1) Pheromones are chemicals released by insects that affect the behavior or physiology of other insects of the same species. They can be used to monitor and control insect pest populations. 2) Pheromone traps baited with sex pheromones are effective for detecting and trapping target insect pests like cotton bollworms, fruit flies, and moths. 3) Field studies show that pheromone application in crops can reduce fruit damage from insects and increase yields by disrupting insect mating and aggregation behaviors.

2. PHEROMONE IN INSECT PEST
MANAGEMENT
Presented
by,
RAKESH KR.
MEENA
Dept. Of Agricultural Entomology,
College OF AGRICULTURE,
ALLAHABAD.

3. Out line Of seminar
Principle of behavioral control
Introduction
Classification
Pheromone traps
Mode of pheromone application
Advantages
Conclusion

4. PrinCiPle Of PHerOmOnal
COntrOl
Aim at studying the behavior
regulating chemicals and
exploiting them for insect pest
control.

5. Introduction
Pheromone
Is a chemical or mixture of chemical
released by an organism to outside
(environment) that cause specific reaction in
a receiving organisms in same species.
• Karlson and Butenandt coined the term
Pheromone ,1959.
• also called as ectoharmones.
• Pheromones – Exocrine in origin.
• -volatile in nature serving as chemical means
of communication.

6. Classification of Semoichemicals
K.P. Srivastava(2005)

7. SEX PHEROMONE
Represent diverse assemblage of
compounds.
Commonly released by females.
Out of 150 species, 100 species of
females and 50 species of male produces
pheromones.
Female sex pheromone is important
than male.
Ayyar T.V.R.(1963)

8. Insect Name of Pheromone Chemical structure
Bombyx mori Bombykol 10,12 Hexa-decadien 1-ol
Porthetria dispar Gyplure 1 Hexal-12-Hydroxy-3 Dodisenile acetate
Honey bee(Apis spp.) Queen substance 9.0x0-trans-2-Decenoic acid
Periplanata americana ---- 2,2 Dimethyl-3-iso propelidine cyclo proply propionate
Mad fly Singlure 2,3 secondary, Butyle 4 chloro 2 methyl hexane
Mad fly Trimedlure 2,3 Ter.Butyl.
Oriental fruit fly Methyl eugenol 1 Alil 1,2-Diemethoxy Benzene.
Carda cautella --- 9,12 tetra decadien 1- ol acetate
Pectinophora gossypiella --- 10-prophy-trans 5,9 tridecadien 1-ol-acetate
Porthetria dispar --- D-10-acetoxy-cis 7-hexa decen-1-ol.
CHemiCal struCture Of sex
PHerOmOnes

9. Insects producing alarm
pheromones
Hornet wasp Honey bees

10. Leaf cutting ants
( Atta texana )
Insects Producing
Trail Pheromone

11. Allelo-chemicals.
 ALLOMONES
Advantageous to the
releaser.
 EX-Defensive secretions
of insects
 KAIROMONES
 Advantageous to recipient.
 EX. Male sex pheromone in
bug.
 SYNOMONE
endocrine secretion of
hymenopterans frequently functions
simultaneously both as an allomone
and kairomone

12. PHerOmOne PrODuCinG
GlanDs
Ectodermal in origin.
pheromone appeared under the control
of harmone released by Corpora allata .
Open and release their products outside
called as “exocrine glands”.
Present in any part of body.
a) Galleria mellonella- wing pad
b) Almond moth – gland of third abdominal
segment.
c) Cockroach – tergal gland
Mayer (1992)

13. effeCtiVe DistenCe fOr
PHerOmOne aPPliCatiOn
Marked male moths were used.
They can call mate from hundred
feet
away.
Attracted to the tray baited with
female sex pheromone for a
distence as long as 2 miles in
Gypsy moth.
Lesser peach borer mates
attracted from 50 ft distance.
Jacobson(1989)

14. TIME OF RELEASE OF
PHEROMONE OF INSECT :
Depends upon weather and time
of day.
Grape beetle Lobasia botrana
release pheromone at evening.
Queen honey bee release the
pheromone continuously for male
honey bees 5-7 days.
Trichoplusia ni release 1 a.m. to 5
a.m.
Siddiqui(1989)

15. PHEROMONE RECEPTION
Three parts involved.
1) Exocrine glands.
2)Medium. (air or water)
3)Pheromone receptors.
Receptor should be
olfactory (smell), or
gustatory (taste).
Antenna often undergo a
marked sexual dimorphism.
Jacobson (1989)

16. Sexual dimorphism in antennae of Daneus sp. moth

19. PLASTIC MOTH TRAPPLASTIC MOTH TRAPFUNNEL TRAPFUNNEL TRAP
DELTA TRAPDELTA TRAP NOMATE TRAPNOMATE TRAP
DIFFERENT PHEROMONE
TRAPS

21. SEX PHEROMONES TRAPS TO
DETECT AND DESTROY COTTON
BOLLWORMS

22. To ensure the effectiveness of
pheromone traps..
• Ascertain the quality of lure.
• Ascertain the quality of pheromone.
• Install the trap at right time.
• Install the trap at straight stick/log.
• Take care of the polythene sleeve.
• Replace damaged sleeve and Maintain
proper distance between traps.
• Maintain proper height of the traps.
• Replace lure timely.

