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Permacare RO membrane expertise
- 1. Delivering Local Accessto Global Membrane Expertise This presentation is for you to present to your customer. Customize it as you see fit. Speaker’s notes appear in the Notes Page View
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- 3. Types of Filtration •Direct Filtration • Sand or Multi Media • Cartridge • Cross Flow Filtration • Reverse Osmosis • Nano Filtration • Ultra Filtration • Micro Filtration
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- 5. Direct Filtration Product Solids onsurface quickly foul the membrane
- 6. Back Wash Back Washto Sewer Direct Filtration
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- 10. Cross Flow Filtration Thingsto Remember • Water velocity of the feed must be sufficient to keep the solids moving. • Low water velocity will allow the membrane surface to “foul.” • Higher water recoveries (greater water utilization) means lower water velocity.
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- 12. Cross Flow Filtration •Reverse Osmosis Dissolved Solids • Nanofiltration Divalent Ions (Ca & Mg) • Ultrafiltration Organics & Colloids • Microfiltration Suspended Solids
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- 14. Equilibrium Applied Pressure, PF H2O H2O H2O Strong Solution Equilibrium Pure Water Osmotic Pressure,PO,F Osmotic Pressure, PO,P
- 15. Reverse Osmosis Applied Pressure,PF H2O H2O H2O Strong Solution Pure Water Flow Pure Water Permeate Pressure, PP Osmotic Pressure, PO,F Osmotic Pressure, PO,P
- 16. Net Driving Pressure NDP OsmoticPressure, PO,P Feed Permeate Applied Pressure, PF Permeate Pressure, PP Osmotic Pressure, PO,F NDP
- 17. Net Driving Pressure •NDP = PF + PO,P - PP - PO,F • Available Pressure to “Drive” the Process • Brackish water PO,P = 0
- 18. Osmotic Pressure ofVarious Compounds
- 19. Osmotic Pressure • 100ppm Salt 1 PSI Osmotic Pressure • 1000 ppm NaCl = 11.4 psi • 1000 ppm NaHCO3 = 12.8 psi • 1000 ppm Sucrose = 1.5 psi • 35,000 ppm Seawater = 374 psi
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- 21. Impurities in Water •Ionic Cations Anions Ca+2 Cl- Mg+2 NO3 - Na+ SO4 2- K+ HCO3 - Fe+3 CO3 2- Mn+2 SiO2 Al3+ NH4 + PO4 3-
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- 23. Impurities in Water •Ionic • Non Ionic • Organics Alcohols Ketones Aldehydes Phenols
- 24. Impurities in Water •Ionic • Non Ionic • Particulate
- 25. Impurities in Water •Ionic • Non Ionic • Particulate •Suspended Solids •Colloidal Material •Microbiological Bacteria Virus Pyrogens Algae
- 26. Impurities in Water •Ionic • Non Ionic • Particulate • Gases
- 27. Impurities in Water •Ionic • Non Ionic • Particulate • Gases • Carbon Dioxide • Oxygen • Chlorine • Nitrogen • Hydrogen Sulfide
- 28. Reverse Osmosis Removes •Ionic • Non Ionic • Particulate Not Gases !
