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM)
• Also called as Arbuscular mycorrhiza as vesicles are not formed in all
cases.
• Develop arbuscules and vesicles within root cortical cells.
Vesicles Arbuscles
• Intercellular hyphae form large
swellings (vesicles) at ends of hyphae
or intercalary
• Typically rich in lipids & used as
storage organs
• Surrounded by plant cell membrane
• Typically disintegrate after 2 weeks in
plant cell and release nutrients
• sites where carbohydrates and
nutrients are exchanged between cell
and VAM hyphae.
12. AM fungi (Arbuscule mycorrhizae) :
• Fungi formed AM association with plants may belongs to ascomycetes ,
basidiomycetes and zygomycetes.
• All AM fungi are obligate biotrophic, as they are completely dependent on
plants for their survival.
• Many microorganism form symbioses with plants that range from parasitic to
mutualistic. Among this the most widespread mutualistic symbiosis is the
arbuscular mycorrhizal association. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis
occurs between the fungi of the Glomeromycota (Schubler et al., 2001) and
majority of terrestrial plants. The phycobiont correspond to 80% of plant
species and this association involves an intimate relationship between plant
roots and fungal hyphae. This mutualism is manifested in bidirectional nutrient
exchange: the fungus is nourished by plant photosynthates and plant mineral
nutrition particularly phosphate is enhanced by the fungus (Smith and Read,
1997). AM fungi are obligate biotrophs, depending on living root tissue for
carbohydrate supply to complete their asexual life cycle.
13. Spores: These are the "fruiting bodies" of the fungi and are
formed both inside the roots and externally in the soil.
• Spores of diameters
ranging from 50 to 400
μm
• Depending upon the
season and conditions,
spores can make up a
significant amount of
mycorrhizal biomass.
14. Mycorrhiza as root extension
• The fungus also produces hyphae outside the roots
that serve as root extension; thereby increasing the
plant’s potential to absorb water and nutrients from
the soil.
15.
16. Need to use mycorrhiza
Intensive management practices limit viability and
infectivity of native mycorrhizal fungi
Excessive applications of chemical
fertilizers and pesticides
Severe soil disturbances like
erosion, tillage, compaction
Non-native transplants grown in soil and
climactic conditions different from the
areas where they are planted
Areas under heavy environmental stresses
17. Different functions played by the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in the
physiology and ecology of their host plants.
Mycorrhizal hyphae interconnect roots with soil particles (3), provide direct connections of root
systems of different plant individuals (2), and interact with a number of soil microbes (4).
18. Mechanism of Improved plant growth
due to VA Mycorrhiza
Increased nutrient uptake
Synergistic beneficial interaction with other soil
micro-organisms
Resistance to plant pathogens
Better drought tolerance
Production of growth promoting substances
Stimulate the growth of beneficial microorganisms
Improve soil structure – hyphal polysaccharides
bind and aggregate soil particles
20. Culturing of AMF
• The obligate symbiotic nature of the fungus makes axenic
cultivation an important challenge for both scientific and
practical point of view. Inability to culture AM in the laboratory is
the major limiting factor in their application in agriculture.
Though AMF has very broad specificity towards plants including
various agricultural horticultural and forestry plant species, but
the ability to produce AM in bulk quantities is a major bottleneck.
AM biofertilizer is currently recommended only for transplanted
and nursery raised crops because of the difficulty in inoculum
production as well as the bulk requirement of the inoculum.
• Various methods were developed for mass production of AM fungi
world wide.
21. Soil sample + sterile water
Hot water
Filter and sieve
( 719μm → 250μm → 50μm → 45μm)
Spores separated from soil particles
Mix with carrier material
Use when required as biofertilizer
i) Isolation
A ) Sieving method :
22. B ) Floatation method : Soil sample + sterile water
Separate the soil particles using
membrane filter
Centrifuge
( Density gradient centrifuge = at 3000rpm
for 30 min )
Spores separated from soil particles
Mix with carrier material
Use when required as biofertilizer
23. Mass Production :
• Being obligate symbionts AM fungi could be mass produced only
in the presence of living roots. Since AM fungal associations are
universal and have been reported in almost all terrestrial plants,
these can be reproduced on a wide range of host plants. There are
several techniques reported for mass production of AM inoculum.
24. In-Vivo Culture
• AM fungi are grown on roots of green house plants and chopped
mycorrhizal roots, often mixed with growth media containing
hyphae and spores, are used as source of inoculum.
• Soil could be replaced by inert substances such as vermiculite,
perlite, sand or a mixture of these for crude inoculum
production.
29. i)Solution culture
• Involves growing infected roots in aqueous medium enriched with
mineral nutrients required for the growth of the roots under
controlled biotic and abiotic conditions.
30. ii)Aeroponic culture
• Involves applying a fine mist of nutrient solutions to colonized
roots for AM fungal inoculum production.
31. iii)Root organ culture
• Use of a modified agar medium (MS rooting medium)/ liquid
medium for creation of increased amount of roots from callus
tissue and these roots are infected by AM spores or by surface
sterilized root bits obtained from mycorrhizal plant.
32. On Farm Mass Production of Vessicular Arbuscular Mycorhiza
Method
Sterilize soil by heating for 2-4 hours using a big pan or talyasi or by drying under intense heat of
the sun for 2-3 days.
