Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Mycorrhiza-definition, Types, VAM, Symbiotic development mechanism between AM fungi and host root, pre-, early- and mature- symbiotic phases, Myc factors, Appresorium and arbuscule development, nutrient exchange
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Introduction :
Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations formed between the roots of higher plants and fungi.
Fungal roots were discovered by the German botanist A B Frank in the last century (1855) in forest trees such as pine.
In nature approximately 90% of plants are infected with mycorrhizae. 83% Dicots,79% Monocots and 100% Gymnosperms.
Convert insoluble form of phosphorous in soil into soluble form.
Mycorrhiza-definition, Types, VAM, Symbiotic development mechanism between AM fungi and host root, pre-, early- and mature- symbiotic phases, Myc factors, Appresorium and arbuscule development, nutrient exchange
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Ecto and endomycorrhizae and their significanceRitaSomPaul
A part of Botany (Hons) syllabus in Mycopathology illustrates the basic differnces in ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae as well as their significance
DEFINITION OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PARTS OF PHYLLOSPHERE
MICROORGANISM OF PHYLLOSPHERE
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF STEM (CAULOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF LEAVES(PHYLLOPLANE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FLOWER (ANTHOSPHERE)
PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF FRUIT(CARPOSPHERE)
FACTORS INFLUENCING MICROBIAL GROWTH AND ACTIVITIES
POSITIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
NEGATIVE EFFECT OF PHYLLOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is also known as VAM (Myco = Fungal + rrhiza = roots) adheres to plants rhizoids leading to development of hyphae. Hyphae boost development and spreading of white root in to soil leading to significant increase in rhizosphere. These hyphae further penetrate and form arbuscules within the root cortical. VAM fungi form a special symbiotic relationship with roots of plant that can enhance growth and survivability of colonized plants. Mycorrhiza Biofertilizer is very useful in organic farming as well as normal commercial farming
Explore the intricate networks of arbuscular mycorrhizae, essential symbiotic fungi that penetrate plant roots, facilitating nutrient exchange and water absorption. Learn how these microscopic marvels enhance crop productivity, mitigate environmental stress, and contribute to sustainable agriculture practices worldwide. For more information visit:
https://www.rootmaxmycorrhizae.com/mycorrhizae-fungi
Interaction of microorganisms with vascular plants.pptxMicrobiologyMicro
Microbial association with vascular plants
Plants—the major source of organic matter on which most soil microorganisms are dependent.
Different Microorganisms are associated with the leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, and roots.
The microbial community influences plants in direct and indirect ways.
Learn about the benefits of mycorrhizal fungi for plant growth and soil health, and discover ways to encourage their growth in your landscape. Read more to understand this fungus.
this presentation is about mycorrhiza. it is a benefitial association between fungi and roots of higher plants. in this presentation we will study about mycorrhiza and its types etc.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. MYCORRHIZA
• The word mycorrhiza was coined by the German
scientist Albert Bernhard Frank in 1885.
• The word mycorrhiza is derived from the Greek words –
‘mukes’meaning fungus and ‘rhiza’meaning roots.
• Mycorrhiza (fungus-root) can be defined as a symbiotic
association between fungi and plant roots.
3. Mycorrhizal fungi
Mycorrhizal fungi colonize the plant’s root system and develop a symbiotic
association called “mycorrhiza”
They form a network of fine filaments that associate with plant roots and draw
nutrients and water from the soil that the root system would not be able to
access otherwise.
Mycorrhizae are formed with more than 90% of plant species
4. Why Mycorrhizal Fungi Are Important
mycorrhizal-obligate
assisting the host plant with the uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen
increase the surface area associated with the plant root
5. Classification ofmycorrhiza
Based on tropic level by A.B. Frank
• Ectotropic Mycorrhiza
• Endotropic Mycorrhiza
Based on morphological and anatomical feature
• Ectomycorrhiza
• Endomycorrhiza
• Ectendomycorrhiza
7. Ectomycorrhiza or ectotrophic
mycorrhiza (EcM)
• Ectomycorrhizas, or EM, are typically formed between the roots
of around 10% of plant families, mostly woody plants including the
eucalyptus, oak, pine, deodar and rose families , orchids, and fungi
belonging to the Basidiomycota, Ascomycota and Zygomycota.
• Commonly associated with trans temperate forest trees.
8. • Ectomycorrhizal fungi form a sheath or mantle around the root,
and hyphae emanate through the soil increasing the surface area.
• The fungus grows within the root cell wall but never penetrates the
cell interior.
• It grows between the cells of the cortex to form Hartig net.
• The Hartig net present outside the endodermis and meristematic
zones is the site for nutrient exchange.
• Colonization of root tips induces marked changes in the host
root morphology.
11. Advantages of ectomycorrhiza
• Extensive multibranching hyphae increases the water holding
capacity of plants.
• Increase the tolerance to drought, high soil temperature, organic
and inorganic soil toxins, extremes of soil acidity to sulphur and
aluminium.
• Deter infection of feeder roots by some rot pathogens.
• Enhance the uptake of many nutrients. (P, Cu, Zn through Hartig
net)
• Disease control through barrier effect, competitive exclusion.
• Play a key role in afforestation.
12. Endomycorrhiza or endotrophic
mycorrhiza
• Arbuscular mycorrhizae (often called AM) are the most common
and widespread of all mycorrhizae and are found in as many as
85%-90% of the world's plant species.
• Commonly associated with agricultural, horticulture crops in
addition to tropical trees.