- 29. Ions in Solution •Compounds dissolve in water to form charged ions • Anions (Negative Charge - extra electrons) • Cations (Positive Charge - missing electrons)
- 30. Ions • Ions missingor having one electron = monovalent • Ions missing or having two electrons = divalent • Ions missing or having three electrons = trivalent
- 31. Ions • Monovalent: NaCl Na+ + Cl- • Divalent : CaSO4 Ca2+ + SO4 2- • Trivalent : Na3PO4 3Na+ + PO4 3-
- 32. Relative Permeation Ratesof Ions • Monovalent = 1 x 10-5 cm/sec fast • Divalent = 1 x 10-6 cm/sec • Trivalent = 1 x 10-7 cm/sec slow
- 33. Typical Passage ofIons Ion Mg/l % Rejection Sodium 68.0 99.4 Potassium 21.0 99.4 Magnesium 21.0 99.8 Calcium 80.0 99.8 Silica 9.3 98.9 Chloride 51.0 99.5 Bicarbonate 132.0 99.3 Sulfate 163.0 99.8 TDS 528.0 99.6 Determined at 200 psi, 25% recovery, pH 7.8 on de-chlorinated city feed water with TFC membrane
- 34. Things to Remember RejectionIncreases with Increasing • Degree of dissociation • Ionic charge • Molecular weight • Degree of molecular branching
- 35. How small issmall? Inches Meter Micrometer 39.37 1 1,000,000 3.94 .1 100,000 .39 .01 10,000 .04 .001 1,000 .004 .000,1 100 .000,4 .000,01 10 .000,04 .000,001 1 .000,008 .000,000,2 .1 5 x 10 -9 .005 UF 4 x 10 -10 .000,4 RO 1 Angstrom = 1 * 10 -10 m
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- 40. Semi Permeable Membranes Materialsof Construction • Cellulose Acetate • Thin Film Composite (Polyamide) • Polysulfone
- 41. Asymmetric Membrane Cellulose Acetate Support Barrier LayerGraded-density cellulose acetate
- 42. Thin Film CompositePolyamide Membrane 0.2 micron 40 micron 120 micron Reinforcing Fabric Microporous Polysulfone Polyamide Ultra-thin Barrier Layer Compaction is not an issue
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- 46. Salt Rejection -Salt Passage % Rejection = (TDSfeed - TDSProduct) x 100 TDSfeed % Salt Passage = TDSProduct x 100 TDSfeed
- 47. Salt Flux Js =K2(Cm - Cp) Js = Salt Flux K2 = Mass Transfer Coefficient Cm = Concentration at the membrane Cp = Concentration in the permeate
- 48. Permeate Flux DJw =K1(D P - P) Jw = Water Flux K1 = System Constant P = Transmembrane Pressure = Osmotic PressureP
- 49. Permeate Flux The rateof permeate flow through one square foot of membrane. • 10 - 25 GFD • Temperature • Pressure
- 50. Characteristic TFC Opr. pH2 - 11 Salt Rejection Excellent Water Flux Excellent Bacteria Stability High Cl2 Stability Poor Physical Stability Better Max T (o F) 113 Element Cost * $1.50 System Cost * $1.16 Membrane Comparison * Relative Cost 5 - 6.5 CA OK Good Low Excellent Good 104 $1.00 $1.00 Feed Pressure > 400 PSI < 200 PSI
- 51. CA TFC Salt Rejection90-96% > 99% Silica Rejection 85% 98% Nitrate Rejection 85% 94% Cl2 Tolerance 0.2 - 1.0 0 Max SDI 5 3 - 5 Temp Range ( o F) 32 - 95 32 - 113 Op. Pressure 400 < 200 pH Range 5-6.5 2 - 11 Flux Rate (GPD/Ft2 ) 12 - 16 15 -20 Bio Resistance Poor Excellent 3rd Year Compaction 20% 0 Hydrolysis 2 X None Membrane Characteristics and Typical Operating Conditions
- 52. Membrane Manufacturers • DowFilmtec • Fluid Systems - Koch • Hydranautics - Nitto Denko • Osmonics - Desal • Dupont - Out of membrane business • Torray • Toyobo • Trisep
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- 54. Permeate Flux The rateof permeate flow through one square foot of membrane. • 10 - 25 GFD • Temperature • Pressure
- 55. Membrane Configurations • SpiralWound (R/O > 99% USA) • Hollow Fiber • Tubular • Plate and Frame
