Photocatalytic membrane Reactor
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The document discusses photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) which combine photocatalysis with membrane separation processes. PMRs allow for separation of photocatalyst particles and reaction products/byproducts. They can be configured with the photocatalyst suspended in the feed solution or immobilized onto the membrane. When suspended, the reactor can be designed to irradiate the membrane module, feed tank, or additional reservoir. Immobilizing the photocatalyst avoids issues like membrane fouling but has lower efficiency. PMRs provide benefits such as higher photocatalytic efficiency and easier system operation but challenges include potential membrane damage and fouling.
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Introduction of semiconductor oxides in photovoltaic devices
This document discusses the incorporation of semiconductor oxides in photovoltaic devices. It explains that semiconductor oxides like ZnO, TiO2, and SnO2 can absorb solar energy due to their band gap. These metal oxide semiconductors can be used as n-type or p-type materials in organic solar cells depending on their conduction and valence bands. The document also discusses how ZnO and TiO2 can be used as photocatalysts in applications like wastewater treatment due to their photoinduced oxidation-reduction reactions when illuminated. Finally, it states that metal oxide semiconductors are useful in technologies involving photon-assisted processes like serving as scaffold layers in dye-sensitized solar cells and transport layers
Photo responsive polymers
Amir Saamaan Fattahi presented on photo-responsive polymers. He discussed how photo-responsive polymers contain photo-responsive moieties that can undergo reversible or irreversible changes when exposed to light. Reversible moieties like azobenzene and spiropyran can cycle between isomers with light, while irreversible moieties like o-nitrobenzyl undergo cleavage. Photo-responsive polymers can be used for applications like drug delivery, actuators, and adhesives by integrating these light-sensitive units and manipulating the polymers with light. Future areas of research include using these materials for phototherapy and improving drug delivery methods with light-triggered release.
Nanocatalyst.pptx
The document discusses nanocatalysts and their applications in chemical industry. It begins with definitions of catalyst and nanocatalyst. It then discusses different types of nanocatalysts including homogeneous nanocatalysts which are soluble in solvents and heterogeneous nanocatalysts which are insoluble. Methods for preparing both homogeneous and heterogeneous nanocatalysts are described. The document outlines several industrial applications of nanocatalysts such as in biodiesel production, water purification, drug delivery, and fuel cells. It concludes that nanocatalysts have advantages over traditional catalysts like high activity, selectivity, stability, and ease of separation.
photocatalytic applications.pdf
this is about photocatalytic application of conducting polymers,and basics of conduction and its applications in various field.
Solar photocatalytic process & solar photocatalytic reactors
This document discusses solar photocatalysis and solar photocatalytic reactors. It introduces photocatalysis as accelerating photoreactions using a catalyst and light. Titanium dioxide is commonly used as the photocatalyst due to its efficiency, stability, low cost and non-toxic properties. Solar photocatalytic reactors bring photons, photocatalyst and reactants into contact to produce reactions. The two main types are slurry reactors, which provide high surface area but require catalyst separation, and immobilized reactors, which don't require separation but have lower surface area. Applications include water treatment, sterilization and oil decomposition.
MALDI
MALDI is a soft ionization technique used in mass spectrometry to analyze large biomolecules. It works by co-crystallizing the analyte sample with a UV-absorbing matrix. A laser is used to excite the matrix, causing desorption and ionization of the analyte molecules. The ions are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer, typically a time-of-flight instrument. Careful sample preparation is important for reproducibility and performance. MALDI is widely used in pharmaceutical analysis and DNA sequencing due to its ability to characterize large organic and biomolecules.
Photolithography1
Photolithography is a process used in microfabrication that uses ultraviolet light to transfer geometric patterns from a photomask to a light-sensitive chemical (photoresist) on a semiconductor material like silicon. The main steps are coating the silicon wafer with photoresist using spin coating, exposing the photoresist to UV light through a photomask, developing to remove the exposed or unexposed areas of photoresist, etching to remove areas not protected by the photoresist, and stripping away the remaining photoresist. Photolithography is commonly used in processes like integrated circuit manufacturing to pattern features like transistors and logic gates.
