Till 1997-98 strong correlation is found between Fertilizer consumption and food grains production After 1997-98, this relationship distorted Most of States are experiencing increase in fertilizer consumption with slower pace of crop productivity Some states witness consumption of fertilizer picking up without any conspicuous gain on agricultural crop productivity

1. A
Presentation
On

2. INTRODUCTION
• One of the major concerns in today's world is
the pollution and contamination of soil. The
use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has
caused tremendous harm to the environment.
An answer to this is the biofertilizer, an
environment friendly fertilizer now used in
most countries. Biofertilizers are organisms
that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. The
main sources of biofertilizers are bacteria,
fungi, and cynaobacteria (blue-green algae).

3. BIOFERTILIZER
Biofertilizer is a living fertilizer compound of
microbial inoculants or groups of micro-
organisms which are able to fix atmospheric
nitrogen or solubilize phosphorus, decompose
organic material or oxidize sulphur in the soil.
On application, it enhances the growth of
plants, increase in yield and also improve soil
fertility and reduces pollution.

4. The soil microorganisms used
in biofertilizers are: Phosphate
Solubilizing microbes,
Mycorrhizae, Azospirillum,
Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Blue
Green Algae.

5. TYPES OF MICROBES USED
AS BIOFERTILIZER
AZOTOBACTER
Azotobacter are free-living, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and are
known to produce several plant growth promoting
substances. In addition to nitrogen fixation by these
bacteria, they are also known to protect plants against
pathogenic microorganisms either by discouraging their
growth or by destroying them. These inoculants need more
attention in view of their triple action of nitrogen fixation,
bio-control, and production of plant growth regulators.

6. Rhizobium
– Rhizobium bacteria, basically form root
nodules in leguminous plants and fix
atmospheric nitrogen in a symbiotic
association. The Rhizobium bacteria gives
nitrogen to the plant and the plant gives
protection to the bacteria from oxygen
damage by harbouring it inside the root
nodule.

7. Azopirillum
• Azospirillum are nitrogen-fixing bacteria
that lives in a symbiotic relationship in the
root cortex of several tropical crops. They
stimulate plant growth through nitrogen
fixation and production of growth
substances like auxins, gibberellins and
cytokinin.

8. Phosphate Solubilizing
Microbes
Phosphorus is an important nutrient for plants. There are
several microorganisms which can solubilize the cheaper
sources of phosphorus, such as rock phosphate.
Bacteria like Pseudomonas strata, and Bacillus
megaterium are also important phosphorus solubilizing
soil microorganisms. Many fungi like Aspergillus and
Penicillium are potential solubilizers of bound
phosphates

9. Mycorrhizae:
• The term "mycorrhizae" refers to fungus associated with
plant roots. These fertilizers are divided into ectotrophic
and endotrophic or the vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza
(VAM) categories. Most plants depend on their
mycorrhizal association for adequate uptake of nutrients
(especially the immobile ions such as phosphate, zinc
and micronutrients) and survival in natural ecosystems

10. OTHER SOURCE USED AS
BIOFERTILIZER
• Sesbania:
• Many legumes are grown and then turned into the soil while they
are still green to enrich soil nitrogen. Sesbania is a green manure
plant which forms both root and stem nodules in association with
rhizobium and thereby fixes more atmospheric nitrogen.
• Azolla is a floating fern which harbours a blue green algae in its
leaf cavities. The fern multiplies very fast with the symbiotic
association of the algae and this rapid multiplication creates a huge
amount of biomass on the surface of the water. It is then
harvested, dryed and used as biofertilizer

11. ADVANTAGES OF
BIOFERTILIZER
• Increase crop yield by25%
• Replace chemical nitrogen and
phosphorus by50%
• Stimulate plant growth.
• Activate the soil biologically.
• Restore natural soil fertility.
• Provide protection against drought and
some soil borne diseases

15. PROCEDURE OF PREPARATION
OF BIOFERTILIZER
• PROTOCOL FOR PREPARING
NUTRIENT BROTH
• COMPONENTS (FOR 100ml)
• Yeast extract 0.1gm
• Beef extract 0.2 gm
• Tryptone 0.5 gm
• Nacl 0.5gm
• Agar 1.8gm

16. METHOD
• 1. accurately weigh the chemical ingredients of a nutrient broth
and transfer them into a beacker containing 90 ml distilled water.
• 2. Gently mix the contents using the glass rod.
• 3. make up the volume to 100 ml with distillrd water.
• 4. measure pH of the broth by using a pH meter and adjust the
pH to 6.5-7.0 by adding the drops of either HCL or NaOH
solution.
• 5.Since the liquid media was required therefore agar was not
added.
• 6.The media was then poured into a conical flask.

17. • 6.The media was then poured into a
conical flask.
• 7.The mouth of conicol flask should be
coverd with cotton plug.
• 8.Place the flask inside the autoclave
and sterilise at 121 for 30 minutes.
• 9.After autoclaving media was kept in
the laminar flow.

18. PROTOCOL TO PREPARE
BIOFERTILIZER
• 1.Approx 20ml mother culture (Bacillus sp.) was taken
and inoculated in approx 3 litre of nutrint broth.
• 2.The culture was allowed to grow on a shaker for 48-72
hours.
• 3.The transparent media turned translucent indicating
full-grown culture.
• 4.6kg sterilized charcoal powder was taken & its pH was
maintained at neutral .
• 5.The culture was slowly added to charcoal & rubbed
vigrously so that no clump was left .
• 6.After mixing the culture thoroughly with the charcoal ,
it was weighed & packed . The biofertilizer is ready to
use .

19. • 7. CFU of mother culture & the product
were taken . The CFU of mother culture
is maintained at 2 X 10^7

20. MIXING OF CULTURE WITH
CHARCOAL POWDER

21. PHOSPHONEXT-EXTRA
BIOFERTILISER
• PhosphoNext-Extra is a powdered
formulation and helps in reducing
the use of chemical fertilizer
(approximately 50% less
phosphorous is needed after its
use) due to its phosphate
solubilization activity. In addition, it
also helps in suppressing various
fungal and bacterial pathogens on
account of antibiotic synthesizing
activity.

22. VARIOUS BIOFERTILIZERS