![Fortis vs lenis plosives
• Fortis plosives are strongly aspirated in initial (stressed)
positions
Eg. [pʰen] [tʰʌn] [kʰæn] [pəˈtʰeɪtəʊ]
• Fortis plosives are weakly aspirated in unstressed and final
position.
Eg. [pʰɒt] [təˈmɒrəʊ]
• /l, r, w, j/ are devoiced when following fortis plosives
Eg. [pl̥eɪ] [kr̥ɑɪ] [tw̥ɪn]
• Lenis plosives are voiced only when they are between voiced
sounds
Eg. [b̥ʊk] [d̥ɒg̊] [ˈhɑːdə]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/consonants-150513140751-lva1-app6891/85/Consonants-46-320.jpg)
![Fortis vs. lenis fricatives
• Friction noise of fortis fricatives is louder
• Lenis fricatives are voiced between voiced
sounds
Eg. [lɑɪv̥] [briːð̥] [z̥uː] [ˈmeʒə]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/consonants-150513140751-lva1-app6891/85/Consonants-47-320.jpg)
![Fortis vs. lenis affricates
• Lenis affricates are voiced between voiced
sounds.
Eg. [lɑːdʒ̊] [lɑːdʒə] [dʒ̊ɒb̥]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/consonants-150513140751-lva1-app6891/85/Consonants-48-320.jpg)
Uploaded bySunny River
Consonants
This document discusses consonant classification in English. It describes consonants in terms of place and manner of articulation, as well as voicing. It explains the different place categories such as bilabial, alveolar, velar. It also explains the different manners of articulation including plosives, fricatives, nasals, approximants, and affricates. The document further discusses the distinction between fortis and lenis consonants in terms of voicing, aspiration, and effects on surrounding sounds.
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Consonants
- 1.
- 3. LECTURE 2 • Howare consonants described & classified in terms of: –Place of articulation –Manner of articulation –Voicing
- 4. ENGLISH CONSONANTS –CRITERIA IN DESCRIBING • Do the vocal cords vibrate or not? – Voiced/Voiceless • Is the soft palate raised or lowered? – Oral/Nasal • At what point or points & between what speech organs does the closure or narrowing take place? – Place of articulation • What is the type of closure or narrowing at the point of articulation? – Manner of articulation
- 5. Place of articulationthe point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract Bilabial consonants Labio-dental consonants Dental consonants Alveolar consonants Post/palato alveolar consonants Palatal consonants Velar consonants Glottal consonants
- 6. Alveolar ridge Backof alveolar ridge Glottis Hard palate Lower lip Lower lip Soft palate Tongue back Tongue blade Tongue blade Tongue front Tongue tip Upper lip Upper teeth Upper teeth Vocal cords
- 7. Place of articulationthe point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract Bilabial consonants Labio-dental consonants Dental consonants Alveolar consonants Post/palato alveolar consonants Palatal consonants Velar consonants Glottal consonants Upper lip Lower lip Lower lip Upper teeth Tongue tip Upper teeth Tongue blade Alveolar ridge Glottis Vocal cordsTongue blade Back of alveolar ridge Tongue front Hard palate Tongue back Soft palate
- 8. Bilabial consonants Upper lip+ lower lip /p//b//m/ /w/
- 9.
- 10.
- 11. Labio-dental consonants /f/ /v/ Lowerlip (active) + upper teeth (passive)
- 12.
- 13. Dental consonants Upper teeth(passive) + tongue tip (active) /θ//δ/
- 14.
- 15. Alveolar consonants Alveolar ridge(passive) + tongue blade (tip +blade) (active) /t//d//n//z//s//l/
- 16.
- 17.
- 18.
- 19. Post/Palato-alveolar consonants Tongue bladeor tip & blade + back of alveolar ridge +raising of tongue front towards hard palate /ʃ//ʒ//ʧ//ʤ//r/
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23. Palatal consonant Hard palate+ tongue front /j/
- 24. Velar consonants Soft palate+ tongue back /ŋ//k//g/
- 25.
- 26. Glottal consonant the glottis,vocal cords
- 27. Name Articulators Examples BilabialUpper lip + lower lip Labio-dental Lower lip + upper teeth Dental Upper teeth + tongue tip Alveolar Alveolar ridge + tongue blade (tip +blade) Post/Palato- alveolar Tongue blade or tip & blade + alveolar ridge +raising of tongue front towards hard palate Palatal Hard palate + tongue front Velar Soft palate + tongue back Glottal Glottis, vocal cords CONSONANT CLASSIFICATION: PLACE OF ARTICULATION /p//b//m/ /w/ /f/ /v/ /θ//δ/ /t//d//n//z//s//l/ /ʃ//ʒ//ʧ//ʤ//r / /j/ /ŋ//k//g/ /h/
- 28. MANNER OF ARTICULATION TYPEOF CLOSURE MADE BY THE ARTICULATORS Nasal consonants Plosives/stops Fricatives Affricates Lateral consonant Approximants
- 29. Nasal consonants Nasal consonantsare created when you completely block air flow through your mouth (by lowering the soft palate and let the air pass through your nose. + /m/ two lips (bilabial) + /n/ tongue blade against the alveolar ridge (alveolar). + /ŋ/ - the back of your tongue against the soft palate (velar).