Graded_2D3D_Perovskite_Hetero-Structured_Films_wit.pdf
The document describes a study that introduces diethylammonium bromide (DABr) as a post-treatment material for pre-deposited methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite films to fabricate a high-quality two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) stacked perovskite film heterostructure. The DABr treatment improves the surface morphology, enlarges grain size, improves crystallinity, and forms a 2D capping layer. Perovskite solar cells made with the DABr-treated films showed significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency of 19.10% and stability compared to untreated films, demonstrating the potential of this
Dh36649653
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
n Fully Printable Carbon-based Pe (ente.201700484.pdf
Excess lead iodide (PbI2) was studied in fully printable carbon-based perovskite solar cells. Perovskite films with 0-15% excess PbI2 were analyzed using XRD, UV-Vis absorption, and photoluminescence. Devices with varying excess PbI2 from 0-15% showed an average open circuit voltage increase from 0.87V to 0.91V but little variation in other parameters. The best device with 11.4% efficiency used 5% excess PbI2. Excess PbI2 did not significantly alter film morphology or device performance in this architecture.
PhD_Projects_Portfolio
This document describes Mandar Deshpande's PhD projects at UIC, including the design and development of an optically powered microactuator for use in a retinal implant. The microactuator was designed to integrate a micro-solar cell and piezoelectric thin film on a silicon chip in order to be powered by very low light levels at frequencies around 50 Hz. Fabrication involved developing processes to combine the silicon solar cell and piezoelectric actuator layers while addressing conflicts from high temperature steps. Testing demonstrated the working microactuator under illumination. Other projects included measuring piezoelectric thin film properties, fabricating a compliant MEMS manipulator, and designing a comb-drive based Coriolis flow sensor.
Yutong Liu - Final Report - Photonics Devices
This document discusses research on functionalizing microtoroid whispering gallery mode resonators with mesoporous silica thin films to enhance their gas sensing sensitivity. Mesoporous silica was deposited on microtoroids using different surfactants like F127 and calcined at temperatures from 90-500°C. Characterization with SEM, TEM, and ellipsometry showed the successful fabrication of thin films with 50% porosity and 7-8nm pore diameters. Preliminary ethanol vapor sensing experiments demonstrated that the mesoporous coating enhanced sensitivity over 2 orders of magnitude compared to bare microtoroids, likely due to the increased surface area and electric field interactions within the pores.
Partha Mishra_Lithography - Seminar & Technical Writing Topic.pptx
The presentation slides were submitted as a part of the Seminar and Technical Writing course at NIT Rourkela. The topic of the presentation is Lithography.
The use of montmorillonite organoclay in preparation of uv cured dgba epoxy a...
The use of montmorillonite organoclay in preparation of uv cured dgba epoxy a...Jenaro L. VARELA CASELIS
The document describes a study that evaluated the use of montmorillonite organoclay (OMMT) as a nanofiller in UV-cured DGEBA epoxy coatings applied to carbon steel substrates. Various concentrations of OMMT (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt-%) were incorporated into Araldite 506 epoxy coatings. Analysis showed the OMMT was well dispersed in the polymer matrix. Coatings containing 3 wt-% OMMT exhibited the best corrosion protection of the carbon steel when exposed to 5 wt-% NaCl solution, as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing over long exposure periods. The addition of OMMT affected the curing of theMems technology
This document discusses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication methods. It covers common MEMS fabrication processes like deposition, lithography, and etching. Deposition methods include chemical vapor deposition and physical vapor deposition to deposit thin films. Lithography involves transferring patterns to photosensitive materials using masks and radiation exposure. Etching is used to selectively remove materials, including wet etching using chemicals and dry etching using reactive ions. The document also discusses challenges with MEMS packaging, limited prototyping and manufacturing options, and the need for improved design tools.
