Recent advances in photocatalytic reactors were summarized in 3 sentences or less:
The document reviewed various photocatalytic reactor designs used to degrade organic pollutants like pesticides and dyes, as well as microorganisms, using different catalysts like TiO2 and light sources like sunlight and UV lamps. Reactors included batch, continuous flow, and thin film designs. Degradation rates of over 90% were typically achieved for various contaminants like monocrotophos, acetamiprid, thiabendazole, methyl orange, and rhodamine B.
MOF is a new class of material with lots of opportunity for future work. It is a coordination compound. Obviously MOF is a attractive subject for a group of researcher.
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
This presentation is about phtoocatalytic process and nanomaterials as photocatalyst. This is useful in the treatment of wastewater and environmental remediation applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of MOF based Composites for Energy storage app...Danyal Hakeem Jokhio
Despite extensive efforts and research put in the field, conventional energy storage devices (ESDs) such as various supercapacitors and batteries are near their performance limit in terms of power densities, energy densities, capacitance, charge retention, and cyclic stability. This is primarily due to limiting intrinsic properties of the electrode materials such as average surface area and poor porosity, combined with sluggish redox kinetics due to lack of electrode functionality. So, the need of the hour is to explore new materials for efficient storage of the energy. Among these new materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can serve as potential candidates because they have high specific surface area, high porosity with tuneable morphology and hence tuneable pore size, functionality linking to active metal sites and ligands. However, there remains a gap in fully utilising MOFs in energy storage applications commercially. Due to the highly porous nature of MOFs, their structural stability is compromised especially in aqueous electrolytes. To utilize the maximum potential of MOFs as electrode materials, it is of utmost importance to address poor structural integrity and low intrinsic conductivity of MOFs.
In this work, it has been tried to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of MOFs by using additives of conductive nature such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Hydrothermal approach was used to synthesize hybrid MOF by controlling molar ratio of Nickel and Cobalt in combination with different organic ligands. As a battery-type supercapacitor electrode material, the 2:1 Ni/Co hybrid MOF with 40mg GNP, using terephthalic acid as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 658.8 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Similarly, the 1:2 Ni/Co hybrid MOF, using 2-MethylImidazole as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 642.4 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Moreover, breakthrough results were obtained by optimizing synthesis with in-situ deposition on nickel foam of 2:1 Ni/Co (with 40mg GNP) hybrid MOF, which produced an impressive specific capacity of 1264 C·g−1 at 1 A/g, surpassing, to the best of our knowledge, most of the previously reported MOF based electrode materials.
This work not only develops a high-performance electrode material of supercapacitor, but being the first of its kind in Pakistan, also provides the foundation of systematic research for the electrochemical properties of multi-metal MOFs.
Solar Photocatalysis a green and novel technology for wastewater treatment. It is a sustainable way to harvest solar energy for treatment of wastewater at a lower cost thus helping in achieving some of the Sustainable Development Goals(i.e. Good Health and Wellbeing).
This is based on the advanced oxidation process i.e. generation of reactive oxygen species which can help in the degradation of pollutants
metal organic framework-carbon capture and sequestrationVasiUddin Siddiqui
MOF is a porous crystal like a spunge having an enormous surface area and provide much more rooms for storage the gases preferentially hydrogen and carbon dioxide and work as storage for next generation fuel.
MOFs are ideal candidates as gas-sensing materials and have been widely used to detect oxygen, water vapor, toxic and hazardous gases, special air pollutants, and VOCs.
Renewable Fuels by Photocatalytic Reduction of carbondioxide (CO2); (Artifici...SAAD ARIF
This presentation contains the enhancement of photocatalytic Titania (TiO2) by Graphene, their synthesis method by solution mixing or in-situ growth and also the application for carbondioxide (CO2) reduction for renewable fuel using solar energy.
MOF is a new class of material with lots of opportunity for future work. It is a coordination compound. Obviously MOF is a attractive subject for a group of researcher.
degradation of pollution and photocatalysisPraveen Vaidya
The presentation deals with the use of conduction of photocatalytic reaction using the transition metal doped transparent semiconducting thinfilms. The precursor to film is prepared by the SILAR method, which is a chemical method.
This presentation is about phtoocatalytic process and nanomaterials as photocatalyst. This is useful in the treatment of wastewater and environmental remediation applications.
