The document discusses ergonomics and ergonomic design principles for workplace tools, equipment, and environments. It defines ergonomics as the science of fitting jobs to people. Key points include:
- Ergonomics aims to minimize musculoskeletal disorders by designing for human capabilities and limitations.
- Proper control, display, and alarm design includes clear labels, sizes appropriate for users, and logical groupings.
- Field control panels should group items by function, emergency access, and sequence of use with displays above associated controls.
This document provides details about the operations at Komal TexFab factory in Narol, including manpower management, supervisor responsibilities, line balancing techniques, operator requirements, quality control, and suggestions for improvement. The factory uses contractors to provide skilled workers on a piece-rate basis. Supervisors ensure production meets quality standards and provide training. Line balancing aims to maximize efficiency and involves identifying bottlenecks. Quality control involves supervisors checking work at each stage of production to maintain standards. Suggestions include improving methods and providing workers with training.
This document discusses testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics. It describes that pilling is the formation of small balls of entangled fibers on fabric surfaces due to rubbing, and is influenced by fiber properties like strength and stiffness. Methods to measure pilling include objective counting/weighing of pills or subjective comparison to standards. Tests for pilling include the ICI pilling box method and Martindale abrasion tester. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, yarn twist, and fabric structure, and is measured using the Martindale abrasion tester by recording cycles until thread breakage. Grading scales are used to assess levels of pilling and abrasion damage.
Machine Technology and Maintenance of Textile MachinarySajibul Islam
This is important parts of Textile industries.Maintenance is a procedure by means of which we can maintain active functioning according to the behaviour and utility of a particular elements/substance machine parts
This document discusses ergonomics in the sewing room and identifies various ergonomic issues and solutions. It addresses issues like:
- Sitting tasks like stitching can cause back pain due to improper seating without adjustability or back support. Adjustable chairs with back support are recommended.
- Standing tasks like inspection can cause fatigue, so sit-stand workstations and anti-fatigue mats are suggested.
- Foot-pedal sewing requires awkward postures that can be addressed through job rotation or adjusting the pedal distance.
- Other issues covered include lighting, ventilation, material handling and potential hazards. Solutions focus on adjustable workstations, proper lifting techniques, and reducing postural strain.
The worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart) shows the exact time relationship between the working cycle of a person and the operating cycle of a machine at a specific workstation. It can be used to detect idle time on machines and workers, optimize work distribution, and decide the appropriate number of workers. The example shows a man-machine chart for the current and improved methods of a casting production process. The improved method reduces the cycle time from 2 minutes to 1.4 minutes by decreasing the idle times for both the worker from 0.8 to 0.2 minutes and the machine from 1.2 to 0.6 minutes.
U 7 total quality management in garment industrykibrom G
The document discusses quality control and quality assurance processes in the apparel industry. It defines quality control as measuring quality characteristics and taking corrective action when specifications are not met, while quality assurance is a preventative process focused on meeting customer requirements. The key stages of quality assurance in apparel manufacturing are described as raw material inspection, in-process inspection during cutting, sewing and pressing, and final inspection of finished garments. General quality standards for garments are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the layout and machinery used in a spinning plant. It describes the key processes including blow room, carding, draw frame, combing, speed frame, ring frame, winding, and conditioning. It lists common machinery manufacturers and provides links to related textile technology Facebook pages and the author's blog.
Industrial engineering for apparel productionNiloy Rahman
This document provides an overview of industrial engineering for apparel production. It defines industrial engineering as applying engineering knowledge to plan, design, and control industrial operations by integrating people, materials, and energy. The objectives of the industrial engineering department are to monitor and improve production processes to increase performance and standardize manufacturing. Industrial engineers and merchandisers are key roles. Industrial engineers work to efficiently utilize tools, manage resources, and satisfy customer demands. Basic techniques used include work study, capacity study, method study, time study, and performance analysis. Cooperation between industrial engineers and merchandisers is important for the department to function properly.
This document provides details about the operations at Komal TexFab factory in Narol, including manpower management, supervisor responsibilities, line balancing techniques, operator requirements, quality control, and suggestions for improvement. The factory uses contractors to provide skilled workers on a piece-rate basis. Supervisors ensure production meets quality standards and provide training. Line balancing aims to maximize efficiency and involves identifying bottlenecks. Quality control involves supervisors checking work at each stage of production to maintain standards. Suggestions include improving methods and providing workers with training.
This document discusses testing methods for pilling and abrasion resistance of fabrics. It describes that pilling is the formation of small balls of entangled fibers on fabric surfaces due to rubbing, and is influenced by fiber properties like strength and stiffness. Methods to measure pilling include objective counting/weighing of pills or subjective comparison to standards. Tests for pilling include the ICI pilling box method and Martindale abrasion tester. Abrasion resistance depends on fiber type, properties, yarn twist, and fabric structure, and is measured using the Martindale abrasion tester by recording cycles until thread breakage. Grading scales are used to assess levels of pilling and abrasion damage.
Machine Technology and Maintenance of Textile MachinarySajibul Islam
This is important parts of Textile industries.Maintenance is a procedure by means of which we can maintain active functioning according to the behaviour and utility of a particular elements/substance machine parts
This document discusses ergonomics in the sewing room and identifies various ergonomic issues and solutions. It addresses issues like:
- Sitting tasks like stitching can cause back pain due to improper seating without adjustability or back support. Adjustable chairs with back support are recommended.
- Standing tasks like inspection can cause fatigue, so sit-stand workstations and anti-fatigue mats are suggested.
- Foot-pedal sewing requires awkward postures that can be addressed through job rotation or adjusting the pedal distance.
- Other issues covered include lighting, ventilation, material handling and potential hazards. Solutions focus on adjustable workstations, proper lifting techniques, and reducing postural strain.
The worker and machine process chart (Man-machine chart) shows the exact time relationship between the working cycle of a person and the operating cycle of a machine at a specific workstation. It can be used to detect idle time on machines and workers, optimize work distribution, and decide the appropriate number of workers. The example shows a man-machine chart for the current and improved methods of a casting production process. The improved method reduces the cycle time from 2 minutes to 1.4 minutes by decreasing the idle times for both the worker from 0.8 to 0.2 minutes and the machine from 1.2 to 0.6 minutes.
U 7 total quality management in garment industrykibrom G
The document discusses quality control and quality assurance processes in the apparel industry. It defines quality control as measuring quality characteristics and taking corrective action when specifications are not met, while quality assurance is a preventative process focused on meeting customer requirements. The key stages of quality assurance in apparel manufacturing are described as raw material inspection, in-process inspection during cutting, sewing and pressing, and final inspection of finished garments. General quality standards for garments are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of the layout and machinery used in a spinning plant. It describes the key processes including blow room, carding, draw frame, combing, speed frame, ring frame, winding, and conditioning. It lists common machinery manufacturers and provides links to related textile technology Facebook pages and the author's blog.
Industrial engineering for apparel productionNiloy Rahman
This document provides an overview of industrial engineering for apparel production. It defines industrial engineering as applying engineering knowledge to plan, design, and control industrial operations by integrating people, materials, and energy. The objectives of the industrial engineering department are to monitor and improve production processes to increase performance and standardize manufacturing. Industrial engineers and merchandisers are key roles. Industrial engineers work to efficiently utilize tools, manage resources, and satisfy customer demands. Basic techniques used include work study, capacity study, method study, time study, and performance analysis. Cooperation between industrial engineers and merchandisers is important for the department to function properly.
Safety is the top priority in any workshop to avoid injuries and increase productivity. Key aspects of workshop safety include protecting the working environment, following instructions, wearing proper safety gear, not running or operating machines without training, and keeping accidents and injuries minimized to allow employees to focus on their work without risks. Maintaining safety ensures efficiency, reduces losses, and helps the organization remain profitable.
The document outlines procedures for garment manufacturing related to product safety and quality control. It discusses rules for controlling sharp tools, blades, needles and buttons to prevent injuries and ensure proper functioning. Metal detection procedures are also described to check for any metal in garments. The goal is to enhance safety, quality and compliance standards.