23. Percent
of Z,Z
isomer
Mean catches / week Mean
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
20 38.25 14.50 21.0 6.50 18.0 13.0 18.54
30 31.25 15.25 13.0 7.25 17.0 12.50 6.04
40 1.10 1.25 1.75 1.0 2.0 2.50 1.67
50 9.75 2.25 3.50 1.75 2.0 1.25 3.42
60 144.75 90.25 26.0 37.75 35.75 27.25 60.29
70 59.75 12.75 17.5 5.75 8.25 7.75 18.63
80 21.50 11.50 17.0 3.50 4.0 7.75 10.20
Mean 43.82 121.11 13.6 9.07 12.43 10.29 --
Table 1 : Response of male pink bollworm
moths to different ratios of Z, Z and Z,E
isomers of Gossyplure
Karuppuchamy and Balasubramanian

24. *Heliture Control
(Hexane)
*Spodolure Control
Mean
cumulative
visit
10.84 7.34 2.01 2.16
Mean
percentage
15.01 7.22 10.01 9.96
Table 2 : Response of T. chilons in a Y
shaped olfactometer
Padmavathi and Pual (1996)

25. Table 3 : Incidence Of bollworms and
yield in the experimental plot during
2004 at Raichur
Treatment Fruiting
bodies
damaged
(%)
Good open
bolls /
plant
Bad open
bolls /
plant
Yield
Q / ha
Kairomone
plot
21.34 22.12 8.20 22.44
Treated
control
plot
26.84 18.12 12.22 20.12
Untreated
control
plot
48.44 11.44 26.48 13.15
CD(P=0.05) 2.44 2.55 3.65 4.34
Bhaktvatslam N.et al. 2002

26. Table 4 : Incidence of sucking pests in
kairomone treatment during 2002 at
Dharwad
Treatment Aphids (No. / 7 plants) Leafhoppers (No. / 7 plants)
Pre-
treatment
After
first
spray
After
second
spray
Pre
Harvest
count
Pre-
treatment
After
first
spray
After
second
spray
Pre
harvest
count
Kairomone
plot
67.57 58.14 27.29 11.00 11.14 9.00 5.57 3.85
Treated
contro
l plot
68.71 45.29 42.43 28.14 9.85 7.43 6.71 5.85
Untreated
contro
l plot
67.00 72.86 81.86 130.29 10.43 10.8
5
11.57 12.43
Bhaktvatslam N.et al. (2002)

27. Period of observation No. of moth
catches/trap
Fruit damage%
1st week of Oct 0.00 0.00
2nd week of Oct 0.00 0.00
3rd week of Oct 0.00 0.00
4th week of Oct 0.00 0.00
1st week of Nov 1.00 4.55
2nd week of Nov 0.00 4.76
3rd week of Nov 2.00 3.80
4th week of Nov 2.00 3.30
1st week of Dec 1.00 4.76
2nd week of Dec 2.00 0.53
3rd week of Dec 0.00 1.41
4th week of Dec 2.00 3.23
Average 0.83 2.19
Table 5: Moths of L. orbonalis Catches in pheromone trap
and fruit damage in brinjal (2005-2006)
JAU, Junagadh Anonymous (2005)

28. Pheromone Trap to Trap adult of
Lymantria Spp

29. Treatment 1st
week 2nd
week 3rd
week 4th
wee
k
Mean
Yellow pan trap with
60% bait
118.50 1379.50 1261.0 728.50 1295.13
Black pan trap with 60%
bait
1215.0 1054.25 799.00 658.25 931.63
Red pan trap with 60%
bait
1385.25 948.0 699.50 533.00 833.94
Delta trap with 60% bait 271.00 276.75 290.25 266.0 276.19
Delta trap with 70% bait 265.25 239.0 245.75 177.75 231.94
Mean 989.75 779.50 653.10 472.70 --
Table 7 : Mean catches male pink bollworm moths in different
traps
Karuppuchamy and Balasubramanian (1990)

30. Pheromone Trap to Trap adult of
Dacus spp.

31. Table 8 : Showing the effect of age on the perception of sex
pheromone by the male D. obliqua
Age of males Attraction of males
Test Control
Average Percentage Average Percentage
0-9hrs 0 0 0 0
12hrs 1.4 35.0 0 0
18hrs 2.8 70.0 0 0
24hrs 3.1 77.5 0 0
2day 3.2 80.0 0 0
3day 2.7 67.5 0 0
4day 2.1 52.5 0 0
5day 1.9 47.5 0 0
6day 2.0 5.0 0 0
7day 1.7 42.5 0 0
8day 1.2 30.0 0 0
9day 0.7 17.5 0 0
Siddiqi (1988)