Synthesis and Characterization of MOF based Composites for Energy storage app...Danyal Hakeem Jokhio
Despite extensive efforts and research put in the field, conventional energy storage devices (ESDs) such as various supercapacitors and batteries are near their performance limit in terms of power densities, energy densities, capacitance, charge retention, and cyclic stability. This is primarily due to limiting intrinsic properties of the electrode materials such as average surface area and poor porosity, combined with sluggish redox kinetics due to lack of electrode functionality. So, the need of the hour is to explore new materials for efficient storage of the energy. Among these new materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can serve as potential candidates because they have high specific surface area, high porosity with tuneable morphology and hence tuneable pore size, functionality linking to active metal sites and ligands. However, there remains a gap in fully utilising MOFs in energy storage applications commercially. Due to the highly porous nature of MOFs, their structural stability is compromised especially in aqueous electrolytes. To utilize the maximum potential of MOFs as electrode materials, it is of utmost importance to address poor structural integrity and low intrinsic conductivity of MOFs.
In this work, it has been tried to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of MOFs by using additives of conductive nature such as graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Hydrothermal approach was used to synthesize hybrid MOF by controlling molar ratio of Nickel and Cobalt in combination with different organic ligands. As a battery-type supercapacitor electrode material, the 2:1 Ni/Co hybrid MOF with 40mg GNP, using terephthalic acid as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 658.8 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Similarly, the 1:2 Ni/Co hybrid MOF, using 2-MethylImidazole as ligand, delivered a high specific capacity of 642.4 C·g−1 at the current density of 1 A·g−1. Moreover, breakthrough results were obtained by optimizing synthesis with in-situ deposition on nickel foam of 2:1 Ni/Co (with 40mg GNP) hybrid MOF, which produced an impressive specific capacity of 1264 C·g−1 at 1 A/g, surpassing, to the best of our knowledge, most of the previously reported MOF based electrode materials.
This work not only develops a high-performance electrode material of supercapacitor, but being the first of its kind in Pakistan, also provides the foundation of systematic research for the electrochemical properties of multi-metal MOFs.
Solar Photocatalysis a green and novel technology for wastewater treatment. It is a sustainable way to harvest solar energy for treatment of wastewater at a lower cost thus helping in achieving some of the Sustainable Development Goals(i.e. Good Health and Wellbeing).
This is based on the advanced oxidation process i.e. generation of reactive oxygen species which can help in the degradation of pollutants
metal organic framework-carbon capture and sequestrationVasiUddin Siddiqui
MOF is a porous crystal like a spunge having an enormous surface area and provide much more rooms for storage the gases preferentially hydrogen and carbon dioxide and work as storage for next generation fuel.
MOFs are ideal candidates as gas-sensing materials and have been widely used to detect oxygen, water vapor, toxic and hazardous gases, special air pollutants, and VOCs.
Renewable Fuels by Photocatalytic Reduction of carbondioxide (CO2); (Artifici...SAAD ARIF
This presentation contains the enhancement of photocatalytic Titania (TiO2) by Graphene, their synthesis method by solution mixing or in-situ growth and also the application for carbondioxide (CO2) reduction for renewable fuel using solar energy.
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste WaterUus Soedjak
Advanced Oxidation Process for Industrial Water Treatment and Waste Water is a liquid waste treatment technology which utilizes oxidation method using ozone gas. This technology is combined with ultraviolet light
UV LEDs - Technology, Manufacturing and Application Trends 2016 Report by Yol...Yole Developpement
After fast adoption of UVA LEDs for curing applications, UVC LEDs for purification/disinfection are now ready
FOLLOWING THE UV CURING BOOM, DISINFECTION AND PURIFICATION APPLICATIONS ARE FINALLY READY TO TAKE OFF
The UVC LED industry is still small but strong growth is expected in the next 18 months due to dramatic price reductions. In 2016 prices are 1/8-1/10 of what they were in 2015. This has been triggered by the industry’s development, its transition to mass production and improved device performance. With most of the industry believing that $1-$4/mW is the price that would trigger mass market adoption we are getting close to a UVC LED market boom. Another positive sign is that most UVC LED manufacturers are now focusing on developing cost-effective solutions rather than improving device power output. In parallel, the UVC LED industry continues to work on increasing lifetime and developing lower wavelength devices, below 280nm.
