The document describes a study that evaluated the use of montmorillonite organoclay (OMMT) as a nanofiller in UV-cured DGEBA epoxy coatings applied to carbon steel substrates. Various concentrations of OMMT (0, 1, 3, and 5 wt-%) were incorporated into Araldite 506 epoxy coatings. Analysis showed the OMMT was well dispersed in the polymer matrix. Coatings containing 3 wt-% OMMT exhibited the best corrosion protection of the carbon steel when exposed to 5 wt-% NaCl solution, as determined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy testing over long exposure periods. The addition of OMMT affected the curing of the
Advanced Materials International Forum, Bari 18-19 settembre, conferenza internazionale dedicata ai materiali avanzati e alle loro possibili applicazioni nei settori industriali, con un focus particolare sui trasporti (aerospazio, automotive, navale e cantieristico).
Application Of Nano particles in Ferroelectric MaterialsDhavaleRucha
Rucha Satish Dhavale presented on the application of nanoparticles in ferroelectric materials. The presentation discussed: (1) what nanoparticles and ferroelectric materials are; (2) the history and objectives of using nanoparticles in ferroelectric materials; and (3) the various methods for producing nano-ferroelectric materials like the chemical, physical, and biological methods. It also provided a case study on using surface-hydroxylated barium titanate nanoparticles in ferroelectric polymers for energy storage applications. The case study found hydroxylating the nanoparticles improved their dispersion in the polymer matrix, increasing the dielectric breakdown strength and effective permittivity for enhanced energy storage performance.
Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometres in size with a surrounding interfacial layer. The interfacial layer is an integral part of nanoscale matter, fundamentally affecting all of its properties. The interfacial layer typically consists of ions, inorganic and organic molecules.
This document summarizes research on the effect of different organic solvents and annealing temperatures on the optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. Specifically, it finds that using benzyl alcohol as the solvent instead of ethanol results in larger particle sizes of 40-60 nm compared to 20-30 nm. This is because benzyl alcohol has a higher boiling point, allowing more time for nucleation and growth. The larger particles have a lower band gap, absorbing visible light up to 400 nm instead of 350 nm. Overall, the solvent's boiling point influences particle size, which then affects the optical properties of the TiO2 nanoparticles.
The document summarizes the results of a patent survey on organic photovoltaic technologies. Key findings include:
1) The number of OPV patents began growing exponentially starting in 2001.
2) Patents were mostly filed by three types of companies - major electronics firms, large chemical companies, and some firms focused on specific areas like printing.
3) A database of over 15,000 OPV patents was created, searchable by substrate, encapsulation, assignee, and other fields. It will be regularly updated and made available to project partners.
Nanotechnology has wide applications across many industries such as food, agriculture, oil and gas, consumer goods, aerospace, chemicals, construction, biotechnology, electronics and energy. In the energy sector, nanotechnology can contribute to energy production through applications in solar energy like photovoltaics and hydrogen production, biofuels, and thermoelectricity. It can enable energy savings through applications like catalysis, advanced materials, and insulators. Nanotechnology may also transform energy distribution using quantum wires and support energy storage in areas like ultracapacitors and hydrogen storage. While offering benefits, nanotechnology risks need assessment regarding potential impacts of nanoparticles on human health through inhalation and ingestion and on the environment if released.
Nano Based Polymers and Applications in Drug Deliveryjoyak
Nano based polymers have applications in drug delivery. Nanoparticles can be covered by DNA or other polymers to create a "nano-vector" for targeted drug delivery. The nano-vector seeks out specific receptors on tumor cells to deliver its drug payload directly into cancer cells. This allows the drug to potentially destroy tumors without surgery by inhibiting tumor cell cycling and protein synthesis. The nano-vector aims to break down the tumor from within by a targeted, controlled release of drugs directly into cancer cells.
Synthesis & Characterisation of CNT reinforced Al NanocompositeMalik Tayyab
This document summarizes a student project conducted by Malik Tayyab and Muhammad Mutahir at NED University of Engineering & Technology in 2011. It discusses nanotechnology and carbon nanotube reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites. Key points include an overview of nanotechnology and various nanoscale structures such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and thin films. Applications of nanocomposites in areas like batteries, coatings, and automotive parts are presented. Processing techniques for incorporating carbon nanotubes into metal matrices like powder metallurgy and challenges in producing uniform nanocomposites are also summarized.
Advanced Materials International Forum, Bari 18-19 settembre, conferenza internazionale dedicata ai materiali avanzati e alle loro possibili applicazioni nei settori industriali, con un focus particolare sui trasporti (aerospazio, automotive, navale e cantieristico).
Application Of Nano particles in Ferroelectric MaterialsDhavaleRucha
Rucha Satish Dhavale presented on the application of nanoparticles in ferroelectric materials. The presentation discussed: (1) what nanoparticles and ferroelectric materials are; (2) the history and objectives of using nanoparticles in ferroelectric materials; and (3) the various methods for producing nano-ferroelectric materials like the chemical, physical, and biological methods. It also provided a case study on using surface-hydroxylated barium titanate nanoparticles in ferroelectric polymers for energy storage applications. The case study found hydroxylating the nanoparticles improved their dispersion in the polymer matrix, increasing the dielectric breakdown strength and effective permittivity for enhanced energy storage performance.
Nanoparticles are particles between 1 and 100 nanometres in size with a surrounding interfacial layer. The interfacial layer is an integral part of nanoscale matter, fundamentally affecting all of its properties. The interfacial layer typically consists of ions, inorganic and organic molecules.
This document summarizes research on the effect of different organic solvents and annealing temperatures on the optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. Specifically, it finds that using benzyl alcohol as the solvent instead of ethanol results in larger particle sizes of 40-60 nm compared to 20-30 nm. This is because benzyl alcohol has a higher boiling point, allowing more time for nucleation and growth. The larger particles have a lower band gap, absorbing visible light up to 400 nm instead of 350 nm. Overall, the solvent's boiling point influences particle size, which then affects the optical properties of the TiO2 nanoparticles.
The document summarizes the results of a patent survey on organic photovoltaic technologies. Key findings include:
1) The number of OPV patents began growing exponentially starting in 2001.
2) Patents were mostly filed by three types of companies - major electronics firms, large chemical companies, and some firms focused on specific areas like printing.
3) A database of over 15,000 OPV patents was created, searchable by substrate, encapsulation, assignee, and other fields. It will be regularly updated and made available to project partners.
