This study evaluated the effects of various biofertilizer treatments on mulberry growth. Key findings:
1) Co-inoculation of potash mobilizing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and nitrogen fixing bacteria led to the highest growth, fresh leaf weight, root volume, organic carbon, and available P and K.
2) Treatments involving combinations of reduced (50-75%) inorganic fertilizers with biofertilizers still showed benefits like increased growth, nutrient levels, and soil properties over the control or full inorganic treatments alone.
3) Integrating biofertilizers with reduced chemical fertilizers has potential to improve crop productivity in a sustainable manner.
The document discusses biofertilizers, which are preparations containing living microorganisms that help crop plants uptake nutrients. It describes various types of biofertilizers like nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizers, potassium solubilizers, mycorrhizal fungi, and their mechanisms and benefits. The document also discusses mass production and application of biofertilizers for organic farming to ensure food security while protecting the environment.
Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) such as bacteria and fungi play an important role in solubilizing insoluble phosphate in soil and making it available to plants. PSM secrete organic acids and enzymes that lower soil pH and chelate cations, converting insoluble phosphate into soluble forms that plants can absorb. While phosphorus is essential for plant growth, much of the phosphorus in soil is unavailable to plants; PSM help address phosphorus deficiency by increasing the soluble phosphorus content of soil. Further research is needed to develop methods for commercializing PSM as biofertilizers to provide a more sustainable alternative to inorganic phosphate fertilizers.
This document discusses the transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur in soils. It describes the key processes involved in each transformation, including mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, immobilization, solubilization, and oxidation/reduction. It notes that microorganisms play a critical role in transforming organic forms of nutrients into plant-available inorganic forms through the secretion of enzymes and organic acids. Specific microbes involved in each transformation are also outlined, such as nitrifying bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi, potassium solubilizing bacteria, and sulfur oxidizing bacteria.
Plant need based nutrient management and fertilizer recommendationO.P PARIHAR
This document discusses plant nutrient requirements and fertilizer recommendations for various crops. It provides details on the essential nutrients needed for plant growth, including macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. It also discusses soil testing methods and guidelines for interpreting soil test values. Recommendations are given for fertilizer application rates and timings for different crops like wheat and rice to optimize yields based on nutrient removal levels.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are living organisms that enrich soil nutrients. It covers various types of biofertilizers including bacterial (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum), cyanobacterial, mycorrhizal, phosphorus solubilizing, and siderophores biofertilizers. The document explains how these microorganisms work to fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, decompose organic matter, and increase nutrient availability and crop yields. It also provides details on commercial biofertilizer production and lists important microorganism species and their applications in agriculture.
This document summarizes research on managing boron and zinc deficiencies in vegetable crops. It discusses that boron and zinc are essential micronutrients that are often deficient in soils, negatively impacting vegetable yields and quality. The functions of boron and zinc in plant growth are described. Factors that influence boron and zinc availability in soils like soil pH, organic matter content, and interactions with other elements are covered. Methods for diagnosing and correcting boron and zinc deficiencies through soil amendments and foliar applications are presented.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots where they facilitate the uptake of nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil and transfer them to the plant in exchange for photosynthetic carbon compounds. Root exudates also play a role in nutrient absorption. Plants secrete organic compounds and ions from their roots which acidify or alkalize the soil environment to solubilize nutrients and attract beneficial microbes that aid in mineral uptake. These symbiotic relationships between plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and microbes form the basis for efficient mineral nutrition in plants.
The document discusses biofertilizers, which are preparations containing living microorganisms that help crop plants uptake nutrients. It describes various types of biofertilizers like nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizers, potassium solubilizers, mycorrhizal fungi, and their mechanisms and benefits. The document also discusses mass production and application of biofertilizers for organic farming to ensure food security while protecting the environment.
Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) such as bacteria and fungi play an important role in solubilizing insoluble phosphate in soil and making it available to plants. PSM secrete organic acids and enzymes that lower soil pH and chelate cations, converting insoluble phosphate into soluble forms that plants can absorb. While phosphorus is essential for plant growth, much of the phosphorus in soil is unavailable to plants; PSM help address phosphorus deficiency by increasing the soluble phosphorus content of soil. Further research is needed to develop methods for commercializing PSM as biofertilizers to provide a more sustainable alternative to inorganic phosphate fertilizers.
This document discusses the transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur in soils. It describes the key processes involved in each transformation, including mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, immobilization, solubilization, and oxidation/reduction. It notes that microorganisms play a critical role in transforming organic forms of nutrients into plant-available inorganic forms through the secretion of enzymes and organic acids. Specific microbes involved in each transformation are also outlined, such as nitrifying bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi, potassium solubilizing bacteria, and sulfur oxidizing bacteria.