- 30. Plosives/stop consonants • stopconsonants occur when the vocal tract is closed completely, the air quickly builds up pressure behind the articulators and then releases in a burst (plosion) • /p/ /b/ oral passage is blocked by closing the lips (bilabial). • /t/ /d/ - oral passage is blocked by pressing the tongue blade against the alveolar ridge (alveolar) • /k/ /g/- block airflow with the back of the tongue against the soft palate (velar).
- 31. 4 phases ofproduction of stops • Closure phase: the articulators move to form the stricture (obstruction) • Hold phase: the compressed air is stopped from escaping • release phase: the articulators are moved to allow air to escape • Post-release phase
- 32. Fricative consonants • fricativesounds involve only a partial blockage of the vocal tract so that air has to be forced through a narrow channel, making a hissing sound • Fricatives are continuant consonants • /f/ /v/ - air is forced through the upper teeth and lower lip (labiodental) • /θ/ /ð/ air is forced through upper teeth and tongue (dental) • /s/ /z/ - air is forced through tongue and alveolar ridge (alveolar) • /ʃ/ /ʒ/ - air is forced through the tongue and point just beyond alveolar ridge (post-alveolar) • /h/ - air passes through the glottis (glottal), between the vocal cords
- 33. Affricates • The Affricateconsonants start as stops with air building up behind an articulator which then ends as an fricative. • /tʃ/ /dʒ/ air is blocked with tongue just beyond the alveolar ridge (post-alveolar), then released as a fricative. Stops Fricatives AFFRICATES
- 34. Approximant • Approximants arecreated when two articulators come close together but not quite close enough to create air turbulence. • /w/ - back of tongue raises to velum (but not too close!) and lips are rounded (bilabial) (labio-velar) • /j/ - tongue front raises to hard palate (but not too close!) (palatal). • /r/ - tongue blade raises to hard palate (post-alveolar)
- 35. Lateral • Lateral consonantsare created when the tongue blocks the middle of your mouth so that air has to pass around the sides. There is one lateral consonant in English - /l/ - which is created when you place the tongue at the alveolar ridge.
- 36. Manner of articulation TypesFeatures Symbols Plosives (stop consonants) Complete closure, air pressure -> explosion Bilabial plosives: Alveolar plosives: Velar plosives: Fricatives (continuant consonants) Air escapes thru’ a small passage=> hissing sound (friction) Labio- dental fricatives: Dental fricatives Alveolar fricatives Palato- alveolar fricatives Glottal fricative Nasals Air escapes thru’ the nose Bilabial nasal Alveolar nasal Velar nasal /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /f/ /v/ /θ/ /δ/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /h/ /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
- 37. Manner of articulation TypesFeatures Symbols Affricates (Palato- alveolar affricates) Closure between tip, blade, rims of tongue & upper alveolar ridge & side teeth. Front of tongue raised towards hard palate in readiness for fricative release Friction is shorter than in fricatives. (Alveolar) Lateral Tip of tongue makes contact with upper teeth ridge. Air escapes on both sides of tongue on upper side teeth Approximant s Articulators approach each other but do not get sufficiently close to each other to produce a “complete” consonant such as plosive, nasal or fricative Post- Alveolar approximant Palatal approximant bilabial approximant /ʤ/ /ʧ/ /l/ /r/ /j/ /w/
- 38. ACCORDING TO VOICING 1.Voiced consonants: are produced when the vocal cords are vibrating. e.g. 2. Voiceless consonants: are produced when the vocal cords are not vibrating. e.g.
- 39. DESCRIBING ENGLISH CONSONANTS •The description includes the following information: a. Voicing b. Place of articulation c. Manner of articulation e.g. /s/: /n/: /f/: /t/: //: /j/: /g/:
- 40. IDENTIFYING ENGLISH CONSONANTS •A description in given and you have to identify which sound is being described. Voiced velar nasal: Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative: Voiced bilabial stop: Voiced labio-dental fricative: Voiced alveolar lateral: Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate: Voiced dental fricative:
- 43. Fortis and lenisconsonants plosives fricatives affricates fortis lenis
- 44. Fortis and lenisconsonants plosives fricatives affricates fortis p t k f s ʃ θ tʃ lenis b d g v z ʒ ð dʒ
- 45. Fortis vs. lenis Fortisconsonants • Voiceless • Slightly longer than lenis • shorten preceding vowels Eg. rɑɪs rɑɪt • Stronger than lenis Lenis consonants • Often voiced (but not always) • Slightly shorter than fortis • lengthen preceding vowels Eg. rɑɪz rɑɪd • Weaker than fortis
- 46. Fortis vs lenisplosives • Fortis plosives are strongly aspirated in initial (stressed) positions Eg. [pʰen] [tʰʌn] [kʰæn] [pəˈtʰeɪtəʊ] • Fortis plosives are weakly aspirated in unstressed and final position. Eg. [pʰɒt] [təˈmɒrəʊ] • /l, r, w, j/ are devoiced when following fortis plosives Eg. [pl̥eɪ] [kr̥ɑɪ] [tw̥ɪn] • Lenis plosives are voiced only when they are between voiced sounds Eg. [b̥ʊk] [d̥ɒg̊] [ˈhɑːdə]
- 47. Fortis vs. lenisfricatives • Friction noise of fortis fricatives is louder • Lenis fricatives are voiced between voiced sounds Eg. [lɑɪv̥] [briːð̥] [z̥uː] [ˈmeʒə]
- 48. Fortis vs. lenisaffricates • Lenis affricates are voiced between voiced sounds. Eg. [lɑːdʒ̊] [lɑːdʒə] [dʒ̊ɒb̥]