Nanotechnology has wide applications across many industries such as food, agriculture, oil and gas, consumer goods, aerospace, chemicals, construction, biotechnology, electronics and energy. In the energy sector, nanotechnology can contribute to energy production through applications in solar energy like photovoltaics and hydrogen production, biofuels, and thermoelectricity. It can enable energy savings through applications like catalysis, advanced materials, and insulators. Nanotechnology may also transform energy distribution using quantum wires and support energy storage in areas like ultracapacitors and hydrogen storage. While offering benefits, nanotechnology risks need assessment regarding potential impacts of nanoparticles on human health through inhalation and ingestion and on the environment if released.
Nano Based Polymers and Applications in Drug Deliveryjoyak
Nano based polymers have applications in drug delivery. Nanoparticles can be covered by DNA or other polymers to create a "nano-vector" for targeted drug delivery. The nano-vector seeks out specific receptors on tumor cells to deliver its drug payload directly into cancer cells. This allows the drug to potentially destroy tumors without surgery by inhibiting tumor cell cycling and protein synthesis. The nano-vector aims to break down the tumor from within by a targeted, controlled release of drugs directly into cancer cells.
Synthesis & Characterisation of CNT reinforced Al NanocompositeMalik Tayyab
This document summarizes a student project conducted by Malik Tayyab and Muhammad Mutahir at NED University of Engineering & Technology in 2011. It discusses nanotechnology and carbon nanotube reinforced metal matrix nanocomposites. Key points include an overview of nanotechnology and various nanoscale structures such as nanoparticles, nanowires, and thin films. Applications of nanocomposites in areas like batteries, coatings, and automotive parts are presented. Processing techniques for incorporating carbon nanotubes into metal matrices like powder metallurgy and challenges in producing uniform nanocomposites are also summarized.
This document discusses the preparation of acrylic anodic electrophoretic resin (AAER)/clay nanocomposite films through an aqueous electrodeposition process. Key findings include:
1) Polymer/clay nanocomposite films with well-dispersed montmorillonite platelets were prepared using an aqueous suspension of AAER and sodium montmorillonite.
2) Characterization methods like XRD, SEM, and TEM indicated an intercalated or exfoliated morphology with mono-disperse hexagonal clay platelets at low clay loadings.
3) The aqueous compatibility between AAER and clay, along with the water-based electrodeposition process, contributed to the ideal clay dispersity
IRJET-A Review on Utilization of Waste Heat from Automobile Based on Thermoel...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using metal-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles for water treatment in industries. It begins by introducing zinc oxide nanoparticles and the need to dope them with metals like magnesium to modify their properties. It then describes how magnesium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel method. Characterization of the nanoparticles showed they were uniform in size and distribution. Experiments were conducted using these nanoparticles to degrade methylene blue dye in water via a photocatalytic process when exposed to light. The mechanism of photocatalysis is explained where light generates electron-hole pairs that initiate degradation reactions on the nanoparticle surfaces. The goal is to use this process to treat wastewater from industries in an efficient and environmentally friendly
Preliminary study of poly (tetrahydrofurturyl acrylate) thin film as a potent...Journal Papers
This document describes a preliminary study on using a photocurable poly-tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (pTHFA) membrane as an alternative sensing matrix for ion selective electrode (ISE) sensors, specifically a nitrate ion-selective electrode. The pTHFA membrane was synthesized using photopolymerization with varying concentrations of photoinitiator and characterized. Composition II with a glass transition temperature of -17.3°C showed the best sensing properties. This membrane was used to fabricate a nitrate ISE sensor by immobilizing tetraoctylammonium nitrate ionophore. The sensor exhibited a near-Nernstian slope and detected nitrate ions from 10-1 to 10-4 M with high selectivity
Iron nanoparticles were synthesized using green technology from carrom seeds and green tea, and through chemical synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized through pH analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. pH analysis indicated reduction reactions occurred. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed absorbance peaks around 500 nm for all samples, consistent with iron nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering showed particle sizes of 65.6 nm, 72.7 nm, and 88.9 nm for carrom seed, green tea, and chemically synthesized nanoparticles, respectively, confirming synthesis of nanoparticles in the desired size range.
Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Biomedical ApplicationsReset_co
Surface ligands on nanoparticles control their properties and interactions, which can be harnessed for biomedical imaging, cell targeting, and therapeutic applications.
Synthesis MgO nanopowder using Sol-gel technique: A critical reviewPratish Rawat
During the last decade, it has realized that when materials are synthesized to nanoscale dimensions, they will show new and remarkably improved physical and chemical properties. Due to its wide and major applications, in-depth investigations have been carried out on metal oxide nanomaterials. A significant amount of research is going on in synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites. Some of the literature has been reviewed to get the idea about the synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites using sol-gel technique.
This document presents a novel method for quantifying surface modifications of glass fibre-reinforced polyester composites exposed to UV radiation. The method involves staining the composites with methylene blue dye after UV exposure. Colour analysis of digital images of the stained composites is then used to assess degradation, as degradation leads to increased dye adsorption and darker staining. The colour changes correlated well with FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy results. The method is presented as being easier, faster and cheaper than traditional analysis techniques for evaluating UV degradation of such composites.
A review on graphene based light emitting functional devicesJournal Papers
The document reviews recent developments in graphene-based light-emitting devices. It discusses how light emissions from graphene have been observed through thermal emission, electroluminescence, and plasmon-assisted emission. The review covers the device structures, fabrication methods, optical and electronic properties related to these light emission mechanisms. It also discusses potential applications for graphene light emitters and current technological challenges in the field.
High voltage graphene nanowall trench mos barrier schottky diode characteriza...Journal Papers
The document describes a study investigating the use of graphene nanowalls (GNW) as an alternative barrier layer to titanium silicide in trench metal-oxide-semiconductor barrier Schottky (TMBS) diodes. GNW was grown on silicon trench structures using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. TMBS diodes with GNW barriers were fabricated and their leakage currents measured at temperatures up to 423K, finding significantly lower leakage than diodes with titanium silicide barriers. Material and electrical characterization of the GNW-TMBS diodes showed potential for improved high-temperature performance over conventional metal barriers due to graphene's high thermal conductivity and heat dissipation properties.
The document discusses various applications of nanomaterials. It describes how nanotechnology is used in industries like automotive, engineering, medicine, cosmetics and textiles. It also discusses energy applications like nanofabrication for new ways to capture, store and transfer energy. Pharmaceutical applications of nanomaterials include drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical implants and diagnostics. Nanotechnology is also used in water purification through processes like nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Thin film solar cells and dye sensitized solar cells that use nanomaterials are discussed as energy applications. Perovskite solar cells which can achieve high efficiencies are also summarized.