A Study of Pulse by Pulse Microscale Patch Transfer Using Picosecond Laser
This document summarizes a study on using picosecond laser-induced forward transfer to deposit Ti/Ni shape memory alloy patches with high precision on a substrate. The researchers investigated how laser power and distance between the donor film and substrate affect the size of deposited patches. They found that spot size decreases linearly with lower laser power but has a non-linear relationship with distance, initially increasing then decreasing. Repeated deposits showed similar Ti/Ni composition, demonstrating the feasibility of precisely depositing smart materials for applications like active molds for micro-injection molding.
Photoinduced Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate onto Dehydrochlorinated poly (Vi...
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been dehydrochlorinated in alkaline medium followed by photo-induced graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate. The grafting has been achieved using a combination of dimethyl amine and benzoyl peroxide, as radical initiator system. The effects of various parameters such as concentrations of monomer, initiator, substrate, and solvent as well as time of light irradiation on the grafting yield, expressed as grafting percentage and grafting efficiency, have been investigated, and the optimum grafting conditions were determined. The dehydrochlorinated PVC and graft products were characterized using FTIR, TGA, DTA, XRD and SEM and the mechanism of grafting was proposed.
photolithography
The document describes the process of photolithography used in integrated circuit manufacturing. Photolithography involves coating a wafer with photoresist, exposing it to UV light through a mask to transfer the mask pattern, and developing the photoresist to remove the exposed or unexposed areas. Key steps include cleaning the wafer, applying and soft baking the photoresist, aligning and exposing the wafer through the mask, developing the pattern, and etching or implanting areas not protected by the photoresist. Photolithography is critical for patterning layers in chip fabrication and determining the minimum feature size.
Similar to Photocatalytic membrane Reactor (20)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)
Introduction of semiconductor oxides in photovoltaic devices
Introduction of semiconductor oxides in photovoltaic devices
Solar photocatalytic process & solar photocatalytic reactors
Solar photocatalytic process & solar photocatalytic reactors
Graded_2D3D_Perovskite_Hetero-Structured_Films_wit.pdf
Graded_2D3D_Perovskite_Hetero-Structured_Films_wit.pdf
n Fully Printable Carbon-based Pe (ente.201700484.pdf
n Fully Printable Carbon-based Pe (ente.201700484.pdf
Partha Mishra_Lithography - Seminar & Technical Writing Topic.pptx
Partha Mishra_Lithography - Seminar & Technical Writing Topic.pptx
The use of montmorillonite organoclay in preparation of uv cured dgba epoxy a...
The use of montmorillonite organoclay in preparation of uv cured dgba epoxy a...
A Study of Pulse by Pulse Microscale Patch Transfer Using Picosecond Laser
A Study of Pulse by Pulse Microscale Patch Transfer Using Picosecond Laser
Photoinduced Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate onto Dehydrochlorinated poly (Vi...
Photoinduced Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate onto Dehydrochlorinated poly (Vi...
More from Basitali Nevarekar
Topic5 organizational factors
Organizational leadership and culture play an important role in workplace health and safety. Behavioral safety programs focus on observing and influencing employee behaviors to reduce unsafe actions. Case studies show how leadership commitment to health and safety, clear policies, workforce participation, and data-driven processes can result in improved safety culture and reduced accidents and costs for an organization.
Topic 04 risk mangement
The document provides an overview of risk management principles and processes for human error. It discusses qualitative and quantitative risk assessment approaches. The key stages of risk management are identified as hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control. Methods for hazard identification, risk estimation, and developing risk control plans are outlined. Finally, the TRIPOD framework for accident investigation and analysis is introduced, which uses a causal model to identify hazards, events, targets, barriers, failures, preconditions, and latent failures.