This document discusses a project to reduce lead time in a textile industry through Needle-Guide Pin (NGP) time studies and implementing Kanban. NGP time studies were conducted on machines to identify non-value added activities and compare performance to standards. Kanban was implemented in various sections like mixing, blowing room, and spinning. The objectives were to increase productivity from 1050 to 1080 bales and reduce lead time from 620 to 600 minutes through these lean initiatives.
The document discusses various utilities used in the textile industry, including electricity, steam, water, compressed air, and their applications. Electricity powers machinery, steam is used for fiber production, weaving, dyeing, drying, and printing. Large amounts of water are used for wet processing like washing and rinsing. Compressed air actuates process valves and machines. Boilers produce steam. Cooling towers, air compressors, and water treatment including filtration, reverse osmosis, and deaeration are also summarized.
Operations Management : Line BalancingRohan Bharaj
This presentation gives us details about the different methods of Line Balancing.
It also gives an example of Ford Motors and how Line Balancing helped Ford become a powerhouse in the early 1900s
Pattern production is a production scheduling method where parts are arranged in a fixed sequence. It has two basic principles: fixed time variable quantity, where production starts at fixed times regardless of quantity, and fixed quantity variable time, where production waits until a fixed quantity is reached before starting. Pattern production is necessary when capacity constraints without changeovers cannot meet customer demand, even if capacity is okay without changeovers. It provides benefits like effective resource utilization, elimination of daily planning, reduced overtime, and minimized production variations.
Button control standard operating procedures Barua Sujan
This document provides guidelines for securely attaching buttons to garments to prevent choking hazards. It outlines proper button attachment procedures including using a lockstitch machine with a minimum of 16 passes of spun polyester thread. It also describes maintenance requirements for the buttoning machine and needles. The document establishes that interim inspections must check 100% of buttons and record production details to ensure proper button attachment.
This document discusses ergonomic workplace design for the apparel industry. It begins with an acknowledgement and introduction on ergonomics and how repetitive stress injuries are common for garment workers. It then discusses specific ergonomic issues for stitching operations, including reaching for materials, setting up materials, manipulating materials, and pushing materials through sewing machines. Common problems with sewing workstations like table height, leg room, and chairs are also examined. The document provides solutions like adjustable workstations, proper lighting, friction aids, and job rotation. It emphasizes the importance of chair design, treadle placement, arm supports, and tilt-adjustable tables. Finally, it discusses other considerations like knee switches, hand controls, stress reduction,
Apparel Manufacturing I (Part 1)- mid term(green university of bangladesh)MohammadAshraful4
The document discusses the differences between tailoring and industrial methods of apparel manufacturing. Tailoring requires fewer machines and workers but more time per garment. It has lower costs but higher fabric wastage. Industrial manufacturing uses standardized body measurements, requires pattern grading and many machines/workers but produces garments more quickly at larger volumes with less fabric wastage. The document then outlines the typical sequence of apparel manufacturing from receiving technical specifications to final inspection and shipping. It also defines several related terms used in apparel production.
Project Report on Textile Industrial EngineeringAmanuzzaman Aman
Here are the key steps to prepare an assembly line:
1. Identify the major operations required to produce the garment. Break down the manufacturing process into individual steps.
2. Determine the sequence of operations based on material and component flow. Arrange the operations in logical order.
3. Estimate the standard time for each operation using time study data.
4. Calculate the cycle time for each operation based on production target.
5. Select appropriate machines required for each operation considering operation type and cycle time.
6. Arrange the machines along the assembly line in the sequence of operations to ensure smooth material flow.
7. Ensure adequate space and workstations between machines for operator movement and part handling.
This document provides information about costing of sewing accessories used in apparel production. It begins with an acknowledgement and introduction. It then defines and describes various types of sewing accessories or trims including interlining, elastic, zippers, patches, rib, shoulder pads, labels, hook and bar/loop, twill tape, and buttons. For each accessory, it provides details on material, purpose, and applications in garment construction. It includes images and diagrams to illustrate different types of zippers, buttons, and tapes. The document is intended to help understand and cost accessories that are important components of sewn garments.
Here are the key steps to identify and prioritize operational gaps through process mapping:
1. Map the current as-is process to understand how it actually works. This helps uncover inefficiencies and non-value-added activities.
2. Gather input from stakeholders involved in the process through interviews or surveys. Customers, employees and managers can provide valuable insights on pain points or issues.
3. Compare the actual process to desired best practices or benchmarks to identify deviations and gaps. This may involve comparing metrics like cycle times.
4. Prioritize gaps based on their potential impact on objectives like costs, quality and customer experience. Bottlenecks and non-value-added activities should be high priority.
5.
This document outlines principles of motion economy as they relate to the human body, work arrangement, and tool/equipment design. It presents 9 principles for efficient body motion, including keeping both hands active and moving symmetrically. Regarding work arrangement, it emphasizes having fixed places for tools/materials near the point of use. Tool/equipment design principles focus on reducing unnecessary motions and accommodating natural body movements. Examples demonstrate analyzing manual tasks and improving layouts to follow ergonomic principles for less fatigue and higher productivity.
Application of Industrial Engineering in Garments Industryzaman parvez
The document provides an overview of industrial engineering techniques and activities for a garment industry training program. It discusses key industrial engineering concepts like method study, time study, work measurement, value analysis, production planning and control, inventory control, job evaluation, and ergonomics. It also outlines specific industrial engineering activities that will be covered, including new style analysis, size set making, line feeding, changeover processes, capacity checks, bottleneck identification, line balancing, and production studies. The overall goal is to introduce industrial engineering techniques to improve productivity, eliminate waste, and optimize resource utilization in the garments industry.
The document provides tips for safely working with sharp objects and protecting hands from injuries. It discusses:
1. How to prevent puncture wounds through good housekeeping and being careful with power tools.
2. The proper first aid for puncture wounds and signs of infection to watch for.
3. Different types of gloves that can protect hands in various situations like disposable gloves, rubber gloves, leather gloves, and metal mesh gloves.
4. Additional hazards for hands like machinery, chemicals, heat/cold, electricity, and repetitive motions. It stresses using safety devices, guards, and disconnecting power before repairing equipment.
We took two quality control problems from the apparel/textile industry and used 2 classical QC tools to solve one of them, i.e., fishbone diagram and flowchart for the open seam defect, and 2 new QC tools to solve the other one, i.e., tree diagram and affinity diagram for the shade variation defect. We presented a report on the same.
The document discusses various techniques for cutting fabric pieces for garment making, including manual cutting, straight knife cutting machines, band knife cutting machines, round knife cutting machines, die cutters, water jet cutting, and laser cutting. It provides details on the components, operation, advantages and disadvantages of each cutting technique. Straight knife cutters can cut many fabric layers at once but carry risks of deflection and accidents. Band knife cutters cut with high accuracy but require fabric to be bundled and have high wastage. Round knife cutters are suitable for smaller productions. Die cutters provide accurate cuts for mass production. Water jet and laser cutting produce less heat but have limitations in the materials they can cut.
This document provides an overview of Welspun Gujarat Stahl Rohren Limited, an Indian steel pipes and plates manufacturer. Some key points:
- The company has a market capitalization of $2.4 billion and expects turnover to reach $2.5 billion in 2009 based on projects under implementation.
- It has manufacturing facilities in India and the US to produce steel pipes using various welding technologies. Pipes are coated and supplied to major oil and gas companies globally.
- A new state-of-the-art plate and coil mill was commissioned in Anjar, India in 2008 with an annual capacity of 1.5 million tonnes.
This document provides guidance on health and safety regulations for working with computers. It summarizes that employers must conduct risk assessments of workstations and consider equipment, furniture, environment, tasks and individual needs. It also outlines minimum standards for displays, keyboards, work surfaces, chairs and work environments. Users have rights to eye tests and basic spectacles if needed for computer work. Laptop users should have workstations assessed and take breaks to avoid ergonomic issues. Advice is available from ATL on health and safety matters relating to computer use.