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using various methods and characterized. Their toxicity was then evaluated using two photosynthetic microorganisms, Anabaena flos-aquae and Euglena gracilis. The results showed that nanoparticle size, protective coatings, and hydrolysis ratio affected toxicity. ZnO-TOPO nanoparticles caused cell death in both organisms, while ZnO and ZnO-Brij-76 decreased photosynthetic activity initially but activity increased after 10 days for Anabaena flos-aquae. TEM images showed nanoparticle interactions with cell structures. The study provides insights into how nanoparticle properties influence ecotoxicity.
Ultrasonic atomization of graphene derivatives for heat spreader thin film de...Journal Papers
1) Researchers developed an ultrasonic atomizer system to deposit graphene oxide thin films on silicon wafers for applications in semiconductor manufacturing.
2) Graphene oxide was spray coated using the ultrasonic atomizer and then thermally reduced to improve its electrical and thermal conductivity.
3) Characterization of the reduced graphene oxide thin films found they have high coverage area above 90% with uniform thickness, low sheet resistance below 3 kΩ/sq, and thermal conductivity over 1000 W/mK making it suitable as a heat spreader material.
This document discusses different types of nanoparticles, including carbon-based nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles synthesized from metal precursors, ceramic nanoparticles made of inorganic materials, semiconductor nanoparticles with optimal bandgaps, polymeric nanoparticles that can be nanospheres or nanocapsules, and lipid-based nanoparticles consisting of a solid lipid core and surfactant shell. Each nanoparticle type has distinct properties and synthesis methods, and they find applications in areas like drug delivery, catalysis, electronics, and imaging.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles via aqueous solution, sol...iosrjce
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by aqueous solution method, sol-gel method and hydrothermal
method.The synthesized particles were characterized by XRD ,SEM ,EDX and UV .The X-ray diffraction studies
reveals that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have wurtzite structure and the particle size varies from 13 to 18
nm. Scanning Electron Microscopic investigation reveals that the surface morphology of ZnO nanoparticle is
spherical in hydrothermal process and varies to flower like arrangement in aqueous solution and sol-gel
process. The UV-Visible spectrum of the nanoparticles shows a blue shift compared to that of the bulk sample.
This document discusses the properties and potential applications of graphene. It begins by listing graphene's superlative physical properties such as its strength, flexibility, conductivity and impermeability. It then outlines some potential applications of graphene such as ultra-fast internet, quick phone charging, and use in bionic devices. The document discusses different production methods for graphene and its derivatives. It provides an overview of the National Graphene Institute and Graphene Engineering Innovation Centre in the UK and their roles in developing graphene applications and commercialization through collaboration with industry partners. In closing, it notes the wide range of potential applications of graphene across various sectors.
Enhanced Anti-Weathering of Nanocomposite Coatings with Silanized Graphene Na...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on developing nanocomposite coatings containing silanized graphene nanoparticles to improve coating resistance to corrosion and weathering. Coatings were applied to glass fiber composites and aluminum alloy substrates. Coatings containing 2% silanized graphene showed better performance than those with unmodified graphene when exposed to ultraviolet light and salt fog over 20 days, with a 17.15% reduction in thickness versus 20.60% and lower corrosion rates. The positive effects of graphene silanization on coating properties were confirmed by various analysis methods.
Frabication of an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor from Terminalia catappa le...IJAEMSJORNAL
Metal corrosion is one of the most challenging problems facing industries. Using corrosion inhibitors is one reasonable approach to protecting metal surfaces. Due to the toxicity of industrial corrosion inhibitors, researchers are continuously searching for green, economical, and friendly alternatives. The present study focuses on the application of Terminalia catappa leaf extract to mitigate the corrosion of concrete reinforcing steel in a simulated seawater environment. The dry product from the Terminalia catappa leaf extraction process was determined to have amino functional groups in polyphenols. Polarization results demonstrate that the corrosion current density decreases from 8.87 A/cm2 (for samples soaked in blank solution) to 5.12 µA/cm2 when adding the optimal concentration of 0.004% of Terminalia catappa leaf extract. 3.5% NaCl solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis showed that the inhibition efficiency reached over 90% at this concentration after 24 hours of soaking.
This document discusses the preparation of acrylic anodic electrophoretic resin (AAER)/clay nanocomposite films through an aqueous electrodeposition process. Key findings include:
1) Polymer/clay nanocomposite films with well-dispersed montmorillonite platelets were prepared using an aqueous suspension of AAER and sodium montmorillonite.
2) Characterization methods like XRD, SEM, and TEM indicated an intercalated or exfoliated morphology with mono-disperse hexagonal clay platelets at low clay loadings.
3) The aqueous compatibility between AAER and clay, along with the water-based electrodeposition process, contributed to the ideal clay dispersity
IRJET-A Review on Utilization of Waste Heat from Automobile Based on Thermoel...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using metal-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles for water treatment in industries. It begins by introducing zinc oxide nanoparticles and the need to dope them with metals like magnesium to modify their properties. It then describes how magnesium-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel method. Characterization of the nanoparticles showed they were uniform in size and distribution. Experiments were conducted using these nanoparticles to degrade methylene blue dye in water via a photocatalytic process when exposed to light. The mechanism of photocatalysis is explained where light generates electron-hole pairs that initiate degradation reactions on the nanoparticle surfaces. The goal is to use this process to treat wastewater from industries in an efficient and environmentally friendly
Preliminary study of poly (tetrahydrofurturyl acrylate) thin film as a potent...Journal Papers
This document describes a preliminary study on using a photocurable poly-tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate (pTHFA) membrane as an alternative sensing matrix for ion selective electrode (ISE) sensors, specifically a nitrate ion-selective electrode. The pTHFA membrane was synthesized using photopolymerization with varying concentrations of photoinitiator and characterized. Composition II with a glass transition temperature of -17.3°C showed the best sensing properties. This membrane was used to fabricate a nitrate ISE sensor by immobilizing tetraoctylammonium nitrate ionophore. The sensor exhibited a near-Nernstian slope and detected nitrate ions from 10-1 to 10-4 M with high selectivity
Iron nanoparticles were synthesized using green technology from carrom seeds and green tea, and through chemical synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized through pH analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering. pH analysis indicated reduction reactions occurred. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed absorbance peaks around 500 nm for all samples, consistent with iron nanoparticles. Dynamic light scattering showed particle sizes of 65.6 nm, 72.7 nm, and 88.9 nm for carrom seed, green tea, and chemically synthesized nanoparticles, respectively, confirming synthesis of nanoparticles in the desired size range.
