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Phonology.speech organs and articulation

Phonology is the study of sound systems in languages and the properties of those systems. It examines the contrasting sounds or phonemes that make a difference in meaning. There are seven main speech organs involved in articulation: the pharynx, velum/soft palate, hard palate, alveolar ridge, upper and lower teeth, and lips. Sounds are produced by manipulating air flow using different articulation methods like plosives, fricatives, affricates, laterals, and nasals. Voice is produced by vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx, and pitch is controlled by the larynx shape.

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TOPIC 3 PHONOLOGY: THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE Speech Organs And Articulations
Phonology The study of the sound systems of languages, and of the general properties displayed by these systems (the contrast in sound [phoneme] ) which make the difference within the language. The Lecturer©
Phonology vs Phonetics Phonology is concerned with the functional properties of speech sounds Phonetics is concerned with the physical aspects of speech sounds wikipedia©
SPEECH ORGANS AND ARTICULATION There are seven main articulators; 1. Pharynx 2. Velum/Soft Palate 3. Hard Palate 4. Alveolar Ridge 5. Upper Teeth 6. Lower Teeth 7. Lips
Manners of Articulation • Plosive / stop air flow momentarily halted, then /p/ /b/ /g/ released forcefully • Fricative friction is caused by a slight /f/ /z/ obstruction in the air stream • Affricate a mixture between plosive and /t / fricative; the air flow is first halted, then released with friction /d3/
Manners of Articulation • Lateral formed by the sides of the tongue /l/ making contact with the upper teeth • Post-alveolar or retroflex /r/ tongue bent upwards and backwards • Nasal /m/ /n/ /y/ air release through the nasal passage • Glides/Frictionless continuant /w/ /r/ /j/ no friction, but lasting sound
Voice production.. • organs of speech - in the mouth and throat. • air pushed out from the lungs through the larynx and epiglottis vibrates the vocal cords- • producing a continuous tone whose pitch can be changed by varying the shape of the larynx. • Consonants - modified by the tongue and lips, are formed when air is emitted suddenly or when it is cut off firmly. • Voice production occurs in the larynx.
• During breathing the vocal cords are held apart, but as speech commences, the cartilages of the larynx are drawn together by the action of muscles and a "chink" is created. • The tension of the vibrating cords, changed by the tilting of the cartilages, alters the pitch of the spoken sound. High notes are produced by the vibration of tight vocal cords and low notes are produced by vibrating loose cords. Chink - a small narrow crack or opening
Pharynx • Pharyngeal sound • A tube above the larynx. • Divided into two at the top; – the back of the mouth – the beginning of the way through the nasal cavity (above the mouth, behind the nose) • the symbol in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is ʕ The Lecturer© Wikipedia ©
Velum/Soft Palate • Velar consonant. • Often in speech, the velum is raised so that air cannot escape through the nose. • When the /k/ and the /g/ (velar consonants) sound is produced, the tongue is in contact with the lower side of the velum.
HardPalate Hard Palate • Roof of the mouth. • interaction between • TheRoof of the mouth. the tongue and the • The interaction between formation hard palate is essential in thethe tongue ofand the hard palate issound. in the /t/, /d/, /j/, and /ɟ/ essential formation of /t/, /d/ and /j/ sound.
Alveolar Ridge • Alveolar sound. • Between the top front teeth and the hard palate. • It’s surface is covered with little ridge. • The sound produced is called alveolar – /t/ and /d/
Teeth (Upper and Lower) • Most speakers have teeth to the sides of their mouth. • The back is almost to the soft palate. • The tongue is in contact for many speech sounds. • Dental sound; /t/, /d/, /n/, and /l/
Lips • Pressed together (bilabial) /p/ • Brought into contact with teeth (labiodentals) /f/, /v/ • Rounded /u/
Larynx (Adam’s apple) • A very complex and dependent articulators • The vibration of larynx can be detected while producing the sound /z/
Nose and Nasal Cavity • Nasal consonant /m/ and /n/
Jaws • Being called as articulators because of the movement of the jaws • Jaws not like other articulators – don’t make contact with other articulators.