This document provides an overview of Terry Rodgers' presentation on managing, monitoring, and controlling building systems. The presentation covers various types of monitoring and control systems like DDC, DCS, PLC, and SCADA. It discusses challenges in deploying these systems and differentiating between controls and monitoring. Key aspects of alarm management, filtering, escalation, maintenance, standard operating procedures, and commissioning of monitoring and control systems are summarized. The document encourages participation in ASHRAE and completing an evaluation form.
Safety is the top priority in any workshop to avoid injuries and increase productivity. Key aspects of workshop safety include protecting the working environment, following instructions, wearing proper safety gear, not running or operating machines without training, and keeping accidents and injuries minimized to allow employees to focus on their work without risks. Maintaining safety ensures efficiency, reduces losses, and helps the organization remain profitable.
The document outlines procedures for garment manufacturing related to product safety and quality control. It discusses rules for controlling sharp tools, blades, needles and buttons to prevent injuries and ensure proper functioning. Metal detection procedures are also described to check for any metal in garments. The goal is to enhance safety, quality and compliance standards.
This document discusses a project to reduce lead time in a textile industry through Needle-Guide Pin (NGP) time studies and implementing Kanban. NGP time studies were conducted on machines to identify non-value added activities and compare performance to standards. Kanban was implemented in various sections like mixing, blowing room, and spinning. The objectives were to increase productivity from 1050 to 1080 bales and reduce lead time from 620 to 600 minutes through these lean initiatives.
The document discusses various utilities used in the textile industry, including electricity, steam, water, compressed air, and their applications. Electricity powers machinery, steam is used for fiber production, weaving, dyeing, drying, and printing. Large amounts of water are used for wet processing like washing and rinsing. Compressed air actuates process valves and machines. Boilers produce steam. Cooling towers, air compressors, and water treatment including filtration, reverse osmosis, and deaeration are also summarized.
Operations Management : Line BalancingRohan Bharaj
This presentation gives us details about the different methods of Line Balancing.
It also gives an example of Ford Motors and how Line Balancing helped Ford become a powerhouse in the early 1900s
Pattern production is a production scheduling method where parts are arranged in a fixed sequence. It has two basic principles: fixed time variable quantity, where production starts at fixed times regardless of quantity, and fixed quantity variable time, where production waits until a fixed quantity is reached before starting. Pattern production is necessary when capacity constraints without changeovers cannot meet customer demand, even if capacity is okay without changeovers. It provides benefits like effective resource utilization, elimination of daily planning, reduced overtime, and minimized production variations.
Button control standard operating procedures Barua Sujan
This document provides guidelines for securely attaching buttons to garments to prevent choking hazards. It outlines proper button attachment procedures including using a lockstitch machine with a minimum of 16 passes of spun polyester thread. It also describes maintenance requirements for the buttoning machine and needles. The document establishes that interim inspections must check 100% of buttons and record production details to ensure proper button attachment.
This document discusses ergonomic workplace design for the apparel industry. It begins with an acknowledgement and introduction on ergonomics and how repetitive stress injuries are common for garment workers. It then discusses specific ergonomic issues for stitching operations, including reaching for materials, setting up materials, manipulating materials, and pushing materials through sewing machines. Common problems with sewing workstations like table height, leg room, and chairs are also examined. The document provides solutions like adjustable workstations, proper lighting, friction aids, and job rotation. It emphasizes the importance of chair design, treadle placement, arm supports, and tilt-adjustable tables. Finally, it discusses other considerations like knee switches, hand controls, stress reduction,
Apparel Manufacturing I (Part 1)- mid term(green university of bangladesh)MohammadAshraful4
The document discusses the differences between tailoring and industrial methods of apparel manufacturing. Tailoring requires fewer machines and workers but more time per garment. It has lower costs but higher fabric wastage. Industrial manufacturing uses standardized body measurements, requires pattern grading and many machines/workers but produces garments more quickly at larger volumes with less fabric wastage. The document then outlines the typical sequence of apparel manufacturing from receiving technical specifications to final inspection and shipping. It also defines several related terms used in apparel production.
Project Report on Textile Industrial EngineeringAmanuzzaman Aman
Here are the key steps to prepare an assembly line:
1. Identify the major operations required to produce the garment. Break down the manufacturing process into individual steps.
2. Determine the sequence of operations based on material and component flow. Arrange the operations in logical order.
3. Estimate the standard time for each operation using time study data.
4. Calculate the cycle time for each operation based on production target.
5. Select appropriate machines required for each operation considering operation type and cycle time.
6. Arrange the machines along the assembly line in the sequence of operations to ensure smooth material flow.
7. Ensure adequate space and workstations between machines for operator movement and part handling.
This document provides information about costing of sewing accessories used in apparel production. It begins with an acknowledgement and introduction. It then defines and describes various types of sewing accessories or trims including interlining, elastic, zippers, patches, rib, shoulder pads, labels, hook and bar/loop, twill tape, and buttons. For each accessory, it provides details on material, purpose, and applications in garment construction. It includes images and diagrams to illustrate different types of zippers, buttons, and tapes. The document is intended to help understand and cost accessories that are important components of sewn garments.
Here are the key steps to identify and prioritize operational gaps through process mapping:
1. Map the current as-is process to understand how it actually works. This helps uncover inefficiencies and non-value-added activities.
2. Gather input from stakeholders involved in the process through interviews or surveys. Customers, employees and managers can provide valuable insights on pain points or issues.
3. Compare the actual process to desired best practices or benchmarks to identify deviations and gaps. This may involve comparing metrics like cycle times.
4. Prioritize gaps based on their potential impact on objectives like costs, quality and customer experience. Bottlenecks and non-value-added activities should be high priority.
5.
This document outlines principles of motion economy as they relate to the human body, work arrangement, and tool/equipment design. It presents 9 principles for efficient body motion, including keeping both hands active and moving symmetrically. Regarding work arrangement, it emphasizes having fixed places for tools/materials near the point of use. Tool/equipment design principles focus on reducing unnecessary motions and accommodating natural body movements. Examples demonstrate analyzing manual tasks and improving layouts to follow ergonomic principles for less fatigue and higher productivity.
Application of Industrial Engineering in Garments Industryzaman parvez
The document provides an overview of industrial engineering techniques and activities for a garment industry training program. It discusses key industrial engineering concepts like method study, time study, work measurement, value analysis, production planning and control, inventory control, job evaluation, and ergonomics. It also outlines specific industrial engineering activities that will be covered, including new style analysis, size set making, line feeding, changeover processes, capacity checks, bottleneck identification, line balancing, and production studies. The overall goal is to introduce industrial engineering techniques to improve productivity, eliminate waste, and optimize resource utilization in the garments industry.
The document provides tips for safely working with sharp objects and protecting hands from injuries. It discusses:
1. How to prevent puncture wounds through good housekeeping and being careful with power tools.
2. The proper first aid for puncture wounds and signs of infection to watch for.
3. Different types of gloves that can protect hands in various situations like disposable gloves, rubber gloves, leather gloves, and metal mesh gloves.
4. Additional hazards for hands like machinery, chemicals, heat/cold, electricity, and repetitive motions. It stresses using safety devices, guards, and disconnecting power before repairing equipment.
We took two quality control problems from the apparel/textile industry and used 2 classical QC tools to solve one of them, i.e., fishbone diagram and flowchart for the open seam defect, and 2 new QC tools to solve the other one, i.e., tree diagram and affinity diagram for the shade variation defect. We presented a report on the same.
The document discusses various techniques for cutting fabric pieces for garment making, including manual cutting, straight knife cutting machines, band knife cutting machines, round knife cutting machines, die cutters, water jet cutting, and laser cutting. It provides details on the components, operation, advantages and disadvantages of each cutting technique. Straight knife cutters can cut many fabric layers at once but carry risks of deflection and accidents. Band knife cutters cut with high accuracy but require fabric to be bundled and have high wastage. Round knife cutters are suitable for smaller productions. Die cutters provide accurate cuts for mass production. Water jet and laser cutting produce less heat but have limitations in the materials they can cut.