UVA LEDs continue to progress in the UV curing space. Continuous improvement of device performance coupled with price reduction has allowed the technology to be increasingly adopted in UV curing applications. Penetration of UV LEDs is increasing but we observe differences in adoption rates depending on application. Small size and low speed applications like spot adhesive and digital inkjets have the highest adoption rate, and most new developments use UV LEDs. This is due to the small module size and low irradiance level needed that limits the extra cost of integrating UV LEDs compared to the total price of systems like inkjet printers. On the other hand, applications that need high speed processes and/or high levels of irradiance such as screen printing or coating applications have lower adoption rates. This is because UV LED performance is not yet good enough to fully replace traditional mercury lamps.
In this context, we expect the UVC LED market to strongly grow from $7M in 2015 to $610M by 2021. Despite increased penetration rate in all applications, the UVA LED market will grow more slowly, from $107M in 2015 to $357M by 2021, moderated by price pressure.
The report presents a comprehensive review of all UV light applications including analysis of UV curing, UV purification/disinfection and analytical instruments. It highlights the UV LED working principle, market structure, UV LED market drivers and associated challenges, recent trends, new applications created by UV LEDs, UV LED market size split by application, and much more.
More information on that report at http://www.i-micronews.com/reports.html
Octahedral rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] and Cu(OH)2cluster modifiedTiO2for the phot...Pawan Kumar
tOctahedral hexacyano rhenium K4[Re6S8(CN)6] cluster complexes were grafted onto photoactive Cu(OH)2cluster modified TiO2{Cu(OH)2/TiO2} support. The rhenium and copper cluster modified TiO2photocata-lyst combines the advantages of heterogeneous catalyst (facile recovery, recycling ability of the catalyst)with the reactivity, selectivity of the soluble molecular catalyst. The synthesized heterogeneous cata-lyst was found to be highly efficient photoredox catalyst for the reduction of CO2under visible lightirradiation. Methanol was found to be the major liquid product with the formation of hydrogen as a byproduct as determined with GC-FID and GC-TCD, respectively. The methanol yield after 24 h irradiationwas found to be 149 mol/0.1 g cat. for Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2photocatalyst that is much higher than35 mol/0.1 g cat. for Cu(OH)2/TiO2and 75 mol/0.1 g cat. for equimolar rhenium cluster in the presenceof triethanolamine (TEOA) as a sacrificial donor. The quantum yields (MeOH) of Re-cluster@Cu(OH)2/TiO2and Cu(OH)2/TiO2were found to be 0.018 and 0.004 mol einstein−1, respectively. These values are muchhigher than those reported for other heterogeneous catalysts for six electron transfer reaction
Sweetening and sulfur recovery of sour associated gas in the middle eastFrames
Effective and efficient removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential step when sweetening gas for downstream processes. By simultaneously turning the captured hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, a Frames THIOPAQ O&G system improves gas value, while creating a saleable chemical widely sought after in the agricultural and bulk chemical industry.
Synthesis of Spinel based Catalysts by Wet chemical methods for Colour Remova...PranavkumarRana
The study aimed at color removal and COD degradation of
synthetic wastewater of methylene blue dye via photocatalysis using various spinel catalysts
prepared by different methods. The methylene blue dye with strong azo bond with structure
made up of autochrome and chromophore. The Azo dyes are widely used in textile, paper and
leather industries. The present study is essentially related to the degradation of selected
methylene blue and dye from synthetic dye wastewater however it has been extended to actual
industrial effluents. In order to control wastewater pollution due to dyes the UV-Photocatalytic
degradation technology has been carried out by some researchers using spinel catalysts. Spinel
catalysts are oxides with general formula AB2O4 where A and B are the rare earth, A has
octahedral site and B has tetrahedral site. alkaline earth, alkali metals and transition metal
cations which are expected to be able to overcome the limitations of semiconductors as
photocatalysts.
Synthesis and Characterization Studies of Solvothermally Synthesized Undoped ...IJERA Editor
Nanocrystalline TiO2 was investigated by solvothermal synthetic method using toluene as a solvent. Titanium tetra isopropoxide (TTIP) was used as a precursor, which was decomposed at high temperature and precipitated in toluene. Subsequently, the solution was thermally treated at 250C for five hours in stainless steel autoclave. Amorphous Nano TiO2 was formed. When these amorphous Nano TiO2 was calcinated to 550 C anatase Nano TiO2 crystalline with particle size <20 nm was formed. These amorphous and anatase phase Nano TiO2 was characterized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies and the results were discussed.
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change ...Ali Al-Waeli
The presentation is derived from my PhD viva presentation which focuses on the topic of Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors with nanofluids and nano-Phase Change Material.