Surface Modification of Nanoparticles for Biomedical ApplicationsReset_co
Surface ligands on nanoparticles control their properties and interactions, which can be harnessed for biomedical imaging, cell targeting, and therapeutic applications.
Synthesis MgO nanopowder using Sol-gel technique: A critical reviewPratish Rawat
During the last decade, it has realized that when materials are synthesized to nanoscale dimensions, they will show new and remarkably improved physical and chemical properties. Due to its wide and major applications, in-depth investigations have been carried out on metal oxide nanomaterials. A significant amount of research is going on in synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites. Some of the literature has been reviewed to get the idea about the synthesis and characterization of MgO/PVA nanocomposites using sol-gel technique.
This document presents a novel method for quantifying surface modifications of glass fibre-reinforced polyester composites exposed to UV radiation. The method involves staining the composites with methylene blue dye after UV exposure. Colour analysis of digital images of the stained composites is then used to assess degradation, as degradation leads to increased dye adsorption and darker staining. The colour changes correlated well with FTIR spectroscopy and microscopy results. The method is presented as being easier, faster and cheaper than traditional analysis techniques for evaluating UV degradation of such composites.
A review on graphene based light emitting functional devicesJournal Papers
The document reviews recent developments in graphene-based light-emitting devices. It discusses how light emissions from graphene have been observed through thermal emission, electroluminescence, and plasmon-assisted emission. The review covers the device structures, fabrication methods, optical and electronic properties related to these light emission mechanisms. It also discusses potential applications for graphene light emitters and current technological challenges in the field.
High voltage graphene nanowall trench mos barrier schottky diode characteriza...Journal Papers
The document describes a study investigating the use of graphene nanowalls (GNW) as an alternative barrier layer to titanium silicide in trench metal-oxide-semiconductor barrier Schottky (TMBS) diodes. GNW was grown on silicon trench structures using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. TMBS diodes with GNW barriers were fabricated and their leakage currents measured at temperatures up to 423K, finding significantly lower leakage than diodes with titanium silicide barriers. Material and electrical characterization of the GNW-TMBS diodes showed potential for improved high-temperature performance over conventional metal barriers due to graphene's high thermal conductivity and heat dissipation properties.
The document discusses various applications of nanomaterials. It describes how nanotechnology is used in industries like automotive, engineering, medicine, cosmetics and textiles. It also discusses energy applications like nanofabrication for new ways to capture, store and transfer energy. Pharmaceutical applications of nanomaterials include drug delivery, tissue engineering, medical implants and diagnostics. Nanotechnology is also used in water purification through processes like nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Thin film solar cells and dye sensitized solar cells that use nanomaterials are discussed as energy applications. Perovskite solar cells which can achieve high efficiencies are also summarized.
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using various methods and characterized. Their toxicity was then evaluated using two photosynthetic microorganisms, Anabaena flos-aquae and Euglena gracilis. The results showed that nanoparticle size, protective coatings, and hydrolysis ratio affected toxicity. ZnO-TOPO nanoparticles caused cell death in both organisms, while ZnO and ZnO-Brij-76 decreased photosynthetic activity initially but activity increased after 10 days for Anabaena flos-aquae. TEM images showed nanoparticle interactions with cell structures. The study provides insights into how nanoparticle properties influence ecotoxicity.
Ultrasonic atomization of graphene derivatives for heat spreader thin film de...Journal Papers
1) Researchers developed an ultrasonic atomizer system to deposit graphene oxide thin films on silicon wafers for applications in semiconductor manufacturing.
2) Graphene oxide was spray coated using the ultrasonic atomizer and then thermally reduced to improve its electrical and thermal conductivity.
3) Characterization of the reduced graphene oxide thin films found they have high coverage area above 90% with uniform thickness, low sheet resistance below 3 kΩ/sq, and thermal conductivity over 1000 W/mK making it suitable as a heat spreader material.
This document discusses different types of nanoparticles, including carbon-based nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes, metal nanoparticles synthesized from metal precursors, ceramic nanoparticles made of inorganic materials, semiconductor nanoparticles with optimal bandgaps, polymeric nanoparticles that can be nanospheres or nanocapsules, and lipid-based nanoparticles consisting of a solid lipid core and surfactant shell. Each nanoparticle type has distinct properties and synthesis methods, and they find applications in areas like drug delivery, catalysis, electronics, and imaging.
Synthesis and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles via aqueous solution, sol...iosrjce
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by aqueous solution method, sol-gel method and hydrothermal
method.The synthesized particles were characterized by XRD ,SEM ,EDX and UV .The X-ray diffraction studies
reveals that the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have wurtzite structure and the particle size varies from 13 to 18
nm. Scanning Electron Microscopic investigation reveals that the surface morphology of ZnO nanoparticle is
spherical in hydrothermal process and varies to flower like arrangement in aqueous solution and sol-gel
process. The UV-Visible spectrum of the nanoparticles shows a blue shift compared to that of the bulk sample.
This document discusses the properties and potential applications of graphene. It begins by listing graphene's superlative physical properties such as its strength, flexibility, conductivity and impermeability. It then outlines some potential applications of graphene such as ultra-fast internet, quick phone charging, and use in bionic devices. The document discusses different production methods for graphene and its derivatives. It provides an overview of the National Graphene Institute and Graphene Engineering Innovation Centre in the UK and their roles in developing graphene applications and commercialization through collaboration with industry partners. In closing, it notes the wide range of potential applications of graphene across various sectors.
Enhanced Anti-Weathering of Nanocomposite Coatings with Silanized Graphene Na...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on developing nanocomposite coatings containing silanized graphene nanoparticles to improve coating resistance to corrosion and weathering. Coatings were applied to glass fiber composites and aluminum alloy substrates. Coatings containing 2% silanized graphene showed better performance than those with unmodified graphene when exposed to ultraviolet light and salt fog over 20 days, with a 17.15% reduction in thickness versus 20.60% and lower corrosion rates. The positive effects of graphene silanization on coating properties were confirmed by various analysis methods.