This document provides an overview of Welspun Gujarat Stahl Rohren Limited, an Indian steel pipes and plates manufacturer. Some key points:
- The company has a market capitalization of $2.4 billion and expects turnover to reach $2.5 billion in 2009 based on projects under implementation.
- It has manufacturing facilities in India and the US to produce steel pipes using various welding technologies. Pipes are coated and supplied to major oil and gas companies globally.
- A new state-of-the-art plate and coil mill was commissioned in Anjar, India in 2008 with an annual capacity of 1.5 million tonnes.
This document provides guidance on health and safety regulations for working with computers. It summarizes that employers must conduct risk assessments of workstations and consider equipment, furniture, environment, tasks and individual needs. It also outlines minimum standards for displays, keyboards, work surfaces, chairs and work environments. Users have rights to eye tests and basic spectacles if needed for computer work. Laptop users should have workstations assessed and take breaks to avoid ergonomic issues. Advice is available from ATL on health and safety matters relating to computer use.
This document provides an overview of Terry Rodgers' presentation on managing, monitoring, and controlling building systems. The presentation covers various types of monitoring and control systems like DDC, DCS, PLC, and SCADA. It discusses challenges in deploying these systems and differentiating between controls and monitoring. Key aspects of alarm management, filtering, escalation, maintenance, standard operating procedures, and commissioning of monitoring and control systems are summarized. The document encourages participation in ASHRAE and completing an evaluation form.
This document provides guidelines for organizing computer workstations to meet occupational health and safety (OHS) requirements. It outlines ergonomic best practices for chair and work surface height adjustment, keyboard and screen placement to encourage straight wrists and a neutral posture. It also recommends taking short, frequent breaks to reduce fatigue and avoiding sharp increases in workload. Proper lighting, glare reduction, and mouse use are covered to minimize strain or discomfort from prolonged computer use.
The document discusses key aspects of human factors engineering and usability design. It describes a hierarchy of human activity from job operations down to task elements. It also covers personnel factors like anthropometrics, sensory and physiological characteristics. Methods of human factors analysis are outlined, including operator task analysis, operational sequence diagrams, error analysis, and safety/hazard analysis. Mockups and personnel/training requirements are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of ergonomics for a course taught by Miss Rabia. It defines ergonomics and discusses environment standards, human factors, how the environment impacts ergonomics, principles of work area, tool and equipment design, and ergonomics control methods. The key points are that ergonomics aims to fit the job to the person by considering human anatomical, biological and psychological characteristics. It discusses designing workspaces and tools to minimize risks like repetitive stress injuries. The document also outlines standards and approaches to controlling ergonomic hazards, including eliminating hazards through redesign, improving procedures, and using personal protective equipment.
This document discusses computer workstation safety and ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as designing workstations, equipment, and tasks to fit the worker rather than fitting the worker to the job. It identifies potential risks like awkward positions and excessive force that can cause eye strain, muscle fatigue, and cumulative trauma disorders. It provides tips to address these issues, such as using adjustable furniture and monitors at the proper height, taking breaks, and alternating tasks to avoid overuse injuries. Administrative and engineering controls can help reduce ergonomic hazards at computer workstations.
This document provides an introduction to office ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as fitting the workplace to the worker in order to reduce injuries and increase productivity. Common ergonomic injuries in offices include carpal tunnel and back pain due to repetitive motions and improper posture. Risk factors include repetition, force, posture, and duration of tasks. The document recommends making adjustments to furniture, equipment, lighting and taking breaks to prevent injuries. It provides examples of ergonomic chairs, desks, monitors and input devices. Resources for assistance at the author's workplace are also listed.
This document provides guidance on developing keyboard skills and safe work practices. It discusses adjusting workspaces and equipment based on ergonomic requirements like chair height and keyboard position. It also summarizes ergonomic principles, risks in the workplace, and strategies for taking breaks and prioritizing tasks. The goal is to make work more comfortable and improve both health and productivity through proper ergonomics.
Ergonomics is the study of designing equipment and devices that match human capabilities and limitations. The goal is to fit the job to the person to enhance safety, comfort and efficiency. Ergonomic design considers physical, cognitive and physiological factors. Physical factors include body measurements and force capabilities. Cognitive factors relate to information processing and decision making. Physiological factors concern human senses and reactions. Psychological factors also influence how people perceive and interact with products and their environment. An effective ergonomic design applies knowledge of human characteristics.
The document discusses ergonomics in industrial engineering. It defines ergonomics as applying various sciences to understand interactions between humans and their working environments. The main goals of ergonomics are to design tasks, equipment, information and environments suited to each worker, which increases productivity by reducing fatigue, accidents, absenteeism and turnover. It then discusses factors that affect ergonomics like age, materials handling, stress, and load. It also covers areas of ergonomic intervention like human-machine interfaces, environment, hardware, and work postures.
Ergonomics is the science of designing jobs, equipment, and workplaces to fit workers. Proper ergonomic design prevents injuries and maximizes productivity and well-being. It considers human capabilities and limitations, and relationships between humans and other system elements. The goals are health, safety, and productivity. Ergonomics applies scientific principles to optimize interactions between users and technological systems.
Ergonomics is the science of designing jobs, equipment, and workplaces to fit workers. Proper ergonomic design prevents injuries from developing over time. Ergonomics aims to optimize human well-being and system performance. It is employed to fulfill the goals of health and productivity. Common ergonomic issues include repetitive strain injuries, improper lighting or noise levels, and vibration. National Industrial Safety Day in India is celebrated on March 4th each year to promote workplace safety.
This document discusses principles of motion economy and work measurement techniques. It provides guidelines on efficient body movement, workplace layout, and tool design to minimize unnecessary motion. Work measurement techniques covered include time study, predetermined motion time systems (PMTS), and work sampling. PMTS establish standard times for jobs by breaking them down into basic motions and setting times for each motion.
Engineering psychology emerged to address issues caused by poor human-centered design. Prior to WWII, machines were designed without considering human factors, resulting in accidents from controls that did not match human abilities and expectations. Three Mile Island and other accidents showed the consequences of poor control design. Human factors research now aims to design safer, more usable systems through empirical studies of anthropometry, time-motion efficiency, and cognitive processes. By applying ergonomics to fit jobs and workplaces to human needs, productivity can increase up to 12% while reducing injury risks from issues like repetition, forceful exertions, awkward postures, and more.
Engineering psychology emerged to address issues caused by poor human-machine integration. Prior to WWII, machines were designed without considering human factors, resulting in accidents from inconsistent controls. After WWII, human factors research led to safer designs for vehicles, equipment and workplaces by accounting for human abilities and limitations. Today, ergonomics draws from multiple disciplines to optimize human performance and prevent injuries by designing interfaces, tools and work environments suited to human anthropometry, cognition and physical capabilities. Proper ergonomic design can increase productivity while reducing musculoskeletal disorders and improving worker satisfaction.
The document discusses characteristics and quality attributes of embedded systems. It describes key characteristics like being application specific, reactive and real-time, operating in harsh environments, being distributed, and having concerns for size, weight and power. It then outlines important operational quality attributes like response, throughput, reliability, maintainability and safety. Non-operational quality attributes discussed include testability, evolvability, portability and time to prototype and market.
The document discusses computer workstation ergonomics. It defines ergonomics as studying human-machine interaction to optimize efficiency, safety and comfort. Computer ergonomics matches tasks to workers using appropriate equipment. This can modify the workplace instead of the individual. The document lists factors to consider for a healthy computer workplace like work surface height, chair, screen and keyboard placement, posture, lighting and using a mouse. It emphasizes taking breaks and avoiding excessive daily computer use to prevent injuries to wrists, neck and back.
