Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
PGPR are a group of bacteria which actively colonize plant roots / Rhizosphere Rhizosphere. They enhance plant Growth and Yield Directly or Indirectly. The knowledge of this particular area and the understanding of its mechanism are highly important to use them as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers, hence it ultimately guides towards sustainable agriculture.
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Soil organic matter has long been recognized as one of the most important components in maintaining soil fertility, soil quality, and agricultural sustainability. The soil zone strongly influenced by plant roots, the rhizosphere, plays an important role in regulating soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Processes that are largely controlled or directly influenced by roots are often referred to as rhizosphere processes. These processes may include exudation of soluble compounds, water uptake, nutrient mobilization by roots and microorganisms, rhizosphere-mediated soil organic matter decomposition, and the subsequent release of CO2 through respiration. Rhizosphere processes are major gateways for nutrients and water. At the global scale, rhizosphere processes utilize approximately 50% of the energy fixed by photosynthesis in terrestrial ecosystems, contribute roughly 50% of the total CO2 emitted from terrestrial ecosystems, and mediate virtually all aspects of nutrient cycling. Therefore, plant roots and their rhizosphere interactions are at the center of many ecosystem processes. However, the linkage between rhizosphere processes and soil organic matter decomposition is not well understood. Because of the lack of appropriate methods, rates of soil organic matter decomposition are commonly assessed by incubating soil samples in the absence of vegetation and live roots with an implicit assumption that rhizosphere processes have little impact on the results. Our recent studies have overwhelmingly proved that this implicit assumption is often invalid, because the rate of soil organic matter decomposition can be accelerated by as much as 380% or inhibited by as much as 50% by the presence of live roots. The rhizosphere effect on soil organic matter decomposition is often large in magnitude and significant in mediating plant-soil interactions.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
PGPR are a group of bacteria which actively colonize plant roots / Rhizosphere Rhizosphere. They enhance plant Growth and Yield Directly or Indirectly. The knowledge of this particular area and the understanding of its mechanism are highly important to use them as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers, hence it ultimately guides towards sustainable agriculture.
biological nitrogen fixation, which is carried out by diazotrophs, has been dealt with in this slideshare. it involves the mechanism involved and various factors involved therein.
RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MICROBES TO IMPROVE SOIL FERTILI...GunjitSetia1
Lower expression levels of proteins that confer relevant properties, such as remediation of toxic xenobiotics, increased resistance and accumulation of heavy metals, and faster degradation of a variety of pesticides, are the bottleneck to soil health restoration using genetically engineered microbes. Critical discussion has been had on the application of CRISPR Cas-based systems in phytoremediation and endophytic microorganisms in pesticide remediation. Although the use of cutting-edge gene-editing tools like the CRISPR Cas system, Zinc Finger nucleases (ZFN), and transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) has recently received a lot of attention, further investigation of research activities utilizing these molecular tools is still required in the direction of more toxic waste remediation research.
Bacterial biofertilizers, also known as microbial biofertilizers or bacterial inoculants, refer to formulations containing beneficial bacteria that enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake. These bacteria form symbiotic or associative relationships with plants, promoting nutrient availability, increasing stress tolerance, and improving overall plant health.
Microalgae as biofertilizers are major enhancing soil fertility and quality. Microalgae can create plant growth hormones, Polysaccharides, antibacterial chemicals and other metabolites.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
2. Assignment on
PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING
RHIZOBACTERIA
SSC-411,(0+4)
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Mr. Achin Kumar. Anamika Kumari
R-13009
B.Sc.(Ag.) 4th year
3. CONTENTS
• Basic facts about PGPR.
• Classification of PGPR.
• Characteristics of PGPR.
• Mechanism of action of PGPR.
- Direct Plant Growth Promotion.
- Indirect Plant Growth Promotion.
• Role of PGPR.
• Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as a biofertilizers.
• Importance of PGPR.
• Commercialization.
• Developmental Strategies.
• Conclusion.
4. BASIC FACTS ABOUT PGPR
• The term “plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)” for beneficial microbes
was introduced by Kloepper JW, Schroth MN (1981).