Plant need based nutrient management and fertilizer recommendationO.P PARIHAR
This document discusses plant nutrient requirements and fertilizer recommendations for various crops. It provides details on the essential nutrients needed for plant growth, including macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients. It also discusses soil testing methods and guidelines for interpreting soil test values. Recommendations are given for fertilizer application rates and timings for different crops like wheat and rice to optimize yields based on nutrient removal levels.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are living organisms that enrich soil nutrients. It covers various types of biofertilizers including bacterial (Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum), cyanobacterial, mycorrhizal, phosphorus solubilizing, and siderophores biofertilizers. The document explains how these microorganisms work to fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, decompose organic matter, and increase nutrient availability and crop yields. It also provides details on commercial biofertilizer production and lists important microorganism species and their applications in agriculture.
This document summarizes research on managing boron and zinc deficiencies in vegetable crops. It discusses that boron and zinc are essential micronutrients that are often deficient in soils, negatively impacting vegetable yields and quality. The functions of boron and zinc in plant growth are described. Factors that influence boron and zinc availability in soils like soil pH, organic matter content, and interactions with other elements are covered. Methods for diagnosing and correcting boron and zinc deficiencies through soil amendments and foliar applications are presented.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots where they facilitate the uptake of nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil and transfer them to the plant in exchange for photosynthetic carbon compounds. Root exudates also play a role in nutrient absorption. Plants secrete organic compounds and ions from their roots which acidify or alkalize the soil environment to solubilize nutrients and attract beneficial microbes that aid in mineral uptake. These symbiotic relationships between plants, mycorrhizal fungi, and microbes form the basis for efficient mineral nutrition in plants.
Mechanism of Zinc solubilization by Zinc Solubilizing bacteriasJaison M
M.Sc. Credit Seminar
One of the way to manage Zn deficiency is by using Bacteria which have potentiality of solubilization of insoluble forms of Zinc. Some mechanisms have been reported for solubilisation of zinc by bacteria which are acidolysis, extrusion of protons, mineralization of zinc fractions, production of zinc binding proteins and complexation by organic acids.
An introduction to professional plant nutrition | Haifa GroupHaifa Group
Explore an in-depth agronomic introduction to plant nutrition. Learn about the essential nutrients crops consume, and the specific role of every mineral on the overall plant growth. Haifa Group’s experts are sharing knowledge. Haifa Group’s experts are sharing knowledge.
Biofertilizers are microbial inoculants supported on carriers that are intended for seed or soil application to improve soil fertility and provide growth promoting substances for crops. They are cost effective, ecofriendly and can be produced on farms. Common types of biofertilizers used in India include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, cyanobacteria, and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. The government aims to promote their production and use to supplement chemical fertilizers through its National Project on Development and Use of Biofertilizers.
Microorganisms as Biofertilizer defines biofertilizers as preparations containing living microorganisms that help crop plants uptake nutrients through interactions in the rhizosphere. They are cost-effective and can supplement chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Main types include N2 fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, P-solubilizing bacteria, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Biofertilizers increase crop yields, improve soil health, and provide nutrients without pollution. They are especially effective in semi-arid conditions and farmers can produce inoculums themselves.
This document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in agriculture. It provides data on nutrient deficiencies in Indian soils and crop production and nutrient demand projections. It discusses components of INM including chemical fertilizers, organic manures, biofertilizers, green manures, and crop residues. It outlines the principles, objectives, and benefits of INM in maintaining soil productivity and ensuring sustainable agriculture.
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth but is often limited in soils. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria can aid in making phosphorus more available to plants. They release organic acids and phosphatases that solubilize insoluble phosphate compounds in soil into plant-available forms. This process allows plants to better acquire phosphorus for growth and reproduction. These bacteria are found in soil and can be selected for use as biofertilizers to enhance phosphorus availability and promote plant growth.