This document provides safety guidelines for woodworking machinery. It discusses general safety principles like ensuring machines meet standards, are properly maintained and guarded. It specifies safety procedures for circular saws, including proper guarding, kickback prevention through use of ripping fences and push sticks, and safe operating methods. Hearing protection, dust control, and other personal protective equipment are also addressed. The document aims to minimize hazards from woodworking equipment through training, guarding, maintenance and enforcing safe work practices.
Organizational leadership and culture play an important role in workplace health and safety. Behavioral safety programs focus on observing and influencing employee behaviors to reduce unsafe actions. Case studies show how leadership commitment to health and safety, clear policies, workforce participation, and data-driven processes can result in improved safety culture and reduced accidents and costs for an organization.
The document provides an overview of risk management principles and processes for human error. It discusses qualitative and quantitative risk assessment approaches. The key stages of risk management are identified as hazard identification, risk assessment, and risk control. Methods for hazard identification, risk estimation, and developing risk control plans are outlined. Finally, the TRIPOD framework for accident investigation and analysis is introduced, which uses a causal model to identify hazards, events, targets, barriers, failures, preconditions, and latent failures.
The Swiss Cheese Model document discusses models for analyzing accidents involving individuals and organizations. Individual accidents typically involve a single person as both the agent and victim, while organizational accidents involve multiple causal factors across different levels of an organization. The Swiss Cheese Model depicts accidents as resulting from the alignment of vulnerabilities ("holes") in multiple defensive layers, including human, technical, and organizational factors. It has evolved over time but generally represents defenses as multiple "slices" of cheese, with holes that open and close as causal factors. The model is applied to analyze the 2005 BP Texas City refinery explosion, identifying active failures by operators and latent failures in the organization that allowed defenses to be breached along an accident trajectory.
Topic 02 human and organizational factors in process industryBasitali Nevarekar
The document summarizes the key human and organizational factors that contributed to the BP Texas City Refinery accident in 2005 that killed 15 people and injured 170. It discusses how lack of competence and training, fatigue from understaffing and excessive overtime, procedural deviations from standard operating procedures, poor communication during shift changes, deficiencies in alarm system design, and reductions in staffing levels over time all played a role in the accident. The explosion occurred during the startup of an isomerization unit after equipment was not properly checked and procedures were not followed.
The document summarizes several major industrial accidents and disasters:
1) The 1974 Flixborough disaster in England where a chemical plant explosion killed 28 people after a temporary pipe ruptured and ignited 40 tons of cyclohexane.
2) The 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear accident in Pennsylvania where a partial nuclear meltdown occurred due to failures in the cooling system.
3) The 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster where the shuttle broke apart 73 seconds into launch due to an O-ring failure, killing all 7 crew members.
4) The 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident in Ukraine where a reactor explosion released radiation due to operator errors during a safety test, contaminating a large area.
The document discusses human factors in risk management. It provides an overview of risk management principles and processes such as establishing context, identifying risks, analyzing risks, evaluating risks, and treating risks. It also provides examples of applying these processes to a cricket club and analyzing risks such as undetected foreign objects on the field. The document then discusses human reliability assessment (HRA) which integrates human factors into risk analysis. It describes HRA techniques such as HEART (Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique) which involves classifying tasks, identifying error producing conditions, and calculating human error probabilities. Both advantages and disadvantages of HEART are discussed.
The document describes four key control loops involved in well operations: 1) The engineering system/control panel loop which displays data and controls equipment. 2) The human factors loop which involves monitoring information, using procedures, and recognizing emergencies. 3) The organizational factors loop which includes management oversight and safety systems. 4) The company interface loop which specifies roles and responsibilities between companies through agreements, training, auditing, and access to services.
This document discusses methods for controlling musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) hazards, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and ergonomic design of tasks, workplaces, and tools. It provides examples of controls such as redesigning tools to enable neutral postures, job rotation systems, padding surfaces, and vibration-reducing gloves. Hazards discussed include repetitive motions, awkward postures, heavy lifting, and vibration. Corresponding solutions focus on workstation design, automation, task variation, and proper lifting techniques.
1) The document discusses fly ash and fly ash bricks. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants and is commonly used to make fly ash bricks.
2) Fly ash bricks are manufactured by mixing fly ash with water, compressing it, and curing in steam. They have advantages over traditional clay bricks like higher strength and durability.
3) Establishing a fly ash brick production business requires land, machinery, raw materials, and generates employment. The document provides details on setting up and operating a small-scale fly ash brick production business.
The document discusses lubricating oil, re-refining of used lubricating oil, and the re-refiners job. It covers the types of molecules in lubricating oil, the meaning of lube oil and used oil, contaminants in used oil, and the benefits of re-refining including conserving crude oil reserves and reducing pollution. The re-refining process involves steps like settling, dehydration, distillation, color improvement, and addition of additives. Re-refined oil has properties similar to base oil and re-refining reduces environmental pollution.
The document presents information on biofiltration, a pollution control technique that uses a bioreactor containing living material to biologically degrade pollutants. Some examples of biofiltration systems given are bio scrubbers, vermifilters, trickling filters, slow sand filters, treatment ponds, green belts, and green walls. Mechanisms, components, and factors that influence biofiltration systems such as filter media, empty bed contact time, backwashing, temperature, biofilms, nutrients, pH, microorganisms, oxygen levels, and moisture content are discussed. Installation costs for biofiltration are low but operating costs depend on pretreatment needs and consist primarily of electricity and nutrients. Potential drawbacks include large
This document discusses cross flow filtration, which separates solids from fluids using a semipermeable membrane while preventing filter cake formation. Cross flow filtration maintains a constant filtration rate by keeping the process feed in a mobile slurry form suitable for further processing. It allows for relatively high solids loads to be operated continuously without blinding the filter. The document outlines the principles, advantages over dead-end filtration, techniques to improve it like backwashing, and applications in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration such as water treatment, sterilization, dairy processing, and more.
The document discusses the production of biofuels, specifically focusing on the production of 5-HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural) from biomass substrates like cellulose and glucose using solvents like ionic liquids and non-ionic liquids. It outlines the main elements and substrates used in biofuel production, experimental procedures for different solvent types, required equipment like magnetic stirrers and batch reactors, and concludes that 5-HMF and levulinic acid are valuable chemical feedstocks that have been studied for biofuel production using different kinetic models.
This document presents a seminar on membrane reactors for gas separation. It introduces membranes and membrane reactors, discusses membrane structure and elements. It also covers membrane processes, design considerations, advantages and disadvantages of membrane reactors, and applications. The conclusion states that membrane systems are reliable and efficient for gas removal, and are well-suited for remote installations or applications requiring high levels of gas removal like CO2, H2, and H2S.
This document presents an overview of various membrane separation techniques including reverse osmosis, dialysis, membrane distillation, and microfiltration. It introduces membrane separation as using semi-permeable membranes to separate components in a feed mixture. For each technique, it discusses the basic principles, major components if applicable, and common applications. The techniques vary in their driving forces and size of molecules or particles that can be separated.
Magnetic refrigeration is a non-conventional refrigeration method that uses the magnetocaloric effect and works through a thermodynamic cycle. It has applications in industries like air conditioning, refrigeration plants, and food storage. Magnetic refrigeration could provide greater efficiency than conventional refrigeration and reduce national power consumption due to its higher performance and lower cost permanent magnetic materials.
This document presents information about arsenic removal from drinking water. It discusses the sources and chemistry of arsenic in water and the toxicity of arsenic to humans, affecting multiple body systems. It then outlines several technologies for arsenic removal, including precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, and membrane filtration processes. Emerging technologies discussed include oxidation using iron and manganese, sorption onto metal oxides and reduced metals, and in situ immobilization. Both centralized systems and household-level point-of-use treatment systems are presented as options for arsenic removal from drinking water.
This document discusses self-healing polymer technology. It describes intrinsic self-healing polymers that can heal cracks through physical or chemical interactions within the polymers themselves, and extrinsic self-healing polymers that require a pre-embedded healing agent. The document outlines advantages like improved material performance and safety, and challenges like storing the healing agent and initiator. Applications discussed include medical replacements, aerospace, military, car painting and civil constructions.