Topic 3 swiss cheese model
The Swiss Cheese Model document discusses models for analyzing accidents involving individuals and organizations. Individual accidents typically involve a single person as both the agent and victim, while organizational accidents involve multiple causal factors across different levels of an organization. The Swiss Cheese Model depicts accidents as resulting from the alignment of vulnerabilities ("holes") in multiple defensive layers, including human, technical, and organizational factors. It has evolved over time but generally represents defenses as multiple "slices" of cheese, with holes that open and close as causal factors. The model is applied to analyze the 2005 BP Texas City refinery explosion, identifying active failures by operators and latent failures in the organization that allowed defenses to be breached along an accident trajectory.
Topic 02 human and organizational factors in process industry
The document summarizes the key human and organizational factors that contributed to the BP Texas City Refinery accident in 2005 that killed 15 people and injured 170. It discusses how lack of competence and training, fatigue from understaffing and excessive overtime, procedural deviations from standard operating procedures, poor communication during shift changes, deficiencies in alarm system design, and reductions in staffing levels over time all played a role in the accident. The explosion occurred during the startup of an isomerization unit after equipment was not properly checked and procedures were not followed.
Topic 01 incidents and accidents
The document summarizes several major industrial accidents and disasters:
1) The 1974 Flixborough disaster in England where a chemical plant explosion killed 28 people after a temporary pipe ruptured and ignited 40 tons of cyclohexane.
2) The 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania where a partial nuclear meltdown occurred due to failures in the cooling system.
3) The 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster where the shuttle broke apart 73 seconds into launch due to an O-ring failure, killing all 7 crew members.
4) The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine where a reactor explosion released radiation due to operator errors during a safety test, contaminating a large area.
Designing the task
The document discusses ergonomics and ergonomic design principles for workplace tools, equipment, and environments. It defines ergonomics as the science of fitting jobs to people. Key points include:
- Ergonomics aims to minimize musculoskeletal disorders by designing for human capabilities and limitations.
- Proper control, display, and alarm design includes clear labels, sizes appropriate for users, and logical groupings.
- Field control panels should group items by function, emergency access, and sequence of use with displays above associated controls.
Human factors in risk management
The document discusses human factors in risk management. It provides an overview of risk management principles and processes such as establishing context, identifying risks, analyzing risks, evaluating risks, and treating risks. It also provides examples of applying these processes to a cricket club and analyzing risks such as undetected foreign objects on the field. The document then discusses human reliability assessment (HRA) which integrates human factors into risk analysis. It describes HRA techniques such as HEART (Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique) which involves classifying tasks, identifying error producing conditions, and calculating human error probabilities. Both advantages and disadvantages of HEART are discussed.
human factor loop
The document describes four key control loops involved in well operations: 1) The engineering system/control panel loop which displays data and controls equipment. 2) The human factors loop which involves monitoring information, using procedures, and recognizing emergencies. 3) The organizational factors loop which includes management oversight and safety systems. 4) The company interface loop which specifies roles and responsibilities between companies through agreements, training, auditing, and access to services.
Control methods
This document discusses methods for controlling musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) hazards, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and ergonomic design of tasks, workplaces, and tools. It provides examples of controls such as redesigning tools to enable neutral postures, job rotation systems, padding surfaces, and vibration-reducing gloves. Hazards discussed include repetitive motions, awkward postures, heavy lifting, and vibration. Corresponding solutions focus on workstation design, automation, task variation, and proper lifting techniques.
Human failures involved in accidents
A very detail case studies of various disasters based on different human factors and organizational factors
Manufacturing of fly-ash brick
1) The document discusses fly ash and fly ash bricks. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants and is commonly used to make fly ash bricks.
2) Fly ash bricks are manufactured by mixing fly ash with water, compressing it, and curing in steam. They have advantages over traditional clay bricks like higher strength and durability.
3) Establishing a fly ash brick production business requires land, machinery, raw materials, and generates employment. The document provides details on setting up and operating a small-scale fly ash brick production business.