Till 1997-98 strong correlation is found between Fertilizer consumption and food grains production
After 1997-98, this relationship distorted
Most of States are experiencing increase in fertilizer consumption with slower pace of crop productivity
Some states witness consumption of fertilizer picking up without any conspicuous gain on agricultural crop productivity
Chemical and Microbial Reactions Occurring during VermicompostingYogeshIJTSRD
Vermicomposting is a unique process that occurs in earthworms gut to convert organic wastes into organic fertilizer or vermicompost by using joint action of earthworms and microorganisms. Organic wastes used were the mixture of spent mushrooms waste, coconut husks, cow dung, vegetables residue, and leaf litter. Locally available earthworms are also used for vermicomposting but their mode of feeding is very slow and the earthworm which lives below the soil is also not suitable for vermicompost production. The Red worms Eisenia foetida and African earthworm Eudrillus engenae are promising worms used for vermicompost production. All the two worms can be mixed together for vermicompost production. In the composting process, egg shells flour and fish meal are added into the vermicompost as additives materials. The results indicate that the combined vermicomposting and composting process with addition the additives materials improves the chemical composition of vermicompost compared to using vermicomposting process alone. The percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium in vermicompost was found to increase while C N ratio, pH and total organic carbon declined as a function of the vermicomposting. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kamlesh Rawat "Chemical and Microbial Reactions Occurring during Vermicomposting" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45029.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/45029/chemical-and-microbial-reactions-occurring-during-vermicomposting/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Importance of microorganisms in nutrient managementsanthiya kvs
The document discusses the important role of soil microorganisms in nutrient management and cycling. It explains that microbes are actively involved in decomposing organic matter, producing humus, and increasing the availability of nutrients like phosphorus. Certain microbes also support plant growth by producing vitamins, hormones, and stimulating natural defenses against pathogens. Microorganisms are key players in soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization. The document also discusses different types of biofertilizers containing beneficial microbes.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Some key points:
- PGPR are bacteria that live in the rhizosphere and provide benefits to plants. An important function is solubilizing insoluble phosphate minerals making phosphorus available for plant uptake.
- Common insoluble phosphates include tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Bacteria secrete organic acids like lactic acid and acetic acid to solubilize these minerals.
- Successful phosphate solubilizing bacteria include species from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium genera. Screening methods involve checking for clearing zones
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamicsKarthekaThirumugam1
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamics with factors affecting availability, chelation illustrations, appropriate pictures and cycles for all nutrients.
Role of biochar to counteract degradation in acid soils ExternalEvents
Ms Mora-Lamilla Sofía, University of La Salle, National Learning Service (SENA), Colombia. Global Symposium on Soil Erosion (GSER19), 15 - 17 May 2019 at FAO HQ.
Microbial diversity of vermicompost and vermieashJayvir Solanki
Microbial diversity of vermicompost and vermiwash and their significance in agriculture. The document discusses the microbial communities found in vermicompost and vermiwash, which are produced through the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms and microbes. It provides details on the various bacteria and fungi identified in vermicompost systems using different earthworm species and feedstocks. These microbes play important roles in the decomposition process and produce enzymes and metabolites that improve soil and plant health. Tables show the physicochemical properties and microbial diversity found in vermicompost and vermiwash, which contribute significantly to agriculture by enhancing soil fertility and plant growth.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
Phosphate Solubilising bacteria - Mass cultivationsiva ni
This document discusses the mass production of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) as biofertilizers. It outlines that PSB solubilize insoluble phosphate in soil through organic acid production. Common organic acids produced by PSB include gluconic acid, 2-ketogluconic acid, and mixtures of lactic, isovaleric, isobutyric and acetic acids. The document describes methods for isolating, screening, and mass producing PSB using proper media, carriers like peat and compost, and fermentation. Carriers are chosen based on high organic matter content, moisture holding capacity, and low soluble salt levels.
Biofertilizers are microorganisms that help plants grow by increasing the availability of nutrients in soil. They include nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi, and mycorrhizal fungi. Biofertilizers improve soil health, increase crop yields by 20-30%, and promote plant growth through the production of hormones, without leaving harmful residues like chemical fertilizers. They work by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing insoluble phosphorus and other nutrients, and aiding nutrient uptake through the formation of symbiotic relationships with plant roots.
This document discusses organic matter decomposition in soil. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the decomposition process, factors affecting it, microorganisms involved, and plant nutrient cycles. It then covers properties of soil, the major microorganism groups in soil, essential plant nutrients and their sources in soil, and the basic plant nutrient cycle. Finally, it discusses decomposition of organic matter in depth, including the decomposers, the three processes of decomposition, and factors like temperature, moisture, pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratios that influence the rate of decomposition.
Soil Fertility Monitoring For Sustainable Crop Production1Ppravin Yadav
The document discusses two minor projects related to soil salinity and fertility.
1) The first project aims to study the effect of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria on soil salinity. It is hypothesized that the bacteria will produce acid and lower pH to reclaim saline soil. A pot experiment will test various treatments on wheat growth and yield.