Frabication of an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor from Terminalia catappa le...IJAEMSJORNAL
Metal corrosion is one of the most challenging problems facing industries. Using corrosion inhibitors is one reasonable approach to protecting metal surfaces. Due to the toxicity of industrial corrosion inhibitors, researchers are continuously searching for green, economical, and friendly alternatives. The present study focuses on the application of Terminalia catappa leaf extract to mitigate the corrosion of concrete reinforcing steel in a simulated seawater environment. The dry product from the Terminalia catappa leaf extraction process was determined to have amino functional groups in polyphenols. Polarization results demonstrate that the corrosion current density decreases from 8.87 A/cm2 (for samples soaked in blank solution) to 5.12 µA/cm2 when adding the optimal concentration of 0.004% of Terminalia catappa leaf extract. 3.5% NaCl solution. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis showed that the inhibition efficiency reached over 90% at this concentration after 24 hours of soaking.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The electrical profiles of the renewable polymer graphite (PG) composites upon ultra violet (UV) curing were investigated. Renewable PG films were prepared by mixing with varying weight percent of graphite (with an increment of 5 wt. % of prepared graphite) up to 30 wt.% and crosslinker. Then, the composites solution was slip casted and cured upon stimulated UV irradiation (UV accelerated weathering tester) at different time exposure (up to 1000 hours) was applied. Small changes on the functional groups of the composites were observed due to UV exposure time by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Suggesting that chemical crosslink and chain scissions occurred within renewable polymer graphite composites. Further electrical profile through two point probe and four point probe method recorded visibly fluctuating values for both resistivity and conductivity within its composites range. Proposed here that the removal of organic contaminants and weak materials form both renewable polymer and graphite particles through the UV curing may have an effect on the formation of conductive network stability.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
This document discusses microwave-assisted pyrolysis of plastic waste. It begins by introducing the problem of increasing plastic waste and discusses pyrolysis as a potential solution. It then describes the design of a microwave reactor for pyrolyzing plastic waste, with a quartz reactor vessel and ability to heat using microwaves. Experiments were conducted with a mixture of plastics and carbon black as the microwave absorber. Products were analyzed using various techniques and the char was characterized. The results suggest microwave pyrolysis may be an effective way to treat plastic waste.
This document discusses a study on poly(vinyl chloride)/layered silicate nanocomposites. The study analyzed the effect of organoclay type (PGV or 1.31PS) and content on the electrical, antibacterial, and oxygen barrier properties of PVC compounds. Key findings include:
1) Dielectric properties (permittivity and loss) of PVC/1.31PS nanocomposites decreased with increasing organoclay content up to 2.5 phr, indicating improved electrical insulation properties, while PVC/PGV increased with content.
2) PVC/1.31PS (2.5 phr) showed significant resistance to Gram-positive and Gram
Anderson_et_al-2016-Advanced_Materials_InterfacesSam Anderson
This document describes a method for coating cotton fabric with silver and copper nanoparticles using an electroless deposition process, resulting in fabrics (Cu@Cotton and Ag@Cotton) with localized surface plasmon resonance properties. Scanning electron microscopy images show the deposition of quasi-spherical copper and silver nanoparticles onto individual cotton threads. The coated fabrics are investigated for their potential in visible light-activated catalytic applications by studying the electron transfer processes during a model reaction under illumination, providing insight into how light can enhance catalysis at metal surfaces.
IRJET- Enhancement Performance of Polymer High Voltage Insulators using Nano-...IRJET Journal
The document discusses enhancing the performance of polymer high voltage insulators using nano-fillers. It aims to study the electrical properties of epoxy composites containing inorganic fillers of different sizes and concentrations under contaminated weather conditions. Epoxy composites were prepared with silica fillers in micro and nano sizes at various weight percentages. Flashover voltage tests were conducted on the samples under dry, wet and salty wet conditions. The results show that flashover voltage generally increases with filler content under dry conditions but decreases under wet conditions due to degradation from water. Nano-filled epoxy samples exhibited higher flashover voltages than micro-filled samples under both dry and wet conditions, with an optimal nano-filler content of 5
Impact of Gamma Irradiation on Structural and Dielectric Properties of CuI-PV...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using laser texturing and electrophoretic deposition of graphene to increase the wear resistance of copper substrates. Specifically, it tested different pretreatment methods on copper samples, including electropolishing, sandblasting, pickling, laser cleaning, and laser dot texturing. It then used a factorial experimental design to deposit graphene coatings using electrophoresis at varying voltages on the pretreated samples. Wear tests evaluated how the pretreatments and coating affected friction coefficient and coating durability. The results showed that laser pretreatments, particularly laser dots, improved wear resistance the most by up to 4 times compared to other pretreatments.
Preparation of nano phosphors by Microwave-assisted combustion synthesisEditor IJCATR
In this review article, we have discussed synthesizing of nano phosphor materials by the Microwave assisted Combustion
process. Several literature conclude that efficient synthesis of nano phosphor materials can be achieved only through microwave-assisted
combustion method. Also we have discussed about the principle and working process behind the Microwave process. After undergoing
literature survey on combustion process we have discussed the preparation process of fuel to oxidizer ratio which plays a major role for
obtaining nano powders that are essential in display application
Within the last few years, there has been notable progress in understanding the growth mechanisms of semiconductor thin films for photovoltaic (PV) applications. Electrodeposition continues to be a complex deposition technique that can lead to regions of low quality (for example, cracks) in films. Such cracks can form porous zones on the substrate and diminish the heterojunction interface quality of a PV cell. In this paper, electrodeposition of In2S3 films was systematically and quantitatively investigated by varying electrodeposition parameters including bath composition, current density, deposition time, and deposition temperature. Their effects upon the morphology, composition, and film growth mechanism were studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and digital imaging analysis (using fracture and buckling analysis software). In addition, the effect of different annealing treatments (200 oC, 300 oC, and 400 oC in air) and coated glass-substrates (Mo, ITO, and FTO) upon the properties of the In2S3 films was analyzed. Furthermore, the Taguchi/Design of Experiments (DOE) Method was used to determine the optimal electrodeposition parameters in order to improve the properties.