Presented by: Dr. Ali Hussein A. Alwaeli
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
4. ORGANICS &
MICROORGANISMS
5/24/2015 4
•Sraw et al. (2013) degraded monocrotophos
(MCP), an organophosphorous insecticide
•Catalysts- Aeroxide P-25 and LR grade TiO2
•UV (8 blue black UV florescent lamps (Philips,
20W)) and sunlight
•Ambient T & P, t = 3 h
•84% degradation
• Degradation rate
increased by 15 % by
H2O2 addition with
LR TiO2
Fig. 1. Skurry batch photocatalytic reactor setup
(Sraw et al. 2013)
5. • Grcic et al.(2015)
• Household greywater (GW)
• Solar photocatalysis
• Followed by flocculation by chitosan
• TiO2-coated textile fibers by applying TiO2–
chitosan pasteous dispersion on polyester/wool
blend textile
• The reactor assembled mostly from waste
materials
• Results showed significant decrease in organic
content (50.8%), COD and toxicity over a period
of 4 h.
5/24/2015 5
6. 5/24/2015 6
• Complete degradation of dye molecules and certain aromatic
compounds.
•The chitosan dissolved at certain extent during photocatalytic treatment
•An efficient flocculant in treated wastewater.
• Flocs observed shortly after treatment, complete sedimentation 12 h in
dark.
Fig.2 Schematics of reactor for solar photocatalysis (a) front view, (b) top view (c) side
view. (Grcic et al. 2015)
7. • Carra et al. (2015)
• Acetamiprid (ACTM), thiabendazole (TBZ)
and their transformation products (TPs) in an
agro-food industry effluent
• Solar photo-Fenton treatment.
• Novel
5/24/2015 7
Fig. 3 Scheme of the raceway pond reactor (RPR) used in the
experiments. (Carra et al. 2015)
8. • Avg. UV irradiance of 15 ± 1Wm-2 (winter
conditions) measured by a global UV radiometer
• Avg. wastewater T: 26 ± 2 °C.
• High degradation achieved (>99% TBZ and
91% ACTM in 240 min).
• Analyses indicated that after the treatment only
three TPs from ACTM were still present in the
effluent, while the others had been removed.
5/24/2015 8
9. • García-Fernández et al. (2015)
• Disinfection of urban effluents using solar TiO2
photocatalysis
• E. coli and F.solani spores
• Compound parabolic collectors (CPC) reactor
• Two CPC mirror
titled at 37◦
• T= 45 °C
• Qair= 60 L/h
• TiO2= 100 mg/L
• ~99.9
5/24/2015 9
Fig.4 The 60 L-CPC reactor . Front view (4.5
m2of collector mirrors) with air injection points
indicated (a), side view: air injection and DO
probe (b), and cooling and heating systems
(c)(García-Fernández et al. 2015)
10. DYES
• Esparza et al. (2011)
• Methylene blue (MB)
• Natural volcanic ashes (VA) particles and
nanostructured titania supported on volcanic
ashes (TVA)
• High-pressure Na vapour lamp (Philips, model
400-W G/92/2) placed 50 cm far from thereactor
• Fixed-bed photocatalytic reactor. (designed and
built in the lab)
5/24/2015 10
11. • Easy and efficient method to carry out
photocatalytic reactions without requiring water
filtration post-processing
• Conversions in case of TVA, independent of the
flow rate were about 90.3% for 3 h reaction time
• 96.4%.
5/24/2015 11
Fig. 5. Schematic view of experimental setup (Esparza et al. 2011)
12. • Lin et al. (2012)
• Methyl orange(MO)
• A novel multi-layer rotating disk reactor(600 rpm)
• Four stacked cells
• Eight UV-light lamps (4 W each) and an Al disk
(dia. 12 cm)
• TiO2 nano-particles coated
• Inlet 4×10−5 M MO
• At 5 ml/min conversion >95%
• High conversion at high
flow rate
5/24/2015 12
Fig.6. Schematic diagram of the
MLRDR system (Lin et al. 2012)
13. • Byberg & Cobb (2012)
• Direct Red 23, 80, and 81, Direct Yellow 27 and
50, and Direct Violet 51
• 25 mg/L
• Paper embedded TiO2
• Equalized for 30 min, run for 24 h
• Complete color removal
• 80% TOC reduction, toxicity increased
5/24/2015 13
Fig. 7. Photo and sketch of reactor used at ENSIC. (Byberg & Cobb 2012)
14. • Pastrana-Martínez et al. (2013)
• TiO2 catalysts: large titania sol–gel nanoparticles
(ECT), surface modified titania nanoparticles (m-
TiO2) and graphene oxide-TiO2 composite
(GOT-3.3)
• Under near-UV/Vis and visible light.