Re-Refining of used lubricating oil
The document discusses lubricating oil, re-refining of used lubricating oil, and the re-refiners job. It covers the types of molecules in lubricating oil, the meaning of lube oil and used oil, contaminants in used oil, and the benefits of re-refining including conserving crude oil reserves and reducing pollution. The re-refining process involves steps like settling, dehydration, distillation, color improvement, and addition of additives. Re-refined oil has properties similar to base oil and re-refining reduces environmental pollution.
bio filters for pollution control
The document presents information on biofiltration, a pollution control technique that uses a bioreactor containing living material to biologically degrade pollutants. Some examples of biofiltration systems given are bio scrubbers, vermifilters, trickling filters, slow sand filters, treatment ponds, green belts, and green walls. Mechanisms, components, and factors that influence biofiltration systems such as filter media, empty bed contact time, backwashing, temperature, biofilms, nutrients, pH, microorganisms, oxygen levels, and moisture content are discussed. Installation costs for biofiltration are low but operating costs depend on pretreatment needs and consist primarily of electricity and nutrients. Potential drawbacks include large
cross flow filtration
This document discusses cross flow filtration, which separates solids from fluids using a semipermeable membrane while preventing filter cake formation. Cross flow filtration maintains a constant filtration rate by keeping the process feed in a mobile slurry form suitable for further processing. It allows for relatively high solids loads to be operated continuously without blinding the filter. The document outlines the principles, advantages over dead-end filtration, techniques to improve it like backwashing, and applications in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration such as water treatment, sterilization, dairy processing, and more.
Production of 5-HMF
The document discusses the production of biofuels, specifically focusing on the production of 5-HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural) from biomass substrates like cellulose and glucose using solvents like ionic liquids and non-ionic liquids. It outlines the main elements and substrates used in biofuel production, experimental procedures for different solvent types, required equipment like magnetic stirrers and batch reactors, and concludes that 5-HMF and levulinic acid are valuable chemical feedstocks that have been studied for biofuel production using different kinetic models.
membrane reactor for gas separation
This document presents a seminar on membrane reactors for gas separation. It introduces membranes and membrane reactors, discusses membrane structure and elements. It also covers membrane processes, design considerations, advantages and disadvantages of membrane reactors, and applications. The conclusion states that membrane systems are reliable and efficient for gas removal, and are well-suited for remote installations or applications requiring high levels of gas removal like CO2, H2, and H2S.
Membrane Separation techniques
This document presents an overview of various membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, membrane distillation, and microfiltration. It introduces membrane separation as using semi-permeable membranes to separate components in a feed mixture. For each technique, it discusses the basic principles, major components if applicable, and common applications. The techniques vary in their driving forces and size of molecules or particles that can be separated.
Magnetic refrigeration
Magnetic refrigeration is a non-conventional refrigeration method that uses the magnetocaloric effect and works through a thermodynamic cycle. It has applications in industries like air conditioning, refrigeration plants, and food storage. Magnetic refrigeration could provide greater efficiency than conventional refrigeration and reduce national power consumption due to its higher performance and lower cost permanent magnetic materials.
Arsenic removal from drinking water
This document presents information about arsenic removal from drinking water. It discusses the sources and chemistry of arsenic in water and the toxicity of arsenic to humans, affecting multiple body systems. It then outlines several technologies for arsenic removal, including precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane filtration processes. Emerging technologies discussed include oxidation using iron and manganese, sorption onto metal oxides and reduced metals, and in situ immobilization. Both centralized systems and household-level point-of-use treatment systems are presented as options for arsenic removal from drinking water.
Self healing polymer technology
This document discusses self-healing polymer technology. It describes intrinsic self-healing polymers that can heal cracks through physical or chemical interactions within the polymers themselves, and extrinsic self-healing polymers that require a pre-embedded healing agent. The document outlines advantages like improved material performance and safety, and challenges like storing the healing agent and initiator. Applications discussed include medical replacements, aerospace, military, car painting and civil constructions.