The document discusses photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) which combine photocatalysis with membrane separation processes. PMRs allow for separation of photocatalyst particles and reaction products/byproducts. They can be configured with the photocatalyst suspended in the feed solution or immobilized onto the membrane. When suspended, the reactor can be designed to irradiate the membrane module, feed tank, or additional reservoir. Immobilizing the photocatalyst avoids issues like membrane fouling but has lower efficiency. PMRs provide benefits such as higher photocatalytic efficiency and easier system operation but challenges include potential membrane damage and fouling.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: CENTRIFUGATION SLIDESHARE.pptxshubhijain836
Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...
Designing the task
1. Ergonomics Defined
Early 1700’s, Ramazzini’s study
of ill-effects of poor posture &
poorly designed tools on the
health of worker
Greek Words: Ergon = work,
Nomikos = law
Ergonomics: Study of Work Laws
2. What is Ergonomics
Modern Definition
Science of fitting workplace conditions
and job demands to the capabilities of
the working population.
3. What is Ergonomics
Ergonomics is the science of improving employee performance
and well-being in relation to the
• Job tasks,
• Equipment, and
• The environment
Ergonomics is…
A continuous improvement effort to design the workplace for
what people do well, and design against what people don’t do
well.
4. What is Ergonomics
• Ergonomics is the study of optimizing
the interface between human beings
and the designed objects and
environments they interact with.
• An ergonomically designed product
implies that the device blends
smoothly with a person’s body or
actions.
• It is also the science of people-
machine relationships.
5. Why is Ergonomics Important?
• Overexertion leading cause of injuries
Most costly
Recurring/Persistent pain may develop in future
• Bodily reaction is another leading cause of injuries in workplace
• Repetitive motion also within top 10 most common workplace injuries
6.
7. Common Work-Related MSDs
Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
• Affect the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, and tendons
• Symptoms
−Discomfort
−Pain
−Numbness
−Loss of motion/flexibility
−Spasticity
−Stiff joints
−Burning
−Swelling
−Tingling
−Inflammation
−Throbbing
−Paralysis
9. Most commonly affected
areas:
• Back
• Arms, Elbows,
and Shoulders
• Neck
• Hands, Wrists,
and Fingers
• Knees, Ankles,
and Feet
10. Controls for MSD Hazards
• Engineering Controls
• Administrative and
Work Practice Controls
• Personal Protective
Equipment
11. Engineering Controls
Implement physical change to the workplace, which eliminates/reduces
the hazard on the job/task
• Use a device to lift and reposition heavy objects to limit force exertion
• Reduce the weight of a load to limit force exertion
• Reposition a work table to eliminate a long/excessive reach and enable
working in neutral postures
• Use diverging conveyors off a main line so that tasks are less repetitive
• Install diverters on conveyors to direct materials toward the worker to
eliminate excessive leaning or reaching
• Redesign tools to enable neutral postures
12. Administrative and Work Practice Controls
• Require that heavy loads are only lifted by two people to limit
force exertion
• Establish systems so workers are rotated away from tasks to
minimize the duration of continual exertion, repetitive motions,
and awkward postures. Design a job rotation system in which
employees rotate between jobs that use different muscle groups
• Staff "floaters" to provide periodic breaks between scheduled
breaks
• Properly use and maintain pneumatic and power tools
13. Personal Protective Equipment
• Use padding to reduce direct contact with hard, sharp, or
vibrating surfaces
• Wear good fitting thermal gloves to help with cold
conditions while maintaining the ability to grasp items
easily
15. Controls
• Controls are physical devices used to send signals to plant equipment.
• Some controls require little manual effort to operate, such as panel
mounted pushbuttons, rocker switches, toggle switches, knobs, and
slide switches.
• Other controls require muscular effort to operate, such as hand-
operated valve wheel actuators, levers, and handles. Input devices
such as keyboards, keypads, mice, and trackballs are also controls.
16.
17. Controls Can Be Improved By
• Replace missing labels and improve them, if necessary.
• Replace or repair broken controls or parts of controls.
• Group controls (e.g., on a panel) by function or sequence with labeling
schemes, such as color-coded escutcheon plates or line demarcation.
• Remove controls that are permanently out of service.
• Replace controls that operate in a manner inconsistent with similar
controls
18. Ergonomic Design of Controller
• Dimensions of controls are important,
especially when multiple controls, such
as thumb wheels, buttons, or switches,
are located on a single panel.
• Clearance between the controls reduces
the potential for inadvertent operation.
• The size of the controls must be large
enough to fit the fingers and hands of the
operators.
19. Requirement of Good Controller
• Controls should operate in the way that the operator expects.
• Controls that perform the same function should be of the same design
and operate in the same manner.
• Discrete controls should have a positive indicator that the control has
activated. This can be an indent, a click (only in quiet environment), an
indicator light, or a large displacement of the switch.
• The use of gloves should be considered when designing the space
required for effective operation of controls.
20. Requirement of Good Controller
• All controls and associated displays
should be labelled.
• The content of the labels should be clear
and use complete words (e.g., Surge
Pump Pressure) instead of acronyms or
abbreviations (i.e., SPP)
• The label should be located above the
control, or between a control and its
associated display as shown in figure.
21. Visual Displays
Digital Display
• Presents the information directly
as numbers
• For example, a pocket calculator
or digital watch
Analog Display
• The operator has to interpret the
information from a pointer’s
position on a scale; or from some
other indicator analogous to the
real state of the process
• For example, a clockface with a
dial for the face and hour/minute
hands is an analog display
22.
23. Ergonomic Design of Display
• Displays that are read during operator surveillance rounds in the plant
should be readable from the surveillance path.
• The letters and numbers on displays, such as gauge dials and digital
instrument readouts, need to be readable from normal working positions
or surveillance paths.
• Displays should be mounted so that they can be read when the operator
needs the information, such as when starting pumps.
• If the operator makes a local adjustment in the process and it appears on
a related display such as a pressure indicator, the operator should have it
in the field of view.
24. Ergonomic Design of Display
• Where possible, displays should be in consistent
units so operators need not do mental
arithmetic to interpret the data.
• Measurement units (e.g., psi, bar) should be
clearly visible and large enough to be read
• Adjacent displays with similar functions should
have the same layout of graduation marks and
characters
• Mount the displays to avoid glare from nearby
lights or sunlight. Displays with numerical
readouts, such as LCD displays or LED status
indicator lights, may be difficult to see if in
direct sunlight.
25. Auditory Alarms
The best alarm signals are those that
• Elicit fast response times from people who hear them.
• Are readily recognizable and the response action needed is clear.
• Can be heard over ambient noise (about 10dB above ambient noise is recommended
for emergency alarms) (Eastman Kodak Company, 1983).
The following are characteristics for different types of plant alarms based on
frequency (Sanders and McCormick, 1987):
• Best for quick response times (Sanders and McCormick, 1987) are “Yeow”
(descending from 800 to 100Hz every 1.4sec) and “Beep” (425Hz, on for 0.7sec and
off for 0.6sec).
• Best frequencies for signal to travel through the plant are 500– 1000Hz.
• Best for noise penetration and attracting attention are sirens and horns
26. Field Control Panels
• Field control panels contain displays and controls used to monitor and
control the operation of process equipment in a local area of the plant.
The purpose of a field control panel is to provide important local
information to the operator and local access to the plant equipment for
safe process operation.
Important aspects of field panels include
• Completeness and accuracy of labels, signs, and instructions.
• All lights and indicators working, no “live” readings from disconnected
equipment.
• Good arrangement of controls and displays on the panel.
• Emergency panels and components are clearly visible and readily
accessible.
27. Field Control Panels
Decisions on how to group the controls and displays for a field control
panel are based on five criteria (Sanders and McCormick, 1987):
• Emergency use. Locate emergency controls in easily identified and easily
reached positions.
• Functional grouping. Related functions are located together in an easily
identifiable fashion.
