1. Definition of referents and referring expression.
2. example of referents and referring expression
3. Extension and Intension
4. Some different kinds of referents
4.1 unique and non unique referents
4.2 concrete and abstract
4.3 countable and uncountable
5. Different ways of referring
5.1 Generic and non-generic reference
5.2 Specific and non-specific reference
5.3 Definite and indefinite reference
6. Deixis
7. Example of deixis
8. Anaphora
9. Shifts in ways of referring
10. referential ambiguity
References
Webb, S. (2007). Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: The effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research, 11, 63-81.
http://leoxicon.blogspot.com/2013/05/context-or-co-text.html
1. Definition of referents and referring expression.
2. example of referents and referring expression
3. Extension and Intension
4. Some different kinds of referents
4.1 unique and non unique referents
4.2 concrete and abstract
4.3 countable and uncountable
5. Different ways of referring
5.1 Generic and non-generic reference
5.2 Specific and non-specific reference
5.3 Definite and indefinite reference
6. Deixis
7. Example of deixis
8. Anaphora
9. Shifts in ways of referring
10. referential ambiguity
References
Webb, S. (2007). Learning word pairs and glossed sentences: The effects of a single context on vocabulary knowledge. Language Teaching Research, 11, 63-81.
http://leoxicon.blogspot.com/2013/05/context-or-co-text.html
English phonetics redouane boulguid ensa_safi_moroccoRednef68 Rednef68
This course on Phonology/Phonetics is prepared for students of engineering and conception of information systems [Professional B.A.] at National School of Applied Sciences, Safi - School-Year 2014/2015 . References wil be included in the next part [final] of the course.
ETL705 Week 6Semantics and the LexiconKey topics inBetseyCalderon89
ETL705 Week 6:
Semantics and the Lexicon
Key topics in Semantics
Sense and reference
Literal meaning
Figurative meaning
Lexical Semantics
Speech acts
Gricean maxims
Reference
presupposition
Sense and reference
Sense and reference, as we may simply say, are the two sides of a coin.
Reference (Denotation) is the person, the object, or anything that we are talking about and has a reference in the outside world.
Sense (Meaning) is related to the meaning, and the way the person or the object is referred to.
Activity
Identify the sense and reference of the word ‘unicorn’.
Literal vs. figurative meaning
The meaning that we draw ordinarily is called the literal meaning. The word ‘needle’ is literally defined as ‘a sharp instrument’. The non-literal meaning of ‘pain’ is not included in its dictionary definition. This is the connotative meaning that we get from ‘needle’. The denotation of the word refers (see reference in the previous slide) to the actual needle whereas the connotation, as one type of figurative meaning, is used for the sense (see sense in the previous slide).
Figurative meaning or figurative language is used for different purposes; e.g., for exaggeration, for analogy, and for metaphors, among other things. In literature it is often known as figure of speech.
Metaphors
The sentence ‘He is the apple of my eye’ – doesn’t refer to any kind of fruit; there is, of course, no real apple in a person's eye. The "apple" is someone beloved and held dear.
When we hear this statement, we interpret it metaphorically, that is, we go beyond the literal meaning.
Other examples:
a bubbly personality
feeling blue
a rollercoaster of emotions
it’s raining men
Since our daily use of language is full of metaphors, it is sometimes hard to draw a fine distinction between the literal and the metaphoric meaning. For this reason, some linguists prefer to consider them cognitively and not linguistically.
Activity
Think of 3 metaphors in English (or another language) and discuss
Metonymy
Metonymy is another kind of figure of speech which connotes habituality or association.
e.g.
‘The pen is mightier than the sword’
What about these?
The Crown
The White House
Dish
Ears
A hand
Australia
The semantics of homophony=homonymy
Homonyms:
When two words have the same spelling and pronunciation, but different meanings
I went to the bank (by the river or to withdraw some cash?).
This is an interesting case
Activity
Provide 2 homonyms.