Place the sterilized soil in thoroughly cleaned and dry clay pots.
After cooling the soil, place a pinch of root starter inoculants then cover with a thin layer of soil.
Sow 3-5 seeds in each pot.
Grow the plants for three months under normal conditions. Protect the plants from pest and
diseases. Stop watering the plants after 3 months.
Cut the plants or stalks when they are completely dried. Allow the soil in the pot to dry further.
Remove soil adhering to the roots. Cut the roots finely and save some rot inoculants for future
use. Mix the finely cut roots with the soil/ vermi compost from the pot to produce VAM soil
inoculants.
Store the root and soil inoculants in sealed plastic bags in a dry and cold place.
33. VAM application
• Mycorrhizal application goal is to create physical contact between
the mycorrhizal inoculant and the plant root.
• Mycorrhizal inoculant can be sprinkled onto roots during
transplanting,
• worked into seed beds, blended into potting soil, “watered in” via
existing irrigation systems,
• applied as a root dip gel or probed into the root zone of existing
plants.
• Mycorrhizae inoculant can be applied by broadcast thinly on prepared
seedbed. Mix into the soil or in case of nursery, cover VAM soil
inoculant with a thin layer of soil.
The type of application depends upon the conditions and needs of the
user. Sow seeds on the seedbed and cover seeds with a thin layer of
soil. If necessary, apply fertilizer 15 days after sowing.
Do not use chemical fertilizer / fungicide on seedbed
before sowing if VAM is to be applied.
34. Application of AM fungi
• Nursery application
• 100 g bulk inoculum is sufficient for one m2. The inoculum should be applied a
2-3 cm below the soil at the time of sowing. The seeds/cuttings should be
sown/planted above the AM inoculum to cause infection.
• For polythene bag raised crops
• 5 to 10 g bulk inoculum is sufficient for each packet. Mix 10 kg of inoculum with
1000 kg of sand potting mixture and pack the potting mixture in polythene bag
before sowing.
• For out-planting
• 20 g of AM inoculum is required per seedling. Apply inoculum at the time of
planting.
• For existing trees
• 200 g AM inoculum is required for inoculating one tree. Apply inoculum near the
root surface at the time of fertilizer application.
35. Micorrhiza Application Rates
• Row Crop Application : side dress seed furrows or transplants @
6 to 9 kg/ha. Incorporate at 2-6 inches (5 to 15cm) below soil
surface.
• Seed Drilling: incorporate into the soil at a depth below the
seed.
• Broadcast and Till: Evenly distribute across seedbed after
seeding. Cover the exposed seed and inoculum by harrowing ,
chain dragging or applying an organic topdressing .
• Nursery Medium: Evenly blend @ 3 kg/ m3.
• Do not leave inoculum exposed to sunlight.
36. Application :
• Increase nutrient uptake of plant from soil.
• P Nutrition and other elements: N, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, S, B, Mo, Fe, Mn, Cl
• Increase diversity of plant. Produce uniform seedling.
• Significant role in nutrient recycling.
• More tolerant to adverse soil chemical constraints which limit crop production.
• Increase plant resistance to diseases and drought. Stimulate the growth of
beneficial microorganisms. Improve soil structure.
• Stable soil aggregate – hyphal polysaccharides bind and aggregate soil
particles.
• Increases absorption of phosphate by crops. uptake of zinc also increases.
• Increases uptake of water from soil. Increases uptake of sulphur from the soil
• Increases the concentration of cytokinins and chloroplast in plants.
• They protect plants during stress condition.
37. Benefits :
• Produce more vigorous and healthy plants.
• Increase plant establishment and survival at seedling or transplanting.
• Enhance flowering and fruiting.
• Increase yields and crop quality.
• Improve drought tolerance, allowing watering reduction.
• Optimize fertilizers use, especially Phosphorus.
• Increase tolerance to soil salinity.
• Reduce disease occurrence.
• Contribute to maintain soil quality and nutrient cycling.
• Contribute to control soil erosion.
42. Conclusion :
• Mycorrhizal association is very essential for the plants because it
has several benefits like absorption of nutrients, increases drought
resistance, enhance plant efficiency in absorbing water and
nutrients from soil. Especially, AM fungi are very useful in the
agriculture because it serves as biofertilizers as it helps in the
absorption of phosphorus, and other nutrient uptake.
43. References :
• N S subba Rao, Soil microorganisms and plant growth, 3rd edition.
Oxford & IBH publishing co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, page no 287-296.
• Tanuja Sing, S S Purohit and Pradeep Pairhar, Soil
• microbiology. Agrobios (India), page no 383-405.
• Himadri Panda and Dharamvir Hota, Biofertilizers and organic
farming, 2007 gene- Tech books New Delhi, page no 147-187.
• Rangaswamy G and Bhagyaraj. Agricultural microbiology and 2nd
edition. Prentice- hall of Indian private limited.
• Dr. H A Modi, Biofertilizers & organic forming, Aaviahkar
publishers, Distrubutros jaipur 302003(Raj) India.
Editor's Notes
Solid lines represent direct and the dotted lines indirect effects of the AM fungi on the plants, soil, and soil microbes.