• Sequence of use. Determine the more common operations performed at
the control panel, then position the controls so those operations can be
performed by sequentially moving from one control to the next (for
North American operations, the standard sequence is from left to right
and top to bottom).
• Frequency of use. Displays with more frequent use should be located in
the primary visual area and controls placed closer to the hands.
28. Relation of the panel itself
to the equipment it
operates.
The panel layout of
controls and displays be
should be arranged on the
control panel in a layout
similar to the geographical
locations of the equipment
in the plant
Field Control Panels
29. • Avoid mirror image layout
• Locate displays above their associated controls.
Displays may be located beside their controls if
the association is clear controls and the displays
they affect should be as close together as
possible.
• Ensure that the panel can be accessed by the
user population (see Figure 5-12).
• Ensure adequate control instructions and
feedback that the control has been activated.
• Select and mount the various panel components
so that cleaning instrument displays, recorders,
and control devices should be possible without
affecting the process or requiring much
dismantling.
Field Control Panels
31. For controls, the labels that
indicate the position of the
control should indicate the
functional result of the
movement; for example,
ON, OFF, PUSH TO TEST, and
INCREASE.
Field Control Panels
32. Case Study
This case study shows how an emergency control
panel was improved solely by improving the
labeling (Swensen, personal communication,
2000)., A review of the original design, shown
indicated the following deficiencies
• Lack of color coding to indicate that the panel
contains controls to isolate an area in the event
of an emergency.
• Labels placed below the controls, so that they
could be obscured by the hands while activating
the controls.
• Lack of clarifying instructions on how the
controls on the panels should be operated.
• Placement of labels that does not make it
obvious to which control each label corresponds.
33. Case Study
The improved labels on the control panel had
the following features
• Large color-coded sign placed above the
control panel to indicate controls to perform
emergency isolation.
• Revised the labels to use the full names of
the equipment where possible.
• Labels placed above the controls.
• Improved the association between the
labels and push buttons.
• Used mixed-case letters to improve
readability.
• Clearly identified the emergency stop
control button.
35. Equipment Must Be Physically Accessible- Aisles
and Corridors
• The minimum dimensions of aisles
and corridors are determined by how
they are used and the “size” of the
user population.
• If the aisle or corridor is used to
accommodate only people, the
widths and heights are determined
by how many people pass through
simultaneously or walk side by side.
• Minimum aisle widths are intended
for a single file of people,
determined by the body width of the
largest users.
36. Distances Between Adjacent Pieces Of
Equipment
• The distance between adjacent pieces of equipment
again depends on how they are used.
• If the separation is merely to permit a person to pass
safely between equipment, the minimum distance is
determined by the width (or depth) of the largest
user.
• If, however, the distance between equipment is
determined by the task that the operator must
perform, it depends on the job performed.
• Figure for example, illustrates a technician squeezing
between two pieces of equipment to access an
instrument.
• In this case, merely fitting between the equipment is
insufficient.
37. Figure illustrates the minimum
dimensions that are necessary to permit
a maintenance technician to work on a
pump in a squatting position.
Distances Between Adjacent Pieces Of
Equipment
38. Pathway Obstructions
• Pathway obstructions, can be a potential
hazard to workers.
• Often, they are not easy to identify because of
location and blending in with the surroundings.
• Lines and valves that create the most concern
are located below the knees or above the eyes.
• Since our normal line of site is about 10°below
the horizon, those obstructions in the head
area can be especially vicious.
• It is important to identify pathway obstructions
and either eliminate them or mark them so
workers can avoid them or pad them so contact
has little effect.
39. Work Must Be Positioned as Best for the Operator-
Position Work within the Range of Motion of the
Body
• The body is designed to move. So, the
dimensions of the workplace should
consider the range of flexibility of the
limbs and the trunk of the body.
• Figure illustrates an operator leaning
forward and constrained by railings of
different heights.
• As the height of the railing is reduced
from chest height to waist height, the
operator can extend his reach by
bending at the waist.
40. Place Frequently Used Materials and Tools
within Easy Reach
• Placing materials and tools within easy reach of workers saves time
and energy.
• In addition, easily reached tools may prevent an accident when time
and accessibility are critical.
• An associated principle is to ensure that the location of tools and
materials is the same from one workstation to another.
• This minimizes errors among operators who transfer between
locations.
41. Design to Encourage Frequent Changes in
Body Posture
• To counteract the effects of static muscular
effort, workstations should be designed to
encourage frequent changes in body posture.
• The effects of static posture can lead to
constant movement, fidgeting, crossing and
uncrossing legs, and moving weight from one
leg to the other (Pheasant, 1994).
• Figure illustrates an adjustable-height
workstation that encourages the user to go
from a sitting to a standing work posture.
42. Avoid Causing the Upper Limbs to Work above
the Shoulder
• The ideal location for arm work is in the
range that begins at 75mm (3 inches)
below the elbow and ends at a position
between the elbow and shoulder.
• For light loads requiring high levels of
dexterity, the upper limit is
recommended.
• Heavy loads should be performed at the
lower end of the range.
• If the arms must work beyond these
ranges for prolonged periods of time,
support is required.
43. Ergonomic Process
• Provide Management Support - A strong commitment by management is critical to the
overall success of an ergonomic process. Management should define clear goals and
objectives for the ergonomic process, discuss them with their workers, assign responsibilities
to designated staff members, and communicate clearly with the workforce.
• Involve Workers - A participatory ergonomic approach, where workers are directly involved
in worksite assessments, solution development and implementation is the essence of a
successful ergonomic process. Workers can:
Identify and provide important information about hazards in their workplaces.
Assist in the ergonomic process by voicing their concerns and suggestions for reducing
exposure to risk factors and by evaluating the changes made as a result of an ergonomic
assessment.
• Provide Training - Training is an important element in the ergonomic process. It ensures that
workers are aware of ergonomics and its benefits, become informed about ergonomics
related concerns in the workplace, and understand the importance of reporting early
symptoms of MSDs.
44. Ergonomic Process
• Identify Problems - An important step in the ergonomic process is to identify and assess
ergonomic problems in the workplace before they result in MSDs.
• Encourage Early Reporting of MSD Symptoms - Early reporting can accelerate the job
assessment and improvement process, helping to prevent or reduce the progression of
symptoms, the development of serious injuries, and subsequent lost-time claims.
• Implement Solutions to Control Hazards - There are many possible solutions that can be
implemented to reduce, control or eliminate workplace MSDs.
• Evaluate Progress - Established evaluation and corrective action procedures are required to
periodically assess the effectiveness of the ergonomic process and to ensure its continuous
improvement and long-term success. As an ergonomic process is first developing, assessments
should include determining whether goals set for the ergonomic process have been met and
determining the success of the implemented ergonomic solutions.
45. Summary
• Ergonomics is a tool you can use to make your job safer and better.
• In jobs with enough exposure to risk factors, work-related musculo-skeletal disorders,
or MSDs, can occur.
• By applying ergonomics, risk factors can be reduced and MSDs prevented.
• We can’t stress this point enough: If you start having symptoms of a MSD, be sure you
report them early to avoid more serious injury.
• You are the expert when it comes to your job, and you can play an important role in
your company’s ergonomics efforts.
• Ergonomics can be more than just a one-time fix.
• It can be an on-going process that you and your employer can use to make things better.
49. You Can Call It Human Machine Interface
(HMI)
Or:
MMI (Man Machine Interface)
CHI (Computer Human Interaction)
HCI (Human Computer Interaction)
USI (User System Interface)
UI (User Interface)
HCC (Human Computer Communication)
OI (Operator Interface)
50. Human-Computer Interaction(HCI)
• Human -the end-user of a software
-the others in the organization
• Computer -the machine the software runs on
• Interaction -the user tells the computer what they want
-the computer communicates results
51. Human Machine Interface
• Typically, the Human Machine Interface (HMI) provides all users with the
power to control as well as operate a system/ instrument/ machine with
artificial intelligence playing a very pivotal role.