(If the spelling is different but the sound is the same, e.g sea and see, they are homophones)
The semantics of polysemy
Polysemy (adj polysemous):
When a word has several meanings, such as the word ‘run’.
Compare:
He runs.
The paint runs.
The engine runs.
He has a runny nose.
The grass runs for a mile.
He runs this business.
The semantics of hyponymy
The word ‘gum’ or ‘gum tree’ is one kind of tree. The general word ‘tree’ is superordinate or hyponymous to the word ‘gum tree’.
Different t ...
It is my PPt about Semantics and Pragmatics; it only ver basic information about it, but hopefully it will be useful for your educational process or useful as your reading resources. You can contact me if you have a suggestion, critique, or maybe we can discuss this topic further.
Reference and Denotation
Connotation
Sense Relations
Lexical and Grammatical Meanings
Reference
Reference is the relation between a language expression such as this door, both doors, the dog, another dog and whatever the expression pertains to in a particular situation of language use, including what a speaker many imagine.
Reference is the way speakers and hearers use an expression successfully.
Example :
My son is in the beech tree.
Referent:person Referent:things
Note :
Referent of a part of language : things or people exist in the world even something or someone that not exist but we believe they are available.
Kind of Reference
The English Expression (Part of Language)
Thing/Person (Part of world)
Triangle of meaning by Ogden and Richards
Denotation
Denotation is the straight forward or common – sense meaning of a sign. Literally what is actually shown in an image .
Example :
A red rose is a flower – that is its straight forward meaning or denotation.
An apple is a fruit we eat.
Connotation
Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word.
Kinds of connotation :
Flavor or positive connotation : words that make people feel good.
Unfavorable or negative connotation : words that provoke a negative emotional response.
Neutral connotation : not good or bad ; indifferent ; used when the author doesn’t want to show strong emotions either way.
Sense Relations
Sense Relation is a paradigmatic relation between words or predicates
Kinds of Sense Relations
SYNONYM
Synonym is a word that means exactly the same as or very nearly the same as, another world in the same language
ANTONYM
Antonym is a word which has opposite meaning.
POLYSEMY
Polysemi is a word that has many meaning, but it includes a central groove
HYPONYM
Hyponym is a word whose meaning is summarized in a broader sense
LEXICAL & GRAMMATICAL MEANING
Lexical (derivational morphology) studies word formation which produces new words. It changes part of speech and meaning.
Grammatical (inflection morphology) studies word formation related to grammar. It does not change part of speech and meaning, but give signal grammatical information
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
3. What is semantics?
Semantics is the study of meaning. It is a wide subject within the general study of
language.
(how language users acquire a sense of meaning, as speakers and writers, listeners and
readers) and of language change (how meanings alter over time .
4. Symbol and referent
Conceptions of meaning
Words and lexemes
Denotation, connotation, implication
Pragmatics
Ambiguity
Metaphor, simile and symbol
Semantic fields
Synonym, antonym and hyponym
5. The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted,
clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased.
Collocation, fixed expression and idiom
Semantic change and etymology
Polysemy
Homonymy, homophones and homographs
Lexicology and lexicography
Thesauruses, libraries and Web portals
Epistemology
6. This is usually a single word, but may be a phrase in which the meaning
belongs to the whole rather than its parts, as in verb phrases tune in, turn
on, drop out or noun phrase (a) cock up.
Referential or denotative meaning
Referential meaning is primary while connotative meaning is secondary.
Theory of meaning, based on the first, is the theory of abstraction or referential theory,
also called the theory of signification.
This theory recognises the following three components of meaning:-
(1) the sound form or the linguistic sign,
(2) the concept underlying the form, and
(3) the actual referent, that part of the extra linguistic world
7. Connotative meaning is the communicative value which an expression has by virtue of what
it refers to.
EXP:
1. kill, murder, assassinate,
2. eat, partake, peck, wolf, devour,
3. Hindi marnaa, svargavaasii honaa, eN bolnaa,
4. khaanaa, liilnaa, bhakosnaa,
5. Bengali svaamii, bhaataar.
In the above sets of the words, we find that all the words of each set have some common
semantic features, which give their basic or denotative meaning.