• Methyl orange (MO)
• Quartz cylindrical reactor(7.5 mL solution)
• A Heraeus TQ 150 medium pressure Hg vapor
lamp (visible light a cut-off long pass filter)
• pH 4.4, catalyst loading 0.5 mg/L
• Composite (GOT-3.3) quite active, (m-TiO2)
visible light
5/24/2015 14
15. 5/24/2015 15
• Rasoulifard et al. (2014)
• Direct Red 23 (DR23)
• UV-LED/S2O8
2-
• Continuous photoreactor (octagonal cylindrical )
• 72 UV-LEDs (1 W each)
• S2O8
2- (12.5 mM), dye conc. (20 ppm), current
intensity (80%)
Fig. 8 Schematic representation of continuous photoreactor
(3.6 W)( Rasoulifard et al. 2014)
16. • Li et al. (2014)
• Rhodamine B (RhB)
• Novel double-cylindrical-shell (DCS) photoreactor
• Monolyer TiO2-coated silica gel beads
• An UV black light lamp (Tokyo Metal BM-10BLB)
• t= 12h, RhB= 10 mg/L
• 49.6% and 90.4% in dark and in UV, resp.
5/24/2015 16
17. 5/24/2015 17
• Higher efficiency, lower energy consumption and
better repetitive operation performance
• Promising alternative for recalcitrant
decomposition
Fig. 9. Schematic of the TiO2-coated silica gel beads immobilized double-cylindrical-
shell (DCS) photoreactor and the photocatalytic system.( Li et al. 2014)
18. DRUGS
• Wang et al. (2012)
• 17-ethinylestradiol(EE2)
• Modified flat plate serpentine reactor (MFPSR)
• TiO2
• Three lamps (Philips TUV8W)
• t= 120 min, TiO2 =0.04 g/L, u= 0.03 m/s,
• 98 %
5/24/2015 18
Fig.10. Geometry of MFPSR and flow sheet of the experimental setup (Wang et al. (2012)
19. 5/24/2015 19
• Pastrana-Martínez et al. (2013)
• Diphenhydramine (DP)
• ECT, m-TiO2 and GOT-3.3
• Quartz cylindrical reactor
• Heraeus TQ 150 medium pressure Hg vapor
lamp
• T= 25 °C, pH 5.9, 1 g/L catalyst
• Under near-UV/Vis irradiation, ECT most active
for the degradation of DP.
20. • Rodríguez et al. (2013)
• Atenolol (ATL), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT),
ofloxacin (OFX) and trimethoprim (TMP)
• Photocatalytic oxidation, ozonation and
photocatalytic ozonation
• Borosilicate cylindrical reactor
• A porous plate for gas
• Black wooden box (50x30x30 cm)
• Two 15 W black light lamps
• TiO2 ,pH 4, t= 2 h
• TPC and TOC removal of 80% and 60%
5/24/2015 20
21. 5/24/2015 21
TOXIC
• Abhang et al. (2011)
• Phenol
• Three phase fluidized bed type of reactor (TPFBR)
• TiO2 coated on solid silica gel particles
• Four lamps of 8 W
• P = 1 atm, T = 25 °C
• W/o aeration only 50%
• 95.27% within 1.5 h
Fig.11 .Schematics of TPFBR Abhang et al. (2011)
22. 5/24/2015 22
• Shengyong et al. (2012)
• Hexachlorobenzene
• Quartz photocatalytic reactor
• Nano-TiO2 catalyst film on a glass plate
• Two 8W UV lamps
• 50-mL ice-bathed hexane and acetone mixture
• T=25 to 35 °C, t= 9.5 h, 12 µg , 5 mW/cm2
• ~99%
Fig. 12 .Schematic diagram of the photocatalysis reactor.
(Shengyong et al. 2012)
23. 5/24/2015 23
• Tang et al. (2012)
• Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
• Water-jacketed cylindrical quartz photoreactor
• Ferrous sulfate and H2O2
• 9W UV lamp
• PFOA 20.0 _M, H2O2
30.0 mM, Fe2+ 2.0 mM,
pH 3.0
• 95%
Fig. 13. A diagram of the experimental set-up for
photodegradation of PFOA. (Tang et al. 2012)
24. 5/24/2015 24
• Choi et al. (2012)
• Anodized nano-structured TiO2 membrane
• N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) under UV
• Micro-porous tubular-type pure Ti (12-mm inner
dia., 100-mm length) was prepared for anode
materials.