More from Basitali Nevarekar (20)
Topic 02 human and organizational factors in process industry
Topic 02 human and organizational factors in process industry
Recently uploaded
Computational Engineering IITH Presentation
This Presentation will give you a brief idea about what Computational Engineering at IIT Hyderabad has to offer.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
ISPM 15 Heat Treated Wood Stamps and why your shipping must have one
For International shipping and maritime laws all wood must contain the ISPM 15 Stamp. Here is how and why.
原版制作(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证一模一样
原件一模一样【微信：bwp0011】《(Humboldt毕业证书)柏林大学毕业证学位证》【微信：bwp0011】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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Mechanical Engineering on AAI Summer Training Report-003.pdf
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AT MBB AIRPORT
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
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the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
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our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
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Photocatalytic membrane Reactor
- 1. PHOTOCATALYTIC MEMBRANE REACTORS MR.BASITALI SADIQUE NEVAREKAR B-Tech (Chemical) 20160480 PRESENTED BY
- 2. INTRODUCTION
- 3. WHY PMRs ??? A very promising method for solving problems concerning separation of the photo-catalyst as well as products and by- products of photo- decomposition from the reaction mixture is application of photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs). PMRs are hybrid reactors in which photo-catalysis is coupled with a membrane processes. The membrane would play both the role of a simple barrier for the photo-catalyst and a selective barrier for the molecules to be degraded.
- 4. HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS “Heterogeneous photocatalysis can be described as acceleration of photoreaction in the presence of catalyst”
- 5. External mass transfer Internal mass transfer adsorption Surface reaction Desorption Internal mass transfer External mass transfer Steps involved in heterogeneous photocatalysis
- 6. Figure. 1 Schematic of semiconductor excitation by band gap illumination leading to the creation of “electrons” in the conduction band and “holes” in the valance band ( Mozia 2010) MECHANISM OF PHOTOCATALYTIC OXIDATION
- 7. CHARACTERISTIC OF PHOTOCATALYST A Photocatalyst should possess; High activity. Resistance for poisoning. Mechanical stability and resistance to attiration. Physical and chemical stability. Inexpensive. Able to utilize not only UV light but also visible light.
- 9. Membrane techniques Pressure driven Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Nano-filtration Concentration difference driven Dialysis Pervaporation DCMD CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBRANE TECHNIQUES
- 10. PMRs Configurations and designs PMRs Reactors with catalyst suspended in feed solution Reactors with catalyst immobilized in/on the membrane
- 11. Reactors with catalyst suspended in the feed solution Irradiation of membrane module Irradiation of feed tank Irradiation of an additional reservoir PMRs with suspended TiO2
- 12. Figure. 3. PMR utilizing photocatalyst in suspension: irradiation of the feed tank (Mozia 2010)
- 13. Figure. 2. PMR utilizing photocatalyst in suspension: irradiation of the membrane module (Mozia 2010)
- 14. Figure. 4. PMR utilizing photocatalyst in suspension: irradiation of the additional reservoir (photoreactor) located between the feed tank and membrane module ( Mozia 2010).
- 15. PMRs with suspended TiO2 Reactors with catalyst suspended in feed solution With pressure driven membrane techniques Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration microfiltration With concentration driven techniques DCMD Dialysis Pervaporation
- 16. PMRs coupling photocatalysis with pressure-driven membrane processes Figure 5. Schematic diagram of laboratory scale slurry PMR with submerged membranes and internal (immersed) UV lamps [Fu et. al. 2006].
- 17. Advantages Higher photocatalytic efficiency Convenient to adjust Membrane damage could be avoided Disadvantages Higher operating cost Membrane fouling Low quality of permeate
- 18. PMRs with TiO2 immobilized in/on membrane
- 19. Figure 6. Possible types of asymmetric photocatalytic membranes .
- 20. Advantages No need to separate and recycle the catalyst No membrane fouling Contaminants could be decomposed either in feed or permeate Disadvantages Low photocatalytic efficiency Adjustment of catalyst loading is impossible Risk of damage of polymer membranes Necessity of membrane exchange