8. It is colorless and neutral. kill means simply causing death, whereas in murder there are
some additional or supplementary features which determine its meaning.
In the same way partake, peck, wolf, devour have some additional features. These
additional features add some extra meaning to the basic denotative meanings.
9. These features are called connotation and the meanings based on them the connotative
meaning or connotation component of meaning.
We are connotations added to words? when a speaker feels that the denotation meaning
would not be enough to produce some desired additional effects like irony, joke, humor,
euphemism and respect etc. he adds connotations to the words.
10. The connotation component of meaning related to the emotive or expressive
notion of the speaker or to stylistic values.
Introduced into the language by individuals.
Become socialized and become the part of the language.
Originating with figurative extensions they are gradually transferred and are
stabilized in the language.
We may take the Oriya word maharii used for female attendants in temples.
Originally meaning 'the female member of Mahar Caste' and the 'female
servant of the god' the word now means something like a 'keep' .
11. Stylistic differences also come under connotations.
When we compare the word pitaa 'father' paapaa
we find that the former is stylistically neutral, whereas the latter is colloquial.
A similar distinction can be made between friend and chum. The connotations include
the following variations of language
12. Slangs, professionalisms, jargonisms, vulgarisms, dialectal
words, neologisms, formal, peotic, baby language etc.
The connotative meaning is vary significant for a lexicographer.
When he analyses the semantic structure of individual lexical units, especially the
polysemous ones, he has to distinguish between the denotative and connotative
meanings for fixing the arrangement of meanings.
13. SENTENCE INTERPRETATION TYPE OF MEANING
John kicked John hit the bucket Compositional Meaning
the bucket. with his leg.
John died.(idiomaic Non-Compositional Meaning
meaning)
The sentence pabucu dama atıldı includes such an example in Turkish.We know it
includes the meaning ‘He has fallen out of favor’ but not the origin of that
meaning.
14. Idiomatic meaning for a Turkish idiom
SENTENCE INTERPRETATION TYPE OF MEANING
His shoes were thrown out Compositional Meaning
Pabucu dama atıldı. onto his shop roof.
He is forbidden to work in Original Meaning
shoe business.
He has fallen out of Non-Compositional Meaning
favor.(idiomatic meaning)
Collocational Meaning
You shall know a word by the company it keeps.
15. 1. Buxom lass attractive woman
2. Blond hair fair (yellow)hair
3. Cascading water wave-like dropping of water
4. Glooomy weather depressing weather
5. Vested interest secure possession
6. Fancy dress unusual costume
What do all these phrases have in common?
The obvious answer is that they are used in combination or
arrangement pretty frequently.
15
16. There is a saying in Turkish:’ Leb demeden, leblebiyi anlamak’. Now ,let us take a test:when
someone begins with the Turkish word zifiri…,can you predict the next word?Yes, it is
karanlık qualifies for a true collocation.
DIFFERENCES IN ENGLISH TURKISH
COLLOCATIONS
water water
soup soup
DRINK
x cigarette
x oath
İnterpret İnterpret(a dream)
DREAM (a dream)
I had a dream about I saw you in my
you. dream.
17. As the study of meaning of the linguistics expressions,semantics is
conveniently divided into two:
Sentential Semantics
Lexical Semantics
18. Meaning Inclusion Entailment
SENTENTIAL SEMANTICS Meaning Equation Ambiguity
paraphrase
S Inconsistency Contradiction
E Meaning Inclusion Hyphonymy
M
A Meaning polysemy
N Relations
Meaning Extension Metonymy
T
Metaphor
I
C Meaning Equation Synonymy
S LEXICAL Ambiguity
SEMANTICS Lexical Relations Inconsistency Antonymy
Anomaly
19. Paraphrasing
Entailment
Ambiguity and
contradiction
20. Paraphrasing at the sentence level is much more complicated.The
commonest ones in structural change include:
Active-passive transformation Paraphrased Entailed
Inversion
It-clefts
Wh-clefts
Non-referential’there’
Fronting Utterance
Paraphrase
Paraphrase and entailment
21. Entyailment refers to the recognition of the shared,presupposed knowledge.All
Utterances are based on certain entailments.