• 99.9 % pure Ta (thickness 0.25 mm, surface
area of 50x50 mm2) as a counter electrode.
25. 5/24/2015 25
Graph. 1 Removal of NDMA using RO membrane (conditions: contact time 100 min,
temperature 20 ± 1 C, NDMA 1 mg L-1, initial pH 6 ± 0.2, UV intensity 64 W and ozone
concentration 9.0 mg L-1). Here, anodized Ti membrane and reverse osmosis are denoted as
A-Ti-M and RO,
• Electrolyte, 1 M KH2PO4 solutions with 0.35 wt% NH4F.
•Electrolyte stirred continuously and anodization was
conducted at a constant potential with a DC power supply.
•Lead to the formation of distinct array of TiO2 nanotubes
26. 5/24/2015 26
• Souzanchi et al. (2013)
• Phenol
• Annular sieve-plate column photoreactor
• Two concentric columns
• TiO2 immobilized on a stainless steel sieve plate
• 15W UV-A lamp
• t= 6 h, T=35 °C, 0.5 mM phenol
• ~100%
• COD lowered by 95%
27. 5/24/2015 27
Fig. 14. Details of size and dimensions of the ASCP photoreactor used in the present study in
two sections: vertical (a), and horizontal (b). (1) Inner quartz tube; (2) outer Pyrex tube; (3) 15WUV-
A lamp; (4) stainless steel sieve plate rings (i.e., TiO2 immobilized support); (5) inlet; (6) outlet.
28. 5/24/2015 28
Paper Degradation of Reactor Catalyst Light source Operating
Conditions
Result
Sraw et al
(2013)
Monocrotophos
(MCP)
Slurry batch
reactor
Aeroxide P-25
and LR grade
TiO2
Blue black UV
florescent
lamps (Philips,
20W)
t= 3 h
MCP= 25 ppm
P25= 0.5 g/L,
pH = 5
84%
García-
Fernández
et al. (2015)
Escherichia coli
and Fusarium
solani spores
Compound
parabolic
collectors
(CPC) reactor
Suspended
TiO2
Sunlight T= 45 °C
Qair= 60 L/h
TiO2= 100
mg/L
~99.9
Grcic et
al.(2015)
Household
greywater
Thin film
reactor
TiO2 coated
textile fibre
Sunlight t= 4 h 50% organics,
significant
reduction in
other
ingredients
Carra et
al.(2015)
Acetamiprid(AC
TM),
thiabendazole(T
BZ)
and their
transformation
products(TPs)
Raceway pond
reactor
Fenton
(Ferrous iron)
Sunlight, UV
irradiance of
15 ± 1Wm-2
pH= 2.8 ± 0.1
T=26 ± 2 °C
t= 240 min
>99% TBZ,
91% ACTM,.
only 3 TPs
remained
PESTICIDES AND OTHER ORGANICS
29. 5/24/2015 29
Paper Degradation of Reactor Catalyst Light source Operating
Conditions
Result
Esparza et al.
(2011)
Methylene blue Fixed-bed reactor Natural volcanic
ashes (VA), nano-
titania supported on
volcanic ashes
(TVA)
High-pressure
Na vapour
lamp (Philips,
400-W
G/92/2)
pH =7
T= 20 °C
Degradation
85.6% with
VA,
96.4% with
TVA
Lin et al. (2012) Methyl orange Multi-layer
Rotating disk reactor
Nano-sized tio2
particles
8 UV-light
lamps (4 W
each; Winstar
Lighting Co.,
Ltd)
Ambient
temperature,
600 rpm
Within s of
residence time
95%
conversion
Byberg & Cobb
(2012)
Direct Red 23, 80, and
81, Direct Yellow 27
and 50, and Direct
Violet 51
Thin film reactor TiO2 paper
substrate
UV lamp Dye 25 mg/L
t= 24 h
TOC ~80%
100 % color
removal
Pastrana-Martínez
et al. (2013)
Methyl orange Quartz cylindrical
reactor
ECT, m-TiO2 and
GOT-3.3
Heraeus TQ
150 medium
pressure Hg
vapor lamp
T= 25 °C,
0.5 g/L
catalyst
pH 4.4
~99%
Li et al. (2014) Rhodamine B (RhB) Novel double-
cylindrical-shell
(DCS) photoreactor
Monolyer
TiO2-coated silica
gel beads
An UV black
light
lamp (Tokyo
Metal BM-
10BLB)
t= 12h
RhB= 10
mg/L
49.6% and
90.4% in dark
aad in UV,
resp.