2) The second project will assess soil fertility under intensive cropping. It will study the effect of integrated nutrient management practices on soil and crop properties. A field experiment compares treatments on ladyfinger, french peas and maize. The goal is to maintain long-term soil productivity and quality.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are microorganisms that help plants grow by increasing nutrient availability. It describes how biofertilizers fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and produce plant hormones. Specific microorganisms are identified for their roles in nitrogen fixation (rhizobia, cyanobacteria, azospirillum), phosphorus solubilization (pseudomonas, bacillus), and plant growth promotion (pseudomonas). The document concludes that biofertilizers improve soil health and crop yields in a sustainable way without residual effects like chemical fertilizers.
Different media are used to culture microorganisms and sterile technique is required to prevent contamination. Media and lab materials must be sterilized before use through autoclaving or pressure cooking. Microbes can be cultured in liquid tubes, solid slant tubes, or petri plates. Serial dilutions and plate counts are then used to estimate microbial populations from samples.
Mechanism of Zinc solubilization by Zinc Solubilizing bacteriasJaison M
M.Sc. Credit Seminar
One of the way to manage Zn deficiency is by using Bacteria which have potentiality of solubilization of insoluble forms of Zinc. Some mechanisms have been reported for solubilisation of zinc by bacteria which are acidolysis, extrusion of protons, mineralization of zinc fractions, production of zinc binding proteins and complexation by organic acids.
An introduction to professional plant nutrition | Haifa GroupHaifa Group
Explore an in-depth agronomic introduction to plant nutrition. Learn about the essential nutrients crops consume, and the specific role of every mineral on the overall plant growth. Haifa Group’s experts are sharing knowledge. Haifa Group’s experts are sharing knowledge.
Biofertilizers are microbial inoculants supported on carriers that are intended for seed or soil application to improve soil fertility and provide growth promoting substances for crops. They are cost effective, ecofriendly and can be produced on farms. Common types of biofertilizers used in India include Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, cyanobacteria, and phosphate solubilizing bacteria. The government aims to promote their production and use to supplement chemical fertilizers through its National Project on Development and Use of Biofertilizers.
Microorganisms as Biofertilizer defines biofertilizers as preparations containing living microorganisms that help crop plants uptake nutrients through interactions in the rhizosphere. They are cost-effective and can supplement chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Main types include N2 fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, P-solubilizing bacteria, and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Biofertilizers increase crop yields, improve soil health, and provide nutrients without pollution. They are especially effective in semi-arid conditions and farmers can produce inoculums themselves.
This document discusses integrated nutrient management (INM) in agriculture. It provides data on nutrient deficiencies in Indian soils and crop production and nutrient demand projections. It discusses components of INM including chemical fertilizers, organic manures, biofertilizers, green manures, and crop residues. It outlines the principles, objectives, and benefits of INM in maintaining soil productivity and ensuring sustainable agriculture.
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plant growth but is often limited in soils. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria can aid in making phosphorus more available to plants. They release organic acids and phosphatases that solubilize insoluble phosphate compounds in soil into plant-available forms. This process allows plants to better acquire phosphorus for growth and reproduction. These bacteria are found in soil and can be selected for use as biofertilizers to enhance phosphorus availability and promote plant growth.
Till 1997-98 strong correlation is found between Fertilizer consumption and food grains production
After 1997-98, this relationship distorted
Most of States are experiencing increase in fertilizer consumption with slower pace of crop productivity
Some states witness consumption of fertilizer picking up without any conspicuous gain on agricultural crop productivity
Chemical and Microbial Reactions Occurring during VermicompostingYogeshIJTSRD
Vermicomposting is a unique process that occurs in earthworms gut to convert organic wastes into organic fertilizer or vermicompost by using joint action of earthworms and microorganisms. Organic wastes used were the mixture of spent mushrooms waste, coconut husks, cow dung, vegetables residue, and leaf litter. Locally available earthworms are also used for vermicomposting but their mode of feeding is very slow and the earthworm which lives below the soil is also not suitable for vermicompost production. The Red worms Eisenia foetida and African earthworm Eudrillus engenae are promising worms used for vermicompost production. All the two worms can be mixed together for vermicompost production. In the composting process, egg shells flour and fish meal are added into the vermicompost as additives materials. The results indicate that the combined vermicomposting and composting process with addition the additives materials improves the chemical composition of vermicompost compared to using vermicomposting process alone. The percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium in vermicompost was found to increase while C N ratio, pH and total organic carbon declined as a function of the vermicomposting. Dr. Atul Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kamlesh Rawat "Chemical and Microbial Reactions Occurring during Vermicomposting" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45029.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/45029/chemical-and-microbial-reactions-occurring-during-vermicomposting/dr-atul-kumar-sharma
Importance of microorganisms in nutrient managementsanthiya kvs
The document discusses the important role of soil microorganisms in nutrient management and cycling. It explains that microbes are actively involved in decomposing organic matter, producing humus, and increasing the availability of nutrients like phosphorus. Certain microbes also support plant growth by producing vitamins, hormones, and stimulating natural defenses against pathogens. Microorganisms are key players in soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles through processes like nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and mineralization. The document also discusses different types of biofertilizers containing beneficial microbes.
