This document discusses phonetics, which is the study of human speech sounds. It covers articulatory phonetics, which examines how speech sounds are produced by the vocal organs. The vocal organs and their anatomy are described. The three main types of airstream mechanisms are pulmonic, glottalic, and velaric. Consonant sounds are classified based on their manner of articulation such as stops, fricatives, and nasals. Vowel sounds are described based on features like height, backness, rounding, and diphthongs. The International Phonetic Alphabet is introduced to transcribe speech sounds.

1. Phonetics:Study of
Individual Sounds

2. Overview
O Phonetics
O Articulatory Phonetics
O Vocal Organs
O International Phonetic Alphabet
O Consonants and Vowels
O Diphthongs and Triphthongs

3. What is Phonetics?
O Study of human speech as a physical
phenomenon
1. Articulation
2. Acoustics

4. Articulatory Phonetics
O Study of how speech sounds are
produced by human vocal apparatus
1. Anatomy of Vocal Organs
2. Air Stream Mechanism
3. Voicing
4. Articulation

5. Anatomy of Vocal Organs

6. Air-stream Mechanisms
1.Pulmonic
2.Glottic
3.Velaric

7. Pulmonic Sounds
 Air flow is directed outwards the oral
cavity
 Pressure built by compression of lungs

8. Glottalic Sounds
O There are two types of Glottalic Airstream
Mechanism
O Glottalic Egressive Airstream
O Glottalic Ingressive Airstream

9. Glottalic Egressive Sounds
O Air flow is directed outwards towards the
oral cavity
O Pressure built by pushing up closed glottis
O Glottalic egressive sound [k]
O These sounds are also called EJECTIVES

10. Glottalic Ingressive Sounds
O Air flow is directed inwards from the oral
cavity
O Pressure reduced by pulling down closed
glottis
O Sindhi is an example of a language with
implosives

11. Velaric Sounds
O This is the
mechanism used to
make click!!
O Air flow is directed
inwards from the
oral cavity
O Pressure reduced
by forming velaric
and alveolar closure
and pulling down
tongue

12. Articulatory Phonetics
 Anatomy of Vocal Organs
 Air Stream Mechanism
 Voicing
 Articulation

13. Voicing
Voicelessness p s
Voice b z
Aspirated [ph]
Breathy Voice [bh]

14. Articulation
O Manners of Articulation
O Places of Articulation

15. Consonants-Manners of
Articulation
Stop t p
Fricative s f
Affricate ʧ dʒ
Approximant r j
Nasal n m
Lateral l
Trill B

16. Stops
O Stops are sounds /p/palm /t/tight /k/key
produced as the /b/ball /d/dry /g/girl
airflow in oral cavity
is bocked
compressed and
then released.

17. FRICATIVES
O They are sounds that
experience some
kind of friction either
against lips,teeth or
tongue as they leave
the oral cavity.
/f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /h/
Fight Than Sleep Shark Hakan
ks
/v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/
Very This zoo viSİon

18. Affricates
O They appear to be /ʧ/ /dʒ/
matCH Judge
more complicated
than others since
they involve both
blocking as well as
friction.

19. NASAL
O Nasals resemble /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Mother Night thiNG
plosives,except that
there is a complete
closure in the
mouth,but as the
velum is lowered
the air can escape
through the nasal
cavity.

20. LATERAL
O Consonant /l/is /l/ Low
produced with the
tip of the tongue
touching the
alveolar ridge
blocking the airflow
while slides of the
tongue are down to
let the air escape
over the slides of
tongue.

21. APPROXIMANTS
O Are sounds where /w/ /r/ /j/
Water Rain Yes
the tongue only
approaches the roof
of the mouth,so that
there is not enough
obstruction to
create any friction.

22. Places of Articulation

23. Consonants-Places of
Articulation
Bilabial p b
Labio-dental f v
Inter-dental ð θ
Alveolar t d
Palato-Alveolar dʒ ʧ
Palatal j
Velar k g
Glottal h

24. BILABIAL
O Sounds are /p/ Pay /b/ Bye /m/ May
produced when the
lips are brought
together

25. LABIO-DENTAL
O These occur with /f/Flight /v/ Value
the involvement of
lower lip and upper
teeth.

26. INTERDENTAL
O Sounds are /θ/ /ð/
THree THe
articulated with the
coorperation of
upper and lower
teeth.

27. ALVEOLAR
O Sounds are made
by raising the tip of
the tongue towards /t/ Trip /d/ Do
the ridge that is /s/ Sue /z/ Zoo
right behind the
/n/Nook /l/ Look
upper front
teeth,called alveolar
ridge

28. PALATO-ALVEOLAR
O Sounds are made
by raising the blade /ʃ/preSSure /ʒ/pleaSUre
of the tongue /ʧ/batCH /dʒ/baDGe
towards the part of /r/ Run
the palate just behid
the aveolar ridge.

29. PALATAL
O Sound is very /j/ Yellow
similar to palato-
alveolar ones,they
are just produced
further back
towards the velum.

30. VELAR
O Sounds are /k/ King /g/ Green
produced as the /w/ Wife /ŋ/ kiNG
back of tongue
touches velar,an
area between the
palate and the soft
palate.

31. GLOTTAL
O Sound is produced /h/ Hole
at the very back of
the mouth.

32. Consonantal Sounds

33. Vowel-Features
O Low/High
O Back/Front
O Round
O Diphthongs/Triphthongs

34. IPA VOWELS CHART

35. DIPHTONGS and
TRIPHTONGS
O Diphtongs are produced as a result of a
gliding movement of tongue from one
location to another in mouth.
O The difference between diphtongs and
long vowels,however,is that the former
contains two different vowels while the
latter involves the lengthening of the
original vowel
O Triphtongs:A combination of three vowel
sounds in a single syllable,forming a
simple or compound sound.

36. DIPHTONGS/TRIPHTONGS
/aʊ̯ə̯/ /aɪ̯ə̯/ /uə̯u̯/ /ɔɪ̯ə̯/ /u̯ai̯/
hour higher school loir Urugu
ay

37. ACOUSTICS
PHONETICS
 Examines the physical properties of
speech sounds as well as the physical
conditions through which sounds
travel.

38. Periodic Sine Wave
O Period: Time to complete one cycle (sec)
O Frequency: Number of cycles per
seconds(Hertz)
O Amplitude: Maximum displacement of a
periodic wave (dB)

39. Spectrogram
O Spectrogram is used to
identify phonetic sounds.
O The most common
format is a graph wtih
two geometric
dimensions:the
horizontal axis
represents time,the
vertical axis is frequency.
O A spectrogram produced
by a spectrograph
illustrates a time-
frequency-ampitude
presentation of a sound
signal.