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The use of montmorillonite organoclay in preparation of uv cured dgba epoxy anticorrosive coatings
1. Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ycst20
Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology
The International Journal of Corrosion Processes and Corrosion Control
ISSN: 1478-422X (Print) 1743-2782 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ycst20
The use of montmorillonite organoclay in
preparation of UV-cured DGBA epoxy anticorrosive
coatings
J. L. Varela Caselis, E. Rubio Rosas, J. D. Santamaría Juárez, J. A. Galicia
Aguilar, M. Sánchez Cantú, O. Olivares Xometl & M. Morales Sánchez
To cite this article: J. L. Varela Caselis, E. Rubio Rosas, J. D. Santamaría Juárez,
J. A. Galicia Aguilar, M. Sánchez Cantú, O. Olivares Xometl & M. Morales Sánchez
(2018) The use of montmorillonite organoclay in preparation of UV-cured DGBA epoxy
anticorrosive coatings, Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 53:5, 362-369, DOI:
10.1080/1478422X.2018.1474329
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1478422X.2018.1474329
Published online: 15 May 2018.
Submit your article to this journal
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3. Experimental
Materials
Samples were prepared using Araldite 506 epoxy resin
(A506), having an epoxide equivalent weight of 172–
185 Da, and the cationic photoinitiator triarylsulfonium hex-
afluorophosphate, mixed 50% in propylene carbonate.
OMMT, a nanoclay’s surface-modified that contains 20–
30 wt-% methyl dihydroxyethyl hydrogenated tallow
ammonium. All reagents were supplied from Sigma Aldrich.
Preparation UV-cured coatings
The OMMT was dispersed in liquid resin A506 at concen-
trations of 0, 1, 3 and 5 wt-% and abbreviated as NC0,
NC1, NC3 and NC5, respectively, where NC0 was reference
sample. The procedure of the clay/epoxy dispersion was as
follows: mechanical mixing for 2 h at 60°C, then sonication
for 2 h at room temperature and finally 2 wt-% cationic
photoinitiator was added. The obtained solution was coated
onto cold-rolled carbon steel panels using a wire-wound
applicator with substrates being decreased by acetone before-
hand. Finally, they were exposed for 5 min to UV light using a
20 mWcm−2
lamp and 110–113 µm thickness films were
obtained. All the polymerisation reactions were performed
at room temperature.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the nano-
composite coatings were obtained on a JEOL JSM-6610LV
equipped with an Oxford Instruments energy dispersive X-
ray spectroscopy. The samples were placed on conductive
aluminium tape and coated with gold in a sputtering unit
(Denton Vacum, DESK v SCD-030) before SEM observation.
SEM observations were carried out by use of secondary elec-
tron detector on coatings samples working in high vacuum
mode and at 20 kV of accelerating voltage. X-ray diffraction
(XRD) data were collected on a Bruker diffractometer
model D8 Discover in a Bragg–Brentano geometry using
CuKα radiation (λ = 0.15418 nm) and step-scan mode
(range: 3–80° of 2θ, step-time: 0.60 s, step-width: 0.04°).
Thermal stability of the samples was determined by thermo-
gravimetric analysis (TGA) on a Netzsch thermal analyser
model STA 449 F3 Jupiter from 25 to 800°C under a nitrogen
atmosphere. The heating rate was 10°C min−1
. Fourier trans-
form infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was carried out on a Bru-
ker spectrometer model Vertex 70, in the interval of 500–
4000 cm−1
.
Electrochemical studies
The anticorrosive properties were investigated using EIS.
Coated samples were exposed to a 5 wt-% NaCl water sol-
ution for 2000 h. A three-electrode cell arrangement with
coated carbon steel substrates as a working electrode, graphite
bar as a counter electrode and a saturated calomel electrode as
reference electrode, were used. AC impedance measurements
were conducted on open circuit potential using a Gamry,
Reference 600 potentiostat/galvanostat/ZRA over a frequency
range of 100 kHz–10 mHz, the amplitude of sinusoidal vol-
tage was 10 mV. Interpretation of the impedance data was
performed using the Gamry Instruments Echem Analyst fit-
ting program, version 6.25.
Results and discussion
Coating’s microstructure
The homogeneity and morphology of the organoclay dis-
persed in the epoxy matrix was investigated by SEM, since
the difference in scattering densities of the clay and the
epoxy matrix facilitates their differentiation. Figure 1(a,b)
shows the surfaces images of the cured epoxy resin (NC0)
and the NC3 sample.
The epoxy coating NC0, had a relatively smooth surface
morphology, with no cracks or discontinuities being detected
(Figure 1(a)). SEM images show that the brittle fracture sur-
face of the cured epoxy resin (NC0) becomes rougher when
the clay is incorporated into the polymer matrix (Figure 1
(b)), however, clay distribution is uniform and homogenous
on the NC3 coating surface. Figures 1(c,d) shows a cross-sec-
tion of the coating, where an excellent adhesion can be
observed in the coating/metal interface. The coatings thick-
ness was in the range of 110–113 µm.
The OMMT’s dispersion in epoxy resin was also studied by
the XRD technique. Figure 2 illustrates the XRD patterns of
pure organoclay (OMMT), the reference sample NC0 (cured
epoxy resin) and the composite samples NC1, NC3 and
NC5. Sample OMMT presented the characteristic reflections
of montmorillonite with an intense and well-defined reflection
of the (001) plane at 4.88° and a weak reflection generated by
the (002) plane at 9.5° of 2θ. The difference of the 2-theta pos-
ition of the (001) reflection compared to other reports [35] was
attributed to the organic section of the raw material (see exper-
imental section) which is incorporated into the montmorillo-
nite structure causing its lattice expansion. On the other hand,
the NC0 sample exhibited a broad signal centred at 18° which
is related to the amorphous structure of cured epoxy resin. In
NC1 sample, the absence of the two characteristic montmoril-
lonite reflections was attributed to the apparatus detection
limits. However, in samples with higher clay loadings (NC3,
NC5) the (001) plane was clearly identified indicating that
the fraction of retained organoclay in the polymer matrix
increases with increasing the clay content in the sample [36–
38]. It has been reported that this peak reveals that XRD’s
analysis as sufficiently sensitive technique for detecting the
presence of organoclay in NCs and for its quantification [39].
It is important to remark that a shift towards lower 2θ
values of the (001) reflection was identified in NC3 and
NC5 samples (d(100) = 20.3 and 20.1 Å, respectively) com-
pared to NC0 (d(100) = 18.1 Å) which is indicative of a lattice
expansion. In this context, it was assumed that this expansion
was caused by the polymer incorporation into montmorillo-
nite’s structure.
The synthesised samples were analysed by FTIR spec-
troscopy with the aim of monitoring the UV curing reaction
of epoxy resin. Epoxy group conversion was followed by
monitoring the decrease of the absorbance of the oxirane
group band in the region 970–914 cm−1
. Figure 3, shows
the spectra before and after UV-irradiation of the coating.