13. • The external hyphal mantle or sheath is absent or scanty. The
fungal hyphae enters inside the root cortex and penetrates the
cortical cells.
• This is not a destructive parasitic association but endomycorrhiza
are present at certain times as a part of normal root development.
• AM fungi penetrate the cell walls of root cells.
• They grow between the cell wall and cell membrane forming
arbuscules.
• VAM fungi produce vesicles for lipid storage.
16. Endomycorrhizae Ectomycorrhizae
Generally fungi produce its typical
structures, vescicles and arbuscules
inside the root system.
Fungi produce majority of its
structure outside the root system.
Commonly associated with
agricultural, horticultural and
tropical trees.
Commonly associated with trans
temperate forest tree roots.
Have a loose network of hyphae in
the soil and an extensive growth
within the cortex cells of the plants.
Form a complete mantle or sheath
over the surface of the rot and
hyphae grows out into the soil.
Cannot be cultured on artificial
media.
Can be cultured on artificial media.
Doesn’t cause morphological
changes in roots.
Cause morphological changes in
roots.
17. Ectendomycorrhiza
• They share the features of both ecto- and endomycorrhiza.
• They have less developed hyphal mantle.
• The hyphae within the host penetrate its cells and grow within.
• These are found in both angiosperms and gymnosperms.
• Fungus associated areAscomycetes.
• Hosts are Eucalyptus, Salix, Alnus etc.
18. Monotropoid mycorrhiza
• The family Monotropaceae, which includes
achlorophyllous plants, develop the
association.
• These plants entirely depend
upon the fungus for carbon and
energy.
• Sheath, inter- and intracellular hyphae and peg-like
haustoria are present.
Monotropa sp.
19. Arbutoid mycorrhiza
• These are found in the family Ericaceae.
• The fungi penetrate into the cortical cells forming extensive coils
of hyphae.
• The mycosymbionts are Basidiomycetes.
• Sheath, inter- and coiled intercellular hyphae are present.
20. Orchid mycorrhiza
• At some point of time all Orchids are infected by orchidaceous
mycorrhiza – Basidiomycota.
• Orchids germinate only after infection by mycorrhiza. Ex:
Rhizoctonia sp.
• Within cells, hyphae form coils called pelotons which greatly
increase the interfacial surface area between orchid and fungus.
21. Cymbidum orchid Orchid pelotons stained
red in a light micrograph
of sectioned tissue.
Scaning
electronmicrograph of
orchid pelotons
22. Ericoid mycorrhiza
• This type occurs in the family Ericaceae.
• These plants have fine roots and the fungal members of
ascomycetes like Pezizella, Clavaria forms the association in the
outer region of cortical layer of roots.
• The ericoid fungal hyphae form a loose network over the hair root
surface the hyphae can also penetrate the epidermal cells, often at
several points in each cell and coiled hyphae fill the cell.
• Up to 80% of root volume can be fungal tissue and it is through
these coils that nutrient exchange is thought to occur
23.
24. Mycorrhiza Host range Types of relationship
Ectomycorrhiza Gymnosperms andAngiosperms
Sheath, intercellular
hyphae
Endomycorrhiza (VAM) All groups of plant kingdom
Coiled intracellular hyphae, vesicle and
arbuscules present
Ectendomycorrhiza Gymnosperms andAngiosperms Sheath optional, inter and intracellularhyphae
Monotropoid mycorrhiza Very restricted, Monotropaceae
Sheath, inter and coiled intracellular hyphae
Arbutoid mycorrhiza Very restricted, Ericales
Sheath, inter and coiled intracellular hyphae
Orchid mycorrhiza, Restricted, Orchidaceae
Only coiled intracellular hyphae
Ericoid mycorrhiza Very restricted, Ericales
No sheath, no intercellular
hyphae, long,
coiled
27. Benefits of mycorrhiza
• Produce more vigorous and healthy plants.
• Increase plant establishment and survival at seedling or
transplanting.
• Enhance flowering and fruiting.
• Increase yields and crop quality.
• Improve drought tolerance, allowing watering reduction.
28. Benefits of mycorrhiza
• Optimize fertilizers use, especially Phosphorus.
• Increase tolerance to soil salinity.
• Reduce disease occurrence.
• Contribute to maintain soil quality and nutrient cycling.
• Contribute to control soil erosion.
30. Mycorrhizal effects on soil structure
Greater water infiltration and water holding capacity
More permeability to air
Better root development
Higher microbial activity and nutrient cycling
Better resistance to surface sealing (crusts)
Better resistance to erosion (water/wind)
Better resistance to compaction
31. Application of VAM fungi
•Nursery application
100 g bulk inoculum is sufficient for one m2. The inoculum should
be applied a 2-3 cm below the soil at the time of sowing. The
seeds/cuttings should be sown/planted above the VAM inoculum to
cause infection.
32. Application of VAM fungi
• For polythene bag raised crops
5 to 10 g bulk inoculum is sufficient for each packet. Mix 10 kg of inoculum with 1000 kg of
sand potting mixture and pack the potting mixture in polythene bag before sowing.
•For out-planting
20 g of VAMinoculum is required per seedling. Apply inoculum atthe time of planting.
•For existing trees
200 g VAMinoculum is required for inoculating one tree. Applyinoculum near the root surface
at the time of fertilizer application.
34. Advantages of Premier Tech Mycorrhizae
•Available in large quantities
•Superior quality inoculants (Pathogen-free – Homogeneous - Consistent quality)
•Great flexibility in formulation and applications
•Can be formulated at different concentrations
•Can be formulated with different carriers
•Can be formulated according to customer’s needs