This is the 8th class in a semester-long course on Phonetics for students in Communication Disorders.

1. Phonetics ~ Class 8
CD 233
Lavoie

2. Today’s learning goals
Develop ways to talk about articulation
Experiment with vowel production
Match nasals with their articulation
Explore consonant articulation
Admire the design of consonant chart

3. Turn and talk re: HW
Introduce your imaginary neighbor to the
person sitting next to you
Explain how you described the process
of producing voice to the neighbor
What neighbor characteristics did you
take into consideration when you
created the description?

4. Your experience with articulation
Have you ever been instructed on how
to articulate something?
Have you ever tried to instruct someone
on how to articulate something?
How successful were you?

5. What frame of reference?
Or what plane of reference
Anatomical planes let you know the
point of view and make appropriate
comparisons
Also, how many dimensions?

6. Potatoes!

7. Guys in cylinders

8. Transfer to cats

10. Planes through a woman

12. Movies of articulation
Watch the velum moving up and down
Try to tie it mentally to nasal or oral sounds
X-ray movie again
 http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/transcription
%20exercises/moviepage.htm
MRI - five frames per second
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTOhDqhCKQs

13. Test your memory for vowels
In your notebook, draw out the vowel
system of English as you remember it
If this is difficult, you should review your
notes from earlier in the semester

14. Very schematic V quadrilateral

15. Vowel articulation
Tongue height: high/low dimension
Tongue advancement: front/back
Lip configuration: spread/rounded
These factors can identify each vowel

16. Experimenting with vowels
Start with high front; glide to low front
Start with high back; glide to low back
Do you hear specific breaks between
vowels or do they melt together?
Are the steps equal? Front and back?
What if you round front vowels?

17. Vowel quadrilateral
General chart that roughly corresponds
to articulation:
Tongue height and
Tongue advancement (front/back)
Bounded by point or corner vowels
Charts occur with varying degrees of
stylization

18. Degrees of stylization – the T map

19. Vowel chart situated in mouth

22. Very useful vowel chart
A

23. Monophthongs and diphthongs
Sound symbol = phthong in Greek
One sound = monophthong
Same quality throughout the vowel
Two sounds = diphthong
 One quality at the beginning: another at the end
 But really it’s a gliding thing – a motion or trajectory
rather than two static endpoints

24. Getting a feel for tongue shape
Using x-ray tracings, we’ll articulate
vowels and pairs of vowels to try to feel
the tongue shapes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=BH4D9g6D5kY (ultrasound 5 vowels)

25. How can vowels vary?
Substitution
Omission – drop the vowel,
Distortion – centralization,
monophthongize, diphthongize
Addition – add another vowel, onglide,
offglide

26. Diphthong articulation
Swampier
Place finger on tongue while
pronouncing to detect movement
Say our three phonemic diphthongs
Then compare our phonetic diphthongs
Which symbols for each part?

27. Canadian raising
“aboot”
It’s the parts of the diphthong
http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Canadian/ca
nphon3.html#diphthongs
http://www.yorku.ca/twainweb/troberts/raisi
ng.html

28. Back to nasals for consonants
Hum these nasal consonants
m, n, ng
What can you feel going on?

29. Which nasal is this?

30. How about this nasal?

31. Consonant articulation
Experiment with some consonants
As you make p, f, theta, t, g, h, s, esh, r, l
 What’s moving?
 What’s staying put?
 Is there any contact between articulators?
 Where is the contact?
 How big is the contact?
 Is the air stopped or just constricted?

32. Descriptors of a consonant
Manner
Place
Voicing
Nasality

33. Places of articulation
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
How about in other
languages?

34. Manners of articulation
Stop
Fricative
Affricate
Liquid
Glide
How about in other languages?

35. The genius of the chart
Much like the periodic table of the elements
 http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/fundamental
s/periodictable/section2.rhtml
The consonant chart has rhyme and reason
Columns basically represent place of
articulation
Rows basically represent manner of
articulation

36. IPA consonant chart

37. Watch cinegradiographs
Cineradiographs of musicians
http://blog.davidhthomas.net/2011/08/x-ray-video-
of-dancing-tongue-in-clarinetists-mouth-
not-what-you-expect/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=tpOwuAMqFTA
What information does this provide?

38. Problems with the filter, I
Articulatory undershoot – not reaching
appropriate targets for each segment
Vowels are centralized; not distinct enough
Dysarthric speakers have reduced V space
Reduced V space when recovering from head
injury
Deaf speakers have reduced vowel space

39. Problems with the filter, II
Can’t achieve precise tongue placement
(dysarthrias)
Consonant closures wrong place (kids,
deaf)
Inadequate stop closures (Broca’s, MS,
PD)

40. Recall voicing, nasal tests
Voicing
 Hand on throat
Nasality
 Pinch nose lightly

41. Consonant articulation
We have been exploring articulation so
you can figure things out on your own
http://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/E
005bi-OrgansArt.htm

43. Interpreting sagittal sections
The “small articulation heads”
What sound is being articulated?
Voicing (look at glottis)
Nasality (look at position of velum)
Place (look at where articulators approach)
Manner (look at how close the articulators
are)

44. Limitations of mid-sagittal plane
Mid-sagittal does not show pattern of
tongue contact on palate
Palatography (static, dynamic) shows:
Tongue to palate (linguopalatal) contact
Palate to tongue (palatolingual) contact

45. Static palatography
Information from UCLA if needed
because photos too dark
http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/faci
lities/physiology/static_pal_new/webpal.
htm
http://www2.hawaii.edu/~vanderso/LDC.
pdf

46. Capturing palate images

47. Palatography yields …
Palatogram Linguagram

48. Static palatography
 The charcoal method works for a single sound
 Imagine and draw the contact pattern of the tongue on
the palate for a few consonants, such as t, s, sh, g, l, r

49. Dynamic palatography
 You really want to know the pattern of contact over
time!
 But the charcoal method would just make a big black
mess and obscure individual contact
 That’s where EPG – electropalatography – comes in
 Uses a pseudopalate (like a retainer)

50. Pseudopalate and digital display

51. /t/ /k/

52. Clinical uses (Michi et al 1986)
Dynamic palatography generates visual
display of constantly changing tongue to
palate contact over time, using an
artificial palate plate covered with
electrodes
The display of contact helps clinician
guide client’s sound formation

53. Pamela’s /s/ (groove width)
Pre-treatment Post-treatment

54. Pamela’s /r/ (symmetry)
Pre-treatment Post-treatment

55. Cool flying 3D palates
 From the UCLA Phonetics Lab (section III)
 We can look at change of contact during phrases
 http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/facilities/physiolo
gy/epg.html

56. Silly comparison

57. Consonant articulation
Descriptors of a consonant
Manner
 Stop, Fricative, Affricate, Liquid, Glide
Place
 Bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar,
palatal, velar, glottal
Voicing (voiced or voiceless)
Nasality (nasal or oral)