This document discusses plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their ability to solubilize inorganic phosphate. Some key points:
- PGPR are bacteria that live in the rhizosphere and provide benefits to plants. An important function is solubilizing insoluble phosphate minerals making phosphorus available for plant uptake.
- Common insoluble phosphates include tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. Bacteria secrete organic acids like lactic acid and acetic acid to solubilize these minerals.
- Successful phosphate solubilizing bacteria include species from Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Rhizobium genera. Screening methods involve checking for clearing zones
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamicsKarthekaThirumugam1
Secondary and micronutrients forms,availability and dynamics with factors affecting availability, chelation illustrations, appropriate pictures and cycles for all nutrients.
Role of biochar to counteract degradation in acid soils ExternalEvents
Ms Mora-Lamilla Sofía, University of La Salle, National Learning Service (SENA), Colombia. Global Symposium on Soil Erosion (GSER19), 15 - 17 May 2019 at FAO HQ.
Microbial diversity of vermicompost and vermieashJayvir Solanki
Microbial diversity of vermicompost and vermiwash and their significance in agriculture. The document discusses the microbial communities found in vermicompost and vermiwash, which are produced through the breakdown of organic matter by earthworms and microbes. It provides details on the various bacteria and fungi identified in vermicompost systems using different earthworm species and feedstocks. These microbes play important roles in the decomposition process and produce enzymes and metabolites that improve soil and plant health. Tables show the physicochemical properties and microbial diversity found in vermicompost and vermiwash, which contribute significantly to agriculture by enhancing soil fertility and plant growth.
Balanced fertilizer use refers to application of essential plant nutrients in optimum quantities and in right proportional through appropriate method and time of application suited for a specific crop and agronomic situation.
Aims of Balanced Fertilization:
a) Increasing crop yield,
b) Improving quality of the produce ,
c) Increasing farm income,
d) Correction of inherent soil nutrient deficiencies and toxicities
e) Maintaining or improving lasting soil fertility,.
f) Reduces environmental hazards
Phosphate Solubilising bacteria - Mass cultivationsiva ni
This document discusses the mass production of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) as biofertilizers. It outlines that PSB solubilize insoluble phosphate in soil through organic acid production. Common organic acids produced by PSB include gluconic acid, 2-ketogluconic acid, and mixtures of lactic, isovaleric, isobutyric and acetic acids. The document describes methods for isolating, screening, and mass producing PSB using proper media, carriers like peat and compost, and fermentation. Carriers are chosen based on high organic matter content, moisture holding capacity, and low soluble salt levels.
Biofertilizers are microorganisms that help plants grow by increasing the availability of nutrients in soil. They include nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and Azotobacter, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi, and mycorrhizal fungi. Biofertilizers improve soil health, increase crop yields by 20-30%, and promote plant growth through the production of hormones, without leaving harmful residues like chemical fertilizers. They work by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilizing insoluble phosphorus and other nutrients, and aiding nutrient uptake through the formation of symbiotic relationships with plant roots.
This document discusses organic matter decomposition in soil. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the decomposition process, factors affecting it, microorganisms involved, and plant nutrient cycles. It then covers properties of soil, the major microorganism groups in soil, essential plant nutrients and their sources in soil, and the basic plant nutrient cycle. Finally, it discusses decomposition of organic matter in depth, including the decomposers, the three processes of decomposition, and factors like temperature, moisture, pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratios that influence the rate of decomposition.
Soil Fertility Monitoring For Sustainable Crop Production1Ppravin Yadav
The document discusses two minor projects related to soil salinity and fertility.
1) The first project aims to study the effect of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans bacteria on soil salinity. It is hypothesized that the bacteria will produce acid and lower pH to reclaim saline soil. A pot experiment will test various treatments on wheat growth and yield.
2) The second project will assess soil fertility under intensive cropping. It will study the effect of integrated nutrient management practices on soil and crop properties. A field experiment compares treatments on ladyfinger, french peas and maize. The goal is to maintain long-term soil productivity and quality.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are microorganisms that help plants grow by increasing nutrient availability. It describes how biofertilizers fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and produce plant hormones. Specific microorganisms are identified for their roles in nitrogen fixation (rhizobia, cyanobacteria, azospirillum), phosphorus solubilization (pseudomonas, bacillus), and plant growth promotion (pseudomonas). The document concludes that biofertilizers improve soil health and crop yields in a sustainable way without residual effects like chemical fertilizers.