The characteristic absorption bands of the samples A506,
NC0, NC1, NC3 and NC5 are shown in the figure. The
absorption band located at 914 cm−1
is associated to the oxi-
rane group. This band is not present in NC0 sample, but was
increased with larger loads of OMMT, then the presence of
this band is observed with greater intensity in the NC5
sample, this band is associated to unreacted oxirane. Santosh
CORROSION ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 363
4. et al. [40] found that the presence of amines inhibited the rate
of photopolymerisation and the degree of inhibition
depended on the basicity of the amine. Based on the above
it can be explained that UV cured is inhibited by the amine
group contained on the OMMT and inhibition increases as
the organoclay concentration is increased.
Thermal properties of epoxy NCs
Thermal stability of the epoxy resin was investigated by TGA.
Figure 4 shows OMMT, NC0, NC1, NC3 and NC5
thermograms obtained under nitrogen atmosphere in the
temperature range from 25 to 800°C. The initial degradation
temperature (IDT), and the residual mass of samples are pre-
sented in Table 1. IDT, defined as the temperature of the 5%
weight loss, was used as a thermal stability indicator of the
samples. For the TGA, the OMMT is decomposed into four
steps: the first one in the range of 25–90°C related to clay
dehydration and three steps more in the range of 208–800°
C related to the decomposition of clay modifier [41]. At
800°C the clay modifier is completely decomposed and only
the thermally stable inorganic clay (∼75 wt-%) remained.
Structural decomposition of NC0, NC1 and NC3 samples
Figure 1. SEM micrographs of the surface: (a) NC0; (b) NC3; (c,d) NC0 and NC3 cross-section.
Figure 2. XRD diffractograms of OMMT, NC0, NC1, NC3 and NC5 epoxy/organo-
clay composites.
Figure 3. FTIR spectra of A506, NC0, NC1, NC3 and NC5 coatings, the epoxy
absorption peaks are indicated in the spectra.
364 J. L. VARELA CASELIS ET AL.
5. took place approximate from 267 to 445°C, and consists of two
decomposition steps related to breaking of the chemical bonds
of uncured epoxy resin (320–380°C) and of epoxy network
(380–445°C) [42,43] while structural decomposition of NC5
sample took place at lower temperature, approximate 100 to
445°C, this indicates a higher content of uncured epoxy
resin, as confirmed by FTIR spectra. The residual mass of
NC0 sample at 800°C, 17.5 wt-%, indicates that some degra-
dation products did not volatilise, while the higher residual
mass are found for NC1, NC3 and NC5 (Table 1) due to the
presence of inorganic clay. The residual mass increased with
the level of clay loading; however, residual mass was affected
due to the presence of moisture in the clay which was 2 wt-
%. The inset in Figure 4 and Table 1 show that IDT of NC0
is the highest, while sample NC5 has the lowest IDT of the
order 93°C lower than IDT of NC0 sample. As clay content
increases, the IDT starts to decrease. One cause of these results
may be due to incomplete curing of the samples containing
OMMT, this is confirmed by Figure 3, where the sample
NC5 shows a band of increased intensity of the oxirane
group indicating that this sample had the poorest curing com-
pared to the other samples. Incomplete curing indicates the
presence of unreacted monomers have not reacted completely,
which degrade more rapidly at a lower temperature, therefore
the nanocomposite is less stable. This behaviour was especially
pronounced at the sample NC5, which had the lowest IDT.
Anticorrosive properties of the coatings
Differences were evident in electrochemical behaviour of the
coating systems and how these changed in respect of exposure
time, both of which may be studied and analysed in detail by
fitting resistive capacitive electrical equivalent circuits to the
impedance data using an analysis software and by quantifying
values for the circuit components.
Figure 5 shows the electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) that
models electrochemical behaviour of the coated steel panels
in exposure to 5 wt-% NaCl solution. The presented model
employs constant phase elements (CPE) instead of capacitors,
with CPE equalling to 1/C(jω)α
, where α is the frequency dis-
persion factor that ranges from 1 to 0 (when α = 1, C can be
considered a real capacitance).
Figure 6 shows Bode plots from EIS data resulting from
sample immersion in 5 wt-% NaCl solution. The Bode plot
is a straight line with a negative slope (−1) in the first
times, which indicates that the coating acts as a perfect
capacitor (Figure 6(a)) and show extremely high resistance
of the pore (Rp) for nanocomposite coatings.
After 350 h of immersion, the impedance value is lower
than its initial state. The impedance of neat epoxy (NC0)
coated sample decreases to 4.5 GΩ cm2
as revealed by the
horizontal intersection of the graph with impedance mod-
ulus axis in Bode plot (Figure 6(b)) while the impedance
for NC1, NC3 and NC5 were 2.2, 9.3 and 0.27 GΩ cm2
,
respectively. In the case of samples with 700 h of immersion
(Figure 6(c)), the impedance value is much lower than its
initial state. After 700 h of immersion, NC3 sample pro-
vided a better barrier protection (2.9 GΩ cm2
) than the
others. After 850 h of immersion, NC3 Bode’s plot shows
the highest impedance (3 GΩ cm2
), followed by NC0
(1.9 GΩ cm2
), NC1 (333 MΩ cm2
) and NC5
(220 MΩ cm2
). This indicates that NC1 and NC5 coatings
have decreased their protective properties, and water has
diffused into the coating.
Figure 7 shows the Rp as a function of time for NC0,
NC1, NC3 and NC5 samples, determined by fitting the
EIS data with electrical equivalent circuits shown in Fig. 5,
and obtained from 0 to 2000 immersion hours. At the
beginning, the Rp of NC0, NC1, NC3 and NC5 nanocom-
posite coatings as determined by EIS data fitting was 45,
91, 100 and 54 GΩ cm2
, respectively (Figure 7(a)). These
results show that addition of nanoparticles improve the
coatings resistance. During this exposure time, Rp values
of NC3 are higher than Rp of the reference sample NC0.
Although the values of Rp varied for more than one order
of magnitude for different nanocomposite coatings during
the first 850 hours of exposure to a corrosive agent, after
this exposure time differences among nanocomposite coat-
ings were smaller and are constant after this period. How-
ever, the Rp values for NC3 remained significantly higher
as compared to the Rp value for NC0 throughout the
whole investigated time. After 850 h, the Rp values of
Figure 4. TGA thermograms of OMMT, NC0, NC1, NC3 and NC5 obtained under
nitrogen atmosphere.
