This document discusses phonemes and allophones, the basic units of sound in language. It provides examples of different phonemes in English like /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, and others. It also describes allophones, which are sounds that are perceptually different but do not distinguish words. The document outlines the four main aspects of pronunciation: 1) voicing, 2) position of the velum, 3) place of articulation, and 4) manner of articulation. It provides detailed explanations and examples for each category of sounds according to these four aspects.

1. Mg. Docencia

2.  Phonemes:
Sound differences
that distinguish
words.
/ /ǝ  elephant
/ /⋀  bug
/ð/ that
/η/ sing
 Allophones:
Sounds that are
perceptly different
but do not
distinguish words.
Ph 
The allophone in initial
position, which is often heavily as
aspirated or accompanied by
rush of air, as in pat.
P 
The allophone of /p/
following an initial /s/, which is
not aspirated, as in spin
Po 
The allophone of /p/ in final
position, in which the lips remain
closed and the /p/ is unreleased,
as in cup

3. Linguists and
teachers often use
a set of special
symbols commonly
referred to as a
phonemic
alphabet.
•Cat -- /k/
•City -- /s/
•Ocean -- /∫/
•Cello -- /t ∫ /

5. Voiceless sounds:
The vocal cords are at rest ans the air goes out freely without
causing vibration.
/f/ female geographic laugh
/p/ pace support mop
/t/ tin atomic riot
/k/ kidney mechanic seek
// thank ether bath
/s/ seafood rice maps
/∫/ shame ashes wash
/t ∫/ cherry matching catch
The vocal cords are closed so the colum of air is blocked. In this
position of the vocal cords the glottal /h/ is pronounced.
/H/ hut, hypocrisy, hide, hippo, hint
seahorse, tallahasse, behavior, misbehave, cohesion
1. VOICING
6
7

6. Voiced sounds:
The vocal cords are then, touch each
and the airs goes out causing them to
vibrate.
/b/ bury ribbon mob
/d/ dig Adam morbid
/g/ goat disgusting smog
/v/ vile rival brave
/z/ zipper raise peas
/ /ʒ leisure beige
/d /ʒ jail major garage
/ð/ thy either bathe
8

7. NASAL ARTICULATION ORAL ARTICULATION
2. THE POSITION OF THE VELUM
/m/ main, demand, seem
/n/ nest, deny, sin
/ŋ/ singer, bang
/p, t, k, b, d, g, s, z, f, v, ∫, , ð,
t ∫ , d /ʒ
9 10

8. Place of articulation Examples
Bilabial using closing movement of both lips. /p, b, m/ as in pain, describe,
main (11, 12,13)
Alveolar produced with the tongue tip on or near the
tooth ridge
/ d, t, n, l/ as in to, do, so, zoo,
new, and light (14,15,16)
Labio – dental using the lower lip and the upper teeth. /f, v/ as in rifle, value
(18,19)
Dental the tongue tip i sused either between the teeth
or close to the upper teeth.
/ð , / as in thick, then (20,21)ɵ
Palato-alveolar the blade (or tip) of tongue is used just
behind the alveolar ridge
/s, z/ as in seal, zeal (22, 23)
Palatal the front of the tongue is raised close to the
palate
/∫, t∫, , d /as in chow,ʒ ʒ
Jim,show, beige. (24, 25,26,27 )
Retroflex the trip of the tongue curls back to touch or
nearmy the hard plate
/r/ as in rye (28)
Velar the back of the tongue is used againts the soft
palate
/k, g, ŋ/ as in kite, go, and
bang (29,30,31)
3. PLACE OR POINT OF ARTICULATION

9. Manner of articulation Voiceless Voiced
Stop when the airstream is blocked or stopped
completely before its realease, we refere to the
resulting explosion of sound as stop (or plosive)
/p,t,k/ /b,d,g/
(2.29,
2.30,2.31)
Fricative when two vocal organs come close enough
together for the movement of air between them to be
heard
/f/, / /,/s/,/∫/ɵ
(2.33,34,35,3
6,37)
/
v/,/ð/,/z/,
/ /ʒ
Affricate in two instances, sounds are a combination of
a stop and final a fricative. These two sounds, knows as
a affricates.
/t∫/
(2.32)
/d /ʒ
Nasal Another set of sounds is produced when air
passes through the nasal cavity, thi soccurs when the
oral passage is closed and the velum moves forward to
free th enasal cavity.
/m/, /n/, /ŋ/
(2.38,39,40)
Lateral or Liquid ia partial closure is made by the blade
of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. Air is able to
flow around the sides of the tounge
/l/
(2.41)
Approximant vocal organs come near to each other,
but not so close as to cause audible friction, (2.42,43,44)
/r/,/w/
4. MANNER OF ARTICULATION

10. •Arias. Luz D. (2009) Manual of English Pronuntiation.
Universidad Pedagógica Nacional
• Gerald. Kelly. (2000) How to teach pronuntiation. Longman.
•Teaching Pronuntiation. Cambriage