Different media are used to culture microorganisms and sterile technique is required to prevent contamination. Media and lab materials must be sterilized before use through autoclaving or pressure cooking. Microbes can be cultured in liquid tubes, solid slant tubes, or petri plates. Serial dilutions and plate counts are then used to estimate microbial populations from samples.
This document provides an overview of phytochrome, a photoreceptor pigment found in plants. It discusses the key points of phytochrome including its two forms (Pr and Pfr), its role in photomorphogenesis, discovery, biosynthesis, functions in processes like photoperiodism, and relationship to the circadian clock. The document also briefly mentions other plant photoreceptors like cryptochrome and their roles in light detection and responses. It provides definitions and explanations of technical terms in clear language.
Micro- organisms transform organic matter into plant nutrients that are assimilated by plants. Soil organisms represent a large fraction of global terrestrial .
Micro- organisms transform organic matter into plant nutrients that are assimilated by plants. Soil organisms represent a large fraction of global terrestrial .
Micro- organisms transform organic matter into plant nutrients that are assimilated by plants. Soil organisms represent a large fraction of global terrestrial .
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
phtochrome
1. Name of Speaker : Jayvirsinh P. Solanki
Degree : M. Sc. Agri. (Agril. Microbiology)
Major Advisor : Dr. R. V. Vyas
Minor Advisor : Dr. S. N. Shah
Course No. : MICRO. 591
Reg. No. : 04-2917-2016
Date : 19/10/2017
Time : 3:30 p.m.
Microbes role for nutrient mobilization,
transformation and in fertilizer use efficiency
4. The fertility of the soil depends
upon
Quantitative nature of the
microorganisms
Organic matter content
Nature of microbial products which
bind the soil particle together
Humus content
4
5. Mobilization
• Basic mechanism through which microbes promote nutrients
bioavailability includes nutrient fixation, mobilization and
transformation
• Nutrient mobilization is the process of making nutrients
movable or capable of moving by the physiochemical or
biochemical ways
• Microbes play a very important role in nutrient mobilization
through the biochemical actions like release of organic
acids, proton extrusion and lowering pH
• Bacterial, fungal inocula and organic amendments can
mobilize nutrient reserves
5
7. Phosphorus Mobilization
• Microbes play a fundamental role in mobilizing organic, native or
inherited P that unavailable for plants
• The total P acquired by plants through bacteria and fungus (75%)
• Biochemical processes operating in the rhizosphere determine the
mobilization and acquisition of soil nutrients
• Wide variety of bacteria, fungi and endophytes solubilize insoluble P
through the production of organic acids, a feature which is genetically
controlled
• Such type of inocula are termed as P-mobilizing microbes, as these
inocula do not only solubilize P, but they also mobilize its organic form
through mineralization and facilitate the translocation of phosphate
7
8. P mobilization mechanism & Microorganisms
Organic P
mobilization
Direct way
Lowering pH
Hydrolyze
organic P
Indirect way
Release of
CO2
Release of
Protons
Bacillus Beijernckia Burkholderia Enterobacter Flavobacterium Microbacterium
Pseudomons
Mesorhizobium
cicero
Mesorhizobium
mediterraneum
Aspergillus Penicillium
8
9. • K is present in very small amount ranging from 0.04 to 3.00%
• Despite of being in limited amount, 98% of this K is bound within the
Phyllosilicates structures
• The remaining 2% exists in soil solution or on exchange sites to become
available for the plants
• Hence, soil fertility is decreased due to low availability of this nutrient
• Many microorganism in the soil are able to solubilize unavailable forms of K-
bearing minerals, such as micas, feldspar, illite and orthoclases by
excreting organic acids which either directly dissolves rock K or chelate
silicon ions to bring the K into solution
K mobilization
9
12. Fe mobilization
• Iron is the fourth most abundant element available on earth and predominantly exits in nature in
ferric (Fe3+) form
• It is sparingly soluble, therefore not readily available for plant
• Iron limitation is a problem for plants on as much as 30% worldwide
• Iron tends to form insoluble complexes in aerobic soils of neutral to basic pH
• In soil ferrous (Fe2+) is oxidized to ferric (Fe3+) thereby forming insoluble compounds and leaving
a very low amount of iron for plant assimilation
• Some strains of bacteria synthesize low molecular mass proteins known as siderophores
• Siderophores have high affinity to chelate and solubilize iron from mineral or organic compounds
• Generally siderophores have high affinity to form complexes with ferric (Fe3+) uptake of the
complexes by the cell membrane of both gram positive and negative bacteria reduces ferric (Fe3+) –
ferrous (Fe2+)
12
13. Siderophore producing bacteria for iron chelation
Bradyrhizobium
japonicum
Rhizobium
leguminosarum
Sinorhizobium
meliloti
Pseudomonas
Enterobacter
genera
Bacillus
rhodococcus
13
14. Zinc mobilization
• Zinc is required in relatively small concentration although
prevalence of Zn deficiency in crop is due to low solubility of Zn
rather than low Zn availability
• 50% of Indian soils are Zinc deficient
• Solubility of Zn decrease with
Increase in pH
High organic matter
Bicarbonate content
High magnesium to calcium ratio
High availability of P and Fe
14
15. • The Zinc applied to agriculture fields as Zinc sulphate (Soluble) get converted to
different insoluble forms like:
Zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH)2] at high soil pH,
Zinc Carbonate [ZnCo3 ] in calcium rich alkali soils,
Zinc phosphate [Zn3(PO4)2] in near neutral to alkali soil with large application of
P fertilizers and
Zinc sulfide [ZnS] under reducing conditions particularly during flooding
• The soluble form of Zn fertilizers applied to the fields become readily insoluble forms
that cannot be assimilated by plants which leads to the Zn deficiency in crops
• The microbes solubilize the Zn by lowering the pH by gluconic acid and indole acetic
acid production
• Example:
Acinetobacter sp. Burkholderia sp.