Rasoulifard et al.
(2014)
Direct Red 23
(DR23)
Continuous
photoreactor
(octagonal
cylindrical)
Potassium
peroxydisulfate
72 UV-LEDs
of 1 W each
S2O8
2- (12.5
mM), DR23
(20 ppm),
current
I.(80%)
90%
DYES
30. 5/24/2015 30
Paper Degradation of Reactor Catalyst Light source Operating
Conditions
Result
Wang et al.
(2012)
17-
ethinylestradiol
(EE2)
Modified
flat plate
serpentine
reactor
TiO2 Three lamps
(Philips
TUV8W)
T=25±2 °C
t= 120 min
TiO2 =0.04 g/L
u= 0.03 m/s,
Iw = 282 W/m2
98 %
Pastrana-
Martínez et al.
(2013)
Diphenhydramine
(DP)
Quartz
cylindrical
reactor
Large titania sol–
gel nanoparticles,
surface modified
titania
nanoparticles
Graphene oxide-
tio2 composite
Heraeus TQ 150
medium pressure
mercury vapor
lamp
T= 25 °C
pH 5.9
1 g/L catalyst
t= 240 min
DP (3.40x104
mol/L)
~98%
Rodríguez et
al. (2013)
Atenolol (ATL),
hydrochlorothiazide
(HCT), ofloxacin
(OFX) and
trimethoprim
(TMP)
Borosilicate
cylindrical
reactor
TiO2 Two 15 W
black light
lamps (Lamp
15TBL
HQPowerTM
Velleman®)
pH 4
t= 2 h
TPC and TOC
removal of
80% and 60%
DRUGS
31. Paper Degradation of Reactor Catalyst Light source Operating
Conditions
Result
Abhang et al.
(2011)
Phenol Three phase
fluidized bed type
of reactor
(TPFBR)
TiO2 coated on
solid silica gel
particles
Four lamps of
8 W
P = 1 atm
T = 25 °C
t = 2 h
95.27% within 1.5
h
Shengyong et al.
(2012)
Hexachlorobenzene Quartz
photocatalytic
reactor
Nano-TiO2
catalyst films
Two 8W UV
lamps
T=25 to 35 °C
t= 9.5 h
12 µg
5 mW/cm2
~99%
Tang et al.
(2012)
Perfluorooctanoic
acid (PFOA)
Water-jacketed
cylindrical quartz
photoreactor
Ferrous sulfate
and H2O2
9W UV lamp PFOA 20.0 _M,
H2O2
30.0 mM, Fe2+
2.0 mM,
pH 3.0, 5 h
95%
Choi et al.
(2012)
N-
nitrosodimethyla
mine
Membrane
reactor
TiO2
nanotubes
UV
(64 W)
t= 100 min, T=
20 ± 1 °C,
NDMA= 1 mg
L-1, initial pH=
6 ± 0.2
~100%
Souzanchi et al.
(2013)
Phenol Annular sieve-
plate column
photoreactor
TiO2 immobilized
on a stainless
sieve plate
15W UV-A lamp t= 6 h,
T=35 °C,
0.5 mM phenol
~100%
COD lowered by
95%
5/24/2015 31
TOXIC COMPONENTS
32. 5/24/2015 32
PROJECT OUTLINE
• Improve cooling tower efficiency
• Biological fouling
• Disinfection of water
• Source
• Identify the microorganisms
• TiO2
• Reactor type
• MOC
• Light source
33. REFERENCES
• Abhang R. M., Kumar D. & Taralkar S. V.,
“Design of Photocatalytic Reactor for
Degradation of Phenol in Wastewater”, Int. J.
Chem. Eng. Appl. 2, 337–341 (2011).
• Choi W.-Y., Lee Y.-W. & Kim J.-O.,
“Performance of photocatalytic membrane
reactor with dual function of microfiltration and
organics removal”, 1517–1522 (2013).
• Izadifard M., Achari G. & Langford C. H.,
“Application of Photocatalysts and LED Light
Sources in Drinking Water Treatment”, 726–743
(2013).
5/24/2015 33
34. • Lin C.-N., Chang C.-Y., Huang H. J., Tsai D. P.
& Wu N.-L., “Photocatalytic degradation of
methyl orange by a multi-layer rotating disk
reactor”, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19, 3743–
3750 (2012).