• In fact, there are several high- end and sophisticated HMI systems which
are capable of lending assistance to users across several different areas
of application including CNC centers, medical diagnostic, high- speed
bullet trains, laboratory equipment and semiconductor equipment, etc.
• Putting it in simple words, an HMI system is capable of encompassing all
the crucial elements into a virtual interaction that an end- user is
capable of hearing, touching, watching and using for the purpose of
performing several different kinds of control functions and for receiving
feedbacks on all these actions and functions.
52.
53. How HMI Systems Bridge The Gap Between User
And Technology?
• When we speak of technology and user- interface, we are usually trying to bring both these
terms together by bridging the gap between high- end technology and the end user.
• This is exactly where the relevance of an HMI system comes into play.
• It is the responsibility of HMI system to make the technology connectable and self-
explanatory to an end user.
• We can say that it is the responsibility of an HMI system to make users familiar with a certain
kind of technology and its relevance in our everyday life.
• For this purpose, there is a demand for HMI system which is capable of rendering users with
the relevant image about what functions any particular technology can perform and its
usefulness for human beings.
• Not only this, the fact that the level of effectiveness of an HMI system is directly
proportional to the acceptance level of the entire system is what makes the concept of
Human Machine Interface more relevant and beneficial in the times to come.
• It is capable of affecting the overall success-failure rate of any technological product.
54. What Exactly Determines The Quality And
Level Of Acceptance Of An HMI System?
• Usually, it is the extent of usability, the level of productivity of the end user and
the ease of learning which determines the effectiveness and usability of a typical
Human Machine Interface.
• While designing an HMI system, it is the responsibility of the involved team of
engineers, HMI experts, management and the industrial consultants and designers to
make sure that the particular HMI system is doing justice to its area of application
and it’s desired requirements when it comes to reliability and usability.
• When we think of a well- designed HMI system, processing information and
controlling all the specified functions is not the only task; rather there are other
crucial elements involved, such as active and real- time functions to perform on,
gathering feedbacks based on the results of these actions, providing feedbacks on
the performance of that particular HMI system among others.
55. Advantages of Human Machine Interface (HMI)
• Real-time and Historical Alarms: This includes preventive alarms which
can notify operators about the exact area of tension in a system.
• Simulation: HMI systems can be deployed for simulating plants within our
workplaces and homes.
• Messaging: Perhaps the most interesting application of HMI is that you will
be capable of paging, messaging, faxing, etc. someone when any particular
event takes place.
• Communication: HMI’s also enable communication between several
different machines/ systems having a high level of intelligence.
57. Staffing- Defined
• Staffing is the managerial function of recruitment, selection, training,
developing, promotion and compensation of personnel
• Staffing may be defined as the process of hiring and developing the
required personnel to fill in the various positions in the organization. It
involves estimating the number and type of personnel required. It
involves estimating the number and type of personnel required, recruiting
and developing them, maintaining and improving their competence and
performance.
• Staffing is the process of identifying, assessing, placing, developing and
evaluating individuals at work.
58. Staffing- Defined
• According to Koontz and O’Donnell:
“The managerial function of staffing involves manuring the organizational
structure through proper and effective selection, appraisal and development
of personnel to fill the roles designed into the structure.”
“Filling and keeping filled, positions in the organizational structure”. This is
done by identifying work-force requirements , inventorying the people
available, recruiting, selecting, placing, promotion, appraising, planning the
careers, compensating, training, developing existing staff or new recruits, so
that they can accomplish their tasks effectively and efficiently
59. IMPORTANCE
• Staffing helps in discovering and obtaining competent and personnel for
various jobs.
• It helps to improve the quantity and quality of the output by putting
the right person on the right job.
• It helps to improve job satisfaction of employees.
• It facilitates higher productive performance by appointing right man for
right job.
• It reduces the cost of personnel by avoiding wastage of human
resources.
• It facilitates growth and diversification of business.
• It provides continuous survival and growth of the business through
development of employees.
60. Steps Involved In Staffing
• Steps involved in the process of staffing of an organization are:
1. Estimating Manpower Requirements
2. Recruitment
3. Selection
4. Placement and orientation
5. Training and Development
6. Performance Appraisal
7. Promotion
8. Compensation
9. Separation!
61.
62. Estimating Manpower Requirements
• Before starting the work, the manpower requirement of the organisation is
assessed.
• Here, two aspects need to be taken into account while determing the
requirement of manpower i.e. Type of Employees & Number of Employees.
Also the job requirement, desired qualification, relationship between
different jobs etc. is clearly drawn out.
•
Manpower planning involves two techniques in estimation viz. (a) Workload
analysis and (b) Workforce anyalysis.
• (a) Workload analysis would enable an assessment of the number of an types
of human resources necessary for the performance of various jobs and
accomplishment of organisational objectives. Workload analysis ensures that
there is no burden and wastage of resources and work is completed on time.
63. Estimating Manpower Requirements
(b) Workforce analysis would reveal the number and type available
to fact such an exercise would reveal whether organisation is
understaffed, overstaffed or optimally staffed. Workforce analysis is
for the existing employees. It sees manpower employed and number
of manpower to be employed.
64. Recruitment
• It includes the following activities:
(i) Determining the various sources of supply.
(ii) Evaluation of the validity of these sources.
(iii) Selecting the most suitable source or sources.
(iv) Inviting applications from the candidates for the vacancies.
65. Selection
• Under the process of selection, better applicants are selected out of a large
number of them.
• It includes the following steps:
1. Preliminary Screening
2. Selection Test
3. Employment interview
4. Reference & Background checks
5. Selection Decision
6. Medical Examination
7. Job Offer
8. Contract of Employment
66. Placement and orientation
• Placement involves putting the selected man at the right place
considering his aptitude and ability.
• It is the actual posting of an employee to a particular job for
which he/she has been chosen.
• Orientation is also known as induction. It means introducing the
newly selected employee i.e. to various facets of the company his
job, other jobs, nature of products, policies, rules and existing
employees etc.
• It aims at inducting new employees into the organisation smoothly
67. Training and Development
• The term training implies a systematic procedure of imparting
knowledge and skills for a specific job.
• It benefits both the enterprise & the employee.
• Training increases the skills and abilities of employees to perform
specific jobs.
• Training can be given for improving the current job or to prepare the
employees for some intended jobs.
• The enterprise also gets the advantage of training in the form of
reduction in the production cost, best usage of tools & machine and
improvement in the quality etc.
68. Performance Appraisal
• At this step, the capability of the employee is judged and for that,
his actual work performance is compared with the work assigned
to him.
• If the results are unfavourable, he is again given training and after
that also if results are again unfavourable, the employee is put on
some other work.
69. Compensation
• The organization should have fair salary or wage
structure and should give incentives to those who
deserve it.
• This means that jobs must be evaluated and ranked in a
manner that contributes to that contribution
70. Separation
• It is the last step in the process of staffing.
• It means separating the employees from their job.
• This take place in four ways i.e. through retirement,
termination, retrenchment or death.
Editor's Notes
Daily stress to anatomical structures that may occur when a person is exposed to certain high risk activities If the accumulating stress exceeds the body’s normal recuperative ability, inflammation of the tissue can follow Chronic inflammation may lead to the development of WMSDs May require weeks, months or years for development - and for recovery
WMSDs are sometimes referred to using other unfamiliar terms such as :
Cumulative Trauma Disorders – CTD
Repetitive Trauma Disorders – RTD
Repetitive Strain Injuries – RSI
Repeated Motion Disorders – RMD
Overuse Syndromes
Visual displays generally take one of two forms: digital and analog. Adigital display presents the information directly as numbers; for example, a pocket calculator or digital watch. With analog displays, the operator has to interpret the information from a pointer’s position on a scale; or from some other indicator analogous to the real state of the process. For example, a clockface with a dial for the face and hour/minute hands is an analog display and a warning light is an analog display since the state of the light (on/off) is analogous to the state of the process (danger/safe) in the real world.