15
16. Sulphur mobilization
• In agricultural soil, most of the Sulphur (>95%) is present as
sulphate esters or as carbon bounded Sulphur rather than inorganic
Sulphur
• The two major form of organo-S, Sulphur-esters and sulfonates are
not directly available to plants which rely upon microbes in soil and
rhizosphere for organo- S mobilization
• Different Sulphur forms are interconverted and immobilized Sulphur
is mineralized to yield plant available inorganic Sulphur
• Organic form of Sulphur is metabolized by soil microorganism to
make it available for plant in an inorganic form like mineralization,
immobilization, oxidation and reduction
16
27. Fertilizer use efficiency (FUE)
• Its an estimate of the productivity per unit of nutrient uptake or loss
• It depends upon the ability of efficient uptake, transport, storage,
mobilization, usage within the plant and even on the environment of
nutrient from the soil
• The FUE/NUE is an important ecological measure as it integrates a
variety of physiological processes in how nutrients taken up by plants
are generally used for the production of biomass
27
28. Table 2. Current status of nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of agricultural ecosystem
Nutrients Nutrient use efficiency
(NUE%)
Nitrogen (N) 30-50
Phosphorus (P) 10-20
Potassium (K) 70-80
Sulphur (S) 8-12
Zinc (Zn) 2-5
Iron (Fe) 1-2
Copper (Cu) 1-2
Manganese (Mn) 1-2
28
29. Why fertilizer use efficiency is important …???
• Improving FUE is an important goal to harvest better crop yield on sustained
basis
• Overall the nutrient use efficiency by crop plant is ~50% under all agro-
ecological conditions
• Hence, large part of the applied nutrients is lost in the soil-plant system
• To check the nutrient loss and their adverse effect due to excess usage and
diminish the cost in crop production
• To minimize the pollution hazard due to increasing use of chemical fertilizer
29
30. Integrated Nutrient Supply for FUE
ONLY
SOIL
NUTRIENT
SOIL
NUTRIENTS
+
ORGANIC
MANURES
SOIL
NUTRIENTS
+
ORGANIC
MANURES+
CHEMICAL
FERTILISERS
SOIL
NUTRIENTS+
ORGANIC
MANURES+
CHEMICAL
FERTILISERS+
BIO
FERTILISER
YEILD
BENEFITS :
• MAXIMUM PRODUCTIVITY
• ECONOMIC CULTIVATION
• SUSTAINED SOIL FERTILITY
30
40. Fig. 3 Effect of AMF and KMB on cured leaf yield of tobacco (P = 0.05)
40
41. Treatment
No.
Treatment Nicotine(%) Reducing sugar(%)
1 NPK 1.45 20.37
2 Absolute control 0.95 6.81
3 AMF+NPK 1.52 21.46
4 AMF alone 0.93 14.51
5 KMB + NPK 1.48 21.32
6 KMB alone 1.01 18.45
7 KMB + AMF + NPK 1.72 22.90
8 KMB + AMF 1.13 17.22
CD at 5% 0.17 1.07
Table 10 . Effect of AMF and KMB on the quality parameters of FCV tobacco leaf
41
42. Table 11. The interactive effects of N chemical fertilizer and bio-fertilizer on the nutrient content of rice grain
Treatment
no.