• Nakata, K. & Fujishima A., “TiO2 photocatalysis:
Design and applications”, J. Photochem.
Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev. 13, 169–189
(2012).
• Tang H., Xianga Q., Lei M., Yan Zhub L., & Zouc
J., “Efficient degradation of perfluorooctanoic
acid by UV – Fenton process”, Chem. Eng. J.
184, 156–162 (2012).
5/24/2015 34
due to the presence of aromatic amines So further degradation by biological secondary treatment would be necessary.
reactor filled with 7.5 mL
. GOT-3.3 composite was quite active in the photodegradation of MO, especially under visible light, where P25 was practically inactive. m-TiO2 displayed a remarkable photocatalytic activity for degradation of MO under visible light irradiation, suggesting promising results for visible light applications.
Results revealed that UV-LEDs continuous photoreactor could be energy-efficiently applied for the degradation of low-levels of the organic pollutants especially synthetic dyes.
This photocatalytic reactor, in comparison with reported slurry-suspension and thin film photoreactors, showed higher efficiency, lower energy consumption and better repetitive operation performance for the degradation of RhB and MO. The TiO2-coated silica gel beads immobilized DCS photoreactor was a promising alternative for the decomposition of recalcitrant organic pollutants in wastewater.
Two poly (methyl methacrylate) baffles separated the whole reactor into three equal channels. Three quartz glass tubes were mounted axially inside the channels and centered with respect to the channels.
A suspension of EE2, TiO2 (Degussa P25), and distilled water was magnetically stirred for 30 min in darkness to ensure the adsorption equilibrium was achieved and then transferred to the recirculation feed tank which was fitted with a gas pump. The pump saturated the reaction solution with O2, thus avoiding any complication arising by deficiency in the reacting system and stripe CO2 which was produced by the degradation of the endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
The higher efficiency of ECT is related to its enhanced availability to originate reactive hydroxyl radicals from photoinduced holes at the catalyst surface.
It was equipped with bubbling and/or magnetic agitation (depending on the process) and inlets for measuring temperature, feeding the gas (air, O2 or O3-O2 through a porous plate at the reactor bottom), sampling and one outlet for the non absorbed gas. The reactor was situated in the center of a 50x30x30 cm black wooden box. Two 15 W black light lamps (Lamp15TBL HQPowerTM Velleman®) were placed in two opposing corners inside the box, 365 nm being the main emission wavelength. The lamps were chosen in an attempt to simulate the UVA solar radiation.
The catalysts coated using sodium acetate.
Sandwiched chambers to utilize UV light efficiently
plexi glass (good pressure durability and optical properties)
The two adjacent compartments from the central one were made water proof and sealed from all sides except from the top to house the UV lamps.
The central one was the inlet compartment. Remaining two compartments, dimensional half of the width of the central compartment, these compartments acted as fluidized bed column. These also were the outlet section, having two 25 mm outlets drilled. The UV light source and the central compartment had a dimension of 50×200×1000 mm, the other two had 25×50×1000 mm and the bottom compartment had 200×200×50 mm. Drilled plate at the bottom of three horizontal compartments the inlet compartment consists of 4 mm drilled holes and the outlets compartments consists of 2 mm drilled holes. The bottom compartment had an aeration system, which had copper tube with 2 mm holes on the face at distance of 10 mm. The tube length was 190 mm and were four in number. Two situated below the inlet section and other two placed below the outlet section one on each side.
Two equal volumes of this mixture were used in sequence to wash the glass plate after reaction; the rinses were analyzed for HCBz contents that remained unreacted on the catalyst surface. Hardly any HCBz was detected in the second rinsing liquid, which confirms that almost all remaining HCBz can be absorbed by one rinsing liquid. The temperature of the surface of the reactor slightly raised above the room temperature (25 to 35 °C) during the test.
The anodized nano-structured TiO2 membrane annealed at 500°C efficiently decompose NDMA under UV light irradiation. This improvement can be attributed to the production of hydroxyl radicals generated by the UV irradiation of anodized TiO2 metal membrane.
two concentric columns with the quartz and Pyrex glass as the inner and outer tubes, respectively. Fifty sieve plates of stainless steel in ring shape prepared as the supports for the immobilization of TiO2 nanoparticles were installed in the annulus space between the two tubes in parallel layers. The light source consisted of one UV lamp of 15 W emitting UV-A radiation and it was placed within the inner quartz tube. The test liquid was circulated between the photoreactor and a liquid tank equipped with jacket.