- 56. Spiral Wound Membranes •Cellulose Acetate • Thin Film Composite (Polyamide) • Polysulfone
- 57. Spiral Wound MembraneElements
- 58. Flow Pattern for a SpiralWound Element
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- 60. Product ConcentrateFeed Brine becomes moreconcentrated Flow Through a Pressure Vessel
- 62. Minimum Element Flow Theminimum flow rate through the last element of a pressure vessel
- 63. Reverse Osmosis System Design& Operation
- 64. RO System Variables •Permeate Recovery • Permeate Flux • Min. Element Concentrate Flow
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- 66. Concentration Factor vs.Recovery Make UP Blow Down Evaporation
- 67. Concentration Factor vs.Recovery Conc. Factor (x) = Flowfeed Flowbrine Conc. Factor = 1 (1 - Recovery)
- 68. Recovery vs. ConcentrationFactor Recovery Concentration Factor 50% 2 75% 4 80% 5 90% 10 95% 20 97.5% 40 98% 50
- 69. Factors Influencing Recovery •Concentration of scale forming salts • Osmotic pressure • Permeate quality
- 70. Permeate Flux The rateof permeate flow through one square foot of membrane. • 10 - 25 GFD • Temperature • Pressure
- 71. Factors Influencing Flux •Dependent on fouling characteristics of the feed water Wastewater (SDI < 5) 8 - 12 GFD Surface Water (SDI <5) 10 - 14 GFD Well Water (SDI <3) 14 - 18 GFD RO Permeate 18 - 30 GFD
- 72. Minimum Element Flow Theminimum flow rate through the last element of a pressure vessel
- 73. RO Systems RejectStaging AKA: multi-stage Improves water recovery Multi - Pass AKA: product staging Improves water quality
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- 75. FEED 100 GPM 1000 PPM PERMEATE 50GPM 100 PPM 1st STAGE CONCENTRATE 2nd STAGE FEED 50 GPM 1900PPM PERMEATE 75 GPM 130 PPM PERMEATE 25 GPM 190 PPM CONCENTRATE 25 GPM 3920 PPM Two Stage RO System 2:1 Array Recovery = 75% Salt Rejection = 87%
- 76. Item 1st Stage2nd Stage Total System Feed flow 100 GPM 50 GPM 100 GPM Permeate flow 50 GPM 25 GPM 75 GPM Concentrate flow 50 GPM 25 GPM 25 GPM Recovery 50% 50% 75% Feed TDS 1000 ppm 1960 ppm 1000 ppm Permeate TDS 40 ppm 70 ppm 50 ppm Concentrate TDS 1960 ppm 3850 ppm 3850 ppm Feed Conductivity 1414 mmho 2700 mmho 1414 mmho Permeate Conductivity 60 mmho 104 mmho 75 mmho Concentrate Conductivity 2700 mmho 5030 mmho 5030 mmho Percent Salt Rejection 96% 96.4% 95% Feed Pressure 250 psi 230 psi 250 psi Permeate Pressure 10 psi 10 psi 10 psi Concentrate Pressure 230 psi 210 psi 210 psi Feed/Concentrate P 20 psid 20 psid 40 psid Transmembrane P 240 psid 220 psid 240 psid Membrane area / vessel 3720 ft2 1860 ft2 5580 ft2 Flux (avg.) 19.4 gsfd 19.4 gsfd 19.4 gsfd Typical Operating Data for Two Stage RO System D D
- 77. Reject Staging • IncreasedUtilization of Water Incremental Increase in Investment Minimal Degradation in Water Quality
- 78. Average Rejection • AverageMembrane Feed TDS = Feed TDS + Concentrate TDS 2 • % Membrane Rejection = Average Feed TDS - Permeate TDS x100 Average Feed TDS
- 79. Average Concentration • LogMean Calculation: CAVG = CF ln (CF/CC) 1 - (CF/CC) CAVG = Average Concentration in System CC = Concentration of Concentrate CF = Concentration of Feedwater
- 80. Double Pass ROSystem 2:1 Array FEED 100 GPM 1000 PPM PERMEATE 50 GPM 100 PPM Reject Recycle PERMEATE 35 GPM 2 PPM 2nd Stage Reject 15 GPM 328 PPM
- 81. Double Pass Product Staging •Applications: Seawater (High TDS) Ultra-high purity applications • Interstage pH adjustment w/ NaOH Improved Alkalinity Rejection Improved Silica Rejection Improved TOC Rejection
- 83. Delivering Local Accessto Global Membrane Expertise