Chemical N
fertilization
Microbial
inoculation
N (%) P (%) Fe (%) Zn (mg kg-1) NUE (%)
1 N1 M 1.81 c 0.68 c 23.77 b 29.26 abc 0.71
2 N1 H 1.85 bc 0.61 d 35.66 a 35.02 a 0.73
3 N1 C 1.71 d 0.39 e 14.22 c 11.22 d 0.67
4 N2 M 1.83 c 0.76 ab 21.88 c 31.48 ab 0.96
5 N2 H 2.01 a 0.81 a 17.88 c 35.38 a 1.04
6 N2 C 1.70 d 0.38 e 22.88 d 10.77 d 0.89
7 N3 M 1.80 c 0.70 bc 21.77 b 27.60 bc 1.38
8 N3 H 1.91 b 0.68 c 26.11 b 24.76 c 1.46
9 N3 C 1.40 e 0.38 e 6 d 7.66 d 1.07
Case 4: Rice nutrient management using mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic
Herbaspirilum seropedicae
Iran Hoseinzad et al., 2016
P = 0.05, M = Mycorrhizal fungi, H = Herbaspirilium seropedicae, C = control,
NUE = Nutrient use efficiency
42
43. Table 12. The interactive effects of P fertilizer and bio-fertilizer on soil and plant nutrient content
Treatmen
t no.
Chemical P
fertilization
Microbial
inoculation
Straw P
(%)
Straw Fe (mg
Kg-1)
Soil K (mg kg-1) Soil Fe (mg kg-1)
1 P1 M 0.52 d 21 c 228 ab 237.30 bc
2 P1 H 0.67 c 20 c 227 bc 246.38 ab
3 P1 C 0.38 e 21 c 228 ab 214.96 d
4 P2 M 0.77 b 33 a 229 ab 235.27c
5 P2 H 0.77 b 14 d 206 c 232.80 c
6 P2 C 0.42 e 9 e 230 a 215.08 d
7 P3 M 0.86 a 34 a 228 ab 253.84 a
8 P3 H 0.66 c 30 b 228 ab 229.72 c
9 P3 C 0.36 e 8 e 280 ab 213.90 d
43
Values in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different at P = 0.05
44. Figure 4. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on plants
phenological parameter stems height, root length,
root area, root diameter and root nodule.
Observations are also compared with bulk ZnO
nanoparticles
Figure 5. Effect of ZnO particles (bulk and
nano) on p-mobilizing enzymes (acid P, alkaline
P, phytase) and soil microbial population
indicator enzyme (dehydrogenase)
Raliya et al., 2016
St. Louis, USA
Case 5: Enhancing the mobilization of native phosphorus in mung bean rhizosphere using ZnO
nanoparticles synthesized by soil fungi
44
45. Figure 6. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on plant P uptake
from rhizosphere in mung bean plant
Figure 8. Accumulation of metal
ion in leaf, stem, root and seeds:
ICP-MS analyses of ZnO particles
(bulk and nano) treated plants
Figure 7. Influence of bulk and synthesized ZnO
nanoparticles on chlorophyll and protein content in the
leaves of mung bean
45
46. Table 13. Effect of inoculated KMB strains in available soil potash at different incubation period
Treatment
no.
Treatments
Incubation periods (Days) Mean
30 60 90 120 150
Available Potash (mg/kg of soil)
1 Control 90 90 90 91 90 90
2 TKMB 3 100 124 127 125 124 120
3 TKMB 6 101 124 128 125 125 121
4 TKMB 8 93 111 115 113 113 109
5 TKMB 11 118 122 128 127 127 124
Mean 125.58 142.50 164.92 145.17 144.92
S. Em 1.281
For comparing
two
at 5%
Strains 1.13
Time 0.90
Strain × Time 2.54
Bhattacharya et al., 2016
Jorhat, India
Case 6: Isolation of potash mobilizing microorganisms in tea soil and evaluation of
their efficiency in potash nutrition in tea
46
57. The microbes play a vital role in nutrient mobilization, transformation
and fertilizer use efficiency are evident by many case studies, without
them or their activities stated for different natural biological
processes and the crop growth remains low
Microbial inoculant’s actions in rhizosphere directly helps for the
nutrient accessibility viz. N, P, K, S, Fe, Zn etc. in soil by taking part in
nutrient dynamics and ultimately to achieve the important goal of
agriculture to harvest better crop yield and to keep soil healthy and
living for a long run in sustained manner
Conclusion
57
58. Need for search of newer native microbes which have better
mobilization, transformation activity which can save
chemical fertilizer and increase fertilizer use efficiency
Search for novel multifunctional native microbial
community
Molecular approaches for microbial strain improvement for
greatest mobilization and transformation activity
Future prospects
58