ACTUAL UTTERANCE ENTAILED KNOWLEDGE
How’s school going? I know you study at a school.
Did you quit smoking? I know you were smoking
I’m not going to speak of my My political opponent has
political opponent’s blunders. blunders.
22. Existence of ‘ambiguity’ in natural languages.
They hated the shooting of the ‘They hated the hunters who did
hunters. the shooting’
‘They hated the fact that the
hunters were shot.’
Lexical semantics
Studies meaning of words
Divided into two:Meaning Relations and Lexical Relations
23. Meaning Relations is about the interaction of meanings within and across lexical items
in the vocab.
Meaning Inclusion
Meaning Extension
Meaning Equation
Meaning Inclusion:Polysemy,Entailment and Hyphonmy.
24. Polysemy and Homonymy
Polysemy
1. Directly related with metaphor
2. Common in languages
3. Multiple related meanings on the basis of analogy,similarity
Head (n) a)’Part of human body’
b)’President of an institution’
c)’Go’(v) where are you heading?
25. It involves two or more lexical items
Having same shape either in the form of pronunciation or spelling
Club(n) a)Society of persons
b)Heavy stick,baton
c)A kind of playing card
A:Do you believe in clubs for young people?
B:Only when kindness fails,my friend!
26. Have the same pronunciation but different spelling.
Threw/through /θru:/
I/eye /aı/
Homographs
Have the same spelling but different pronunciation.Compare:
Wind in the sense of blowing./wınd/
Wind in the sense of bendind./waınd/
27. The meaning of one includes the meaning of the other word.
The word that includes is called a ‘superordinate’ while the one that is included in the
meaning of the superordinate is called a ‘hyponym’.
SUPERORDINATE SPEAK
Hyponyms Shout,tell,say,utter,pronounce,murmur,mutter,whisper,grumple,
mumble
SUPERORDINATE WRITE
Hyponyms Inscribe,red,pink,orange,green,y
ellow,blue,purple,white.
28. SUPERORDINATE COLOR
Hyponyms Black,red,pink,orange,yellow,blue,purple,white.
Metaphor
It ıncludes two major subsections:metaphor and metonymy.
The sole purpose of linguistic communaication (metaphor)
Express the word in a creative way that based on perceptual,functional or physical
resemblances.
29. It is a semantic relationship that holds between two words in terms of part
whole,content-container,symbol-represented.connections.
Can you light up the stove?
What is to be lit is not the stove,but the contents of the stove.
Meaning Equation
Synonymy
Extremely useful tool for people not to sound too repetitive as well as to be understood
when the listener is not familiar with the word.
To consist of
To comprise
To be composed of
30. FREEDOM LIBERTY STATUS
Freedom of speech Liberty of speech Synonymous
*Civil freedoms Civil liberties Not synonymous
*At freedom At liberty Not synonymous
Synonymy through collocations ‘Car’
CAR AUTOMOBILE STATUS
Car mechanic *Automobile mechanic Not synonymous
Car wash *Automobile wash Not synonymous
Car show Automobile show Synonymous
31. A word,phrase or sentence that has more than one meaning is said to be ‘ambiguous’.
Where are the glasses? (‘seeing glasses’ vs. window glasses’)
Inconsistency
Antonymy
A relationship of oppositeness
Richxpoor
32. What’s odd in the following?
My cat wishes to study linguistics for a change.
COMPONENTIAL ANALYSIS
EXAMPLES HUMAN ADULT
Study (+) (+)
Cat (-) (+)
BURCU KESİKOĞLU
100908016
SİNAN DERİNOĞLU
100908033