Table 1. TGA results for NC0, NC1, NC3 and NC5 nanocomposites.
Sample Clay loadings (wt-%) IDT(°C) Residual mass (%)
NC0 0 366.95 17.5
NC1 1 347.37 17.7
NC3 3 346.13 19.54
NC5 5 273.66 19.54
Figure 5. EEC for the studied coating systems.
CORROSION ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 365
6. nanocomposite coatings decrease slowly, which can be
explained by plugging of the pores among clay particles
with corrosion products, which is a clear evidence of the
organoclay barrier effect.
Regarding to the coating capacitance values, it has been
reported a three-stage behaviour. A rapid initial increase
due to homogeneous water uptake, followed by a saturation
plateau and, finally, a rapid increase as more water is accu-
mulated heterogeneously in the coating [44–47] or under-
neath the coating [48]. In our case, no-one of the coatings
followed exactly the described trend (Figure 7(b)). In the
case of NC5 sample (containing 5 wt-% montmorillonite),
the capacitance values increased at the initial stages of
immersion, then oscillate probably due to corrosion of the
steel or delamination of the coating [47], instead of saturat-
ing. This is consistent with the results from visual
examination of the exposed panels, which showed evident
corrosion spot and delamination.
In the case of other three coatings included in this study,
the capacitance values increased slightly in the beginning of
the test and then were retained at a constant value, but the
final increase was not detected. Hence, these coatings are
probably under saturation with water. Overall, the highest
coating capacitance values were obtained for NC5, where
the amount of OMMT was 5 wt-%, suggesting higher degree
of water uptake than, for example, epoxy coating. In turn, the
lowest coating capacitance values were obtained for sample
NC3, indicating a lower water absorption than in the case
of epoxy coating, consistent with visual examination of the
exposed panels.
Table 2 shows variations of RCT and Cdl after 850 immer-
sion hours. The loss RCT for the NC3 sample is 1 order of
Figure 6. EIS spectra for NC0, NC1, NC3 and NC5 coatings on the steel substrate. (a) Bode diagram at initial immersion; (b) Bode diagram after 350 h of immersion; (c)
Bode diagram after 700 h of immersion; (d) Bode diagram after 850 h of immersion.
Table 2. Variations of RCT and Cdl parameters after 850 immersion hours.
Sample 850 h 1250 h 1500 h 2000 h
RCT: charge transfer resistance (Ω cm2
)
NC0 8.95*109
1.17*108
4.73*107
5.73*106
NC1 3.93*109
2.12*109
3.16*108
3.97*107
NC3 3.95*1011
4.15*109
1.32*109
1.51*1010
NC5 1.54*108
5.33*106
1.83*107
2.71*105
Cdl: double-layer capacitance (F cm−2
)
NC0 5.09*10−9
1.22*10−8
7.8*10−9
3.5*10−8
NC1 4.69*10−9
5.93*10−9
6.4*10−9
1.51*10−8
NC3 1.56*10−9
2.92*10−9
3.98*−9
5.27*10−9
NC5 1.42*10−8
3.29*10−8
2.13*10−8
1.72*10−6
366 J. L. VARELA CASELIS ET AL.
7. magnitude while the NC0 sample has 3 orders of magnitude
of loss. Also, Cdl for the NC3 sample not show increase but
the NC0 sample shows 1 order of magnitude increase.
These results may be explained by a possible occupying by
the organoclay of the free volume, i.e. voids and defects,
which are preferential diffusion paths for water molecules,
ions and oxygen, the penetration of which through the coat-
ing is a prerequisite for corrosion of the substrate to occur
[44,49], these events decreases corrosion as could be observed
in Figure 8 where less damage is observed for the NC3
sample. It may also be expected that the organoclay block
not only the diffusion paths through the coating but also
those in the horizontal direction, i.e. between local anodes
and cathodes along the coating/substrate interface. This is,
however, dependent on the nanoparticle orientation.
RCT for NC5 sample (with 5 wt-% OMMT) was the lowest
during the test, this behaviour may be due to low chemical
stability of the coating, as a result of an incomplete curing
reaction (this is confirmed by FTIR spectrum of Figure 3),
which caused less crosslinking of the polymer matrix and
therefore greater degradation facilitating the increase of pre-
ferential routes of diffusion of corrosive species towards the
metal-coating interface, which accelerates the corrosion pro-
cess as can be seen in Figure 8 where more damage is
observed for the NC5 sample.
Figure 8 shows the coatings images after immersion testing
in a solution of sodium chloride 5 wt-%. After exposure of the
samples for 850 h, a brown adherent corrosion product
(which is a mixture of iron hydroxides) was observed over
the samples surface. Delamination and water penetration
were observed around the scratches which decreased in the
order of NC5 > NC1 > NC0 > NC3. Immersion tests indicate
that the least corroded sample was NC3. This result reveals
that montmorillonite may be used to improve corrosion pro-
tection properties of the UV-cured Araldite 506 epoxy
coating.
Figure 7. Evolution of electrical network parameters for the studied coatings. (a) Resistance (Rp); (b) Capacitance (Cc).
CORROSION ENGINEERING, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 367
8. Conclusions
SEM analysis showed that epoxy-OMMT coatings uniform
and free of defects were obtained on a corrodible surface as
carbon steel and that OMMT was homogenous dispersed in
the polymer matrix. By means of the XRD analysis, it was ver-
ified that the polymer was intercalated in the OMMT struc-
ture. Additionally, it was confirmed that the amine group
containing the OMMT affects the UV curing of the Araldite
506 resin, as evidenced by FTIR spectra.
Electrochemical impedance measurements at various
exposure periods, indicated that NC3 coating on cold rolled
mild steel coupons showed better anticorrosive properties in
5 wt-% NaCl solution than NC0, NC1 and NC5 coatings. The
NC3 coating provided improved corrosion protection even
after 850 h of exposure to NaCl solution. EIS results agree the
visual evaluation test, which showed that the NC3 coating has
better resistance to corrosion for carbon steel than the others
coatings. This study shows that the addition of an organoclay
such as OMMT, improves the anticorrosive properties of a
UV-cured DGBA epoxy resin, in this case, Araldite 506.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This work was supported by Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios de
Posgrado of the Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México.
ORCID
M. Sánchez Cantú http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2044-893X
O. Olivares Xometl http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-6155
M. Morales Sánchez http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2361-9645
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