• The term “plant growth promoting bacteria” refers to bacteria that colonize the
roots of plants (rhizosphere) that enhance plant growth.
• Rhizosphere is the soil environment where the plant root is available and is a
zone of maximum microbial activity resulting in a confined nutrient pool in which
essential macro and micronutrients are extracted.
5. CLASSIFICATION OF PGPR
• Extracellular plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (ePGPR)
• Intracellular plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (iPGPR)
• The ePGPRs may exist in the rhizosphere, on the rhizoplane or in the spaces
between the cells of root cortex. The bacterial genera such as Agrobacterium,
Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Serratia belongs to ePGPR.
• While iPGPRs locates generally inside the specialized nodular structures of root
cells. The iPGPR belongs to the family of Rhizobiaceae- Bradyrhizobium,
Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium.
6. CHARACHTERSTICS OF PGPR
They must be proficient to colonize the root surface.
Promotion of plant growth.
They must survive, multiply and compete with other microbiota, at least for the
time needed to express their plant growth promotion/protection activities.
Biological control of pathogens.
7. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF
PGPR
DIRECT PLANT GROWTH
PROMOTION
INDIRECT PLANT
GROWTH PROMOTION
NITROGEN FIXATION
PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION
PHYTOHORMONE PRODUCTION
SIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION
LYTIC ENZYMES
ANTIBIOTIC PROCUCTION
INDUCED SYSTEMIC
RESISTANCE
EXO POLYSACCHARIDES
PRODUCTION
9. DIRECT MECHANISMS
NITROGEN FIXATION
• Nitrogen (N) is the most vital nutrient for plant growth and productivity. Although,
there is about 78% N2 in the atmosphere, it is unavailable to the growing plants.
• The atmospheric N2 is converted into plant-utilizable forms by biological N2 fixation
(BNF) which accounts two-third of the nitrogen fixed globally.
Nitrogen fixing organisms are generally categorized as:-
Symbiotic N2 fixing bacteria including members of the family rhizobiaceae which
forms symbiosis with leguminous plants (e.g. rhizobia ) and non-leguminous trees
(e.g. Frankia) and
Non-symbiotic (free living, associative and endophytes) nitrogen fixing forms -
cyanobacteria , (Anabaena, Nostoc), Azospirillum ,Azotobacter, etc.
10. • The process of N2 fixation is carried out by a complex enzyme, the nitrogenase
complex. Structure of nitrogenase was elucidated by Dean and Jacobson (1992)
as a two-component metalloenzyme .
Source: www.sciencedirect.com
11. PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZATION
• Phosphorus is abundantly available in soils but the amount of available forms to plants is
generally low as in the majority of soil P is found in insoluble forms. Plants absorb
phosphorus only in two soluble forms, the monobasic ( H2PO4
-) and the dibasic ( HPO4
2-)
ions.
• Organisms coupled with phosphate solubilizing activity, often termed as phosphate
solubilizing microorganisms (PSM), may provide the available forms of P to the plants and
hence a viable substitute to chemical phosphatic fertilizers.
• Bacterial genera like Azotobacter, Bacillus, Beijerinckia, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium and
Serratia are reported as the most significant phosphate solubilizing bacteria.
13. • Phytohormones are various organic compound other than nutrients produced by
plant that control or regulate germination, growth , metabolism, or other
physiological activity.
• IAA plays a very important role in rhizobacteria-plant interactions.
• It is associated with the plant defense mechanisms against a number of phyto-
pathogenic bacteria as evidenced in enhanced susceptibility of plants to the
bacterial pathogen by exogenous application of IAA.
PHYTOHORMONE PRODUCTION
14. Source: Kang et. al (2010)
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate(ACC)deaminase activity
15. SIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION
• To satisfy nutritional requirements of iron, microorganisms have evolved highly specific
pathways that employ low molecular weight iron chelators termed siderophores.
• Siderophores are secreted to solubilize iron from their surrounding environments,
forming a complex ferric-siderophore that can move by diffusion and be returned to the
cell surface.