32. Table 9 : Showing the attraction of male D. obliqua towards the
female sex pheromone at different hours of clock
Time Attraction of males
Test Control
Average Percentage Average Percentage
7.0am 1.0 25.0 0 0
10.0am 0.0 0 0 0
1.0pm 0.0 0 0 0
4.0pm 0.0 0 0 0
7.0pm 0.0 0 0 0
10.0pm 0.0 0 0 0
1.0am 3.3 82.5 0 0
4.0am 3.0 75.5 0 0
Siddiqi (1988)

33. Table 10 : Catches of C. suppressalis and S. incertulas males
captured by water traps baited with each SM1-5 lure in 1998
Species No.of catehces per traps per week (mean)
SM1 SM2 SM3 SM4 SM5
Over-wintering
generation
C. Suppressalis 207.6 138.2 239.8 66.8 151.2
S. incertulas 21.8 19.8 13.2 9.6 9.4
Total 229.4 158.0 253.0 76.4 160.6
First
generation
C. Suppressalis 103.7 68.4 137.2 36.4 71.7
S. incertulas 25.8 28.4 22.9 13.8 14.5
Total 129 96.8 157 50.2 86.2
Su and Sheng, (2004)

34. Table 11 : The catches of C. Suppressalis and S. incertulas in
traps baited with 4 pheromone lures (CL, SM1, SM3, and SL)
during 1999-2001.
Test
year
Species No.of catehces per traps per week
CL SM1 SM3 SL
1999 C. Suppressalis 40.8 42.6 41.3 32.6
S. incertulas 74 10.6 12.5 11.6
Total 48.2 53.2 53.8 44.2
2000 C. Suppressalis 24.9 23.2 27.5 14.9
S. incertulas 23.8 38.1 34.9 37.5
Total 48.7 61.3 62.4 52.4
2001 C. Suppressalis 87.8 106.8 96.6 62.1
S. incertulas 13.4 19.1 20.8 19.8
Total 101.2 125.9 117.4 81.9
Su and Sheng, (2004)

35. ACTUAL PROPERTIES OF
PHEROMONE
• 10-20 Large number of carbon atoms.
• High molecular weight 180-300 Daltons.
(Narrow specificity and high potency
depends).
• Diffusibility decreases with increase in
molecular weight.
• Biological activity detected by field test, male
attraction and EAG.

36. Mode of Pheromone
Application
• A) Micro encapsulation method
• B) Hollow fiber method
• C) Pheromone baited traps
• D) Pheromone Dispensers
Michereff et al (2000)

37. Pheromone Dispenser for cotton
bollworm

38. MANAgEMENT
WITH
PHEROMONES

39. CONTROL WITH SEx
PHEROMONES.
Can be utilized by two ways :-
A) Population survey.
B)Behavioural manipulation.
a) Stimulation of normal approach
response.
b) Disruption of chemical
communication.
Yasuda (1999)

40. ManageMent With aggregate
PheroMone
 Used on insect to aggregate and attack wrong
host plant
 Logs infested with bark beetle ( Dendroctonus
spp. ) were tied to unsuitable host tree
 Attract to infesting insects.
 Attack on that and died with starvation

41. ManageMent With alarM
PheroMones
Aphids threatened by predators , releases alarm
pheromones and stop feeding then move away
by site
Aphids there wild behaviour escape may even
drop from plant so effective in acting
And alarm pheromone spread .

42. ManageMent With alarM
PheroMones
bean aphid green peach aphid

43. Species Trap
Types
Location Common
names
Pheromone
type
Wks. Spacing
Lasioderma
serricorne
NS, PP,
PC LL
Floor,
Shelf,
Cigarette
beetle
female sex 8 5-15m
Sitotroga
cerealella
NS, LL Floor,
Shelf
Angoumois
grain moth
female sex 8 5-15m
Trogoderma
granarium
NS, PP,
LL
Floor,
Shelf
Khapra
beetle
female sex 10 5 – 15 m
Rhyzopertha
dominica
NS, PC,
Cone
Shelf,
Eye
Level,
Grain
Lesser grain
borer
male
aggregation
8 5 – 15 m
Sitophilus
oryzae
PC, PP,
Cone,
Shelf,
Floor,
Grain
Rice weevil male
aggregation
4 2 – 5 m
Management of Store Grain Pests
Sharma and Kirti Sharma (1988)

44. PheroMone Products
(BY wefco Africa CO.)

45. Cost of Different Protection
Measures
Protection measures Cost of protection
(Rs./ha)
Insecticide application 1
Grannule + 2-3 spray
500-2000
Trichocard @ 2 lakh /ha
for 6 wks (Rs.
50/20000)
3000
Pheromone trap @ 20/ha
(Rs. 30-35/trap)
600-750
JAU, Junagadh Anonymous (2005)

46. ADVANTAGES
Minute quantity required.
Non pollutant and ecological acceptable.
Species specific