• In soil, siderophore production activity plays a central role in determining the ability of
different microorganisms to improve plant development. Microbial siderophores
enhance iron uptake by plants that are able to recognize the bacterial ferric-siderophore
complex.
16. INDIRECT MECHANISMS
Lytic enzymes: -
• Plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strains can produce certain enzymes such as
chitinases, dehydrogenase, lipases, proteases etc.
Antibiotic production:-
• The production of antibiotics is considered to be one of the most powerful and
studied biocontrol mechanisms of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria against
phytopathogens.
• E.g.- Tropalone, phenazine.
17. Induced systemic resistance (ISR):-
• Induced systemic resistance involves jasmonate and ethylene signaling within the
plant and these hormones stimulate the host plant’s defense responses against a
variety of plant pathogens .
• ISR may be defined as a physiological state of enhanced defensive capacity elicited in
response to specific environmental stimuli and consequently the plant’s innate
defenses are potentiated against subsequent biotic challenges.
18. Exo polysaccharides production or biofilm formation:-
• Certain bacteria synthesize a wide spectrum of multifunctional polysaccharides including
intracellular polysaccharides, structural polysaccharides, and extracellular polysaccharides.
• Production of exo-polysaccharides is generally important in biofilm formation; root
colonization can affect the interaction of microbes with roots appendages.
• Effective colonization of plant roots by EPS-producing microbes helps to hold the free
phosphorous from the insoluble one in soils and circulating essential nutrient to the plant
for proper growth and development and protecting it from the attack of foreign
pathogens.
• Other innumerable functions performed by EPS producing microbes constitute shielding
from desiccation, protection against stress, attachment to surfaces plant invasion, and
plant defense response in plant–microbe interactions.
19. ROLE
• Abiotic stress tolerance in plants;
• The production of volatile organic compounds;
• The production of protection enzyme such as chitinase, glucanase, and ACC-
deaminase for the prevention of plant diseases.
• Nutrient availability for easy uptake by plant;
• Plant growth regulators;
20. PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA AS
A BIOFERTILIZERS
• Biofertilizers are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of
efficient strains of microorganisms that help crop plants’ to uptake nutrients by
their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil.
• Use of biofertilizers is one of the important components of integrated nutrient
management, as they are cost effective and renewable source of plant nutrients to
supplement the chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
21. IMPORTANCE
• PGPR are beneficial for plant growth and development.
• In the context of increasing international concern for food and environmental
quality, the use of PGPR for reducing chemical inputs in agriculture is a potentially
important issue.
• Towards a sustainable agricultural vision, crops produced need to be equipped with
disease resistance, salt tolerance, drought tolerance, heavy metal stress tolerance,
and better nutritional value.
• It helps on recycling the soil nutrients.
22. COMMERCIALIZATION
• The success and commercialization of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strains
depend on the linkages between the scientific organizations and industries.
• Moreover, commercial success of PGPR strains requires economical and viable market
demand, consistent and broad spectrum action, safety and stability, longer shelf life,
low capital costs and easy availability of career materials.
• Carefully controlled field trials of crop plants inoculated along with rhizobacteria are
necessary for maximum commercial exploitation of PGPR strains.
• Some of the products developed are Diegall,Nogall etc.
23. DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
• Future research in rhizosphere biology will rely on the development of molecular
and biotechnological approaches to increase our knowledge of rhizosphere
biology and to achieve an integrated management of soil microbial populations.
• The research has to be focused on the new concept of rhizoengineering based on
favorably partitioning of the exotic biomolecules, which create a unique setting
for the interaction between plant and microbes.
• The application of multi strain bacterial consortium over single inoculation could
be an effective approach for reducing the harmful impact of stress on plant
growth.
24. CONCLUSION
• PGPR is very essential for plant growth and development with no negative side
effects.
• The productive efficiency of a specific PGPR may be further enhanced with the
optimization and acclimatization according to the prevailing soil conditions.
• In future, they are expected to replace the chemical fertilizers, pesticides and
artificial growth regulators which have numerous side-effects to sustainable
agriculture.
• The important advances on plant-PGPR cooperation will be brought in the future
by combining both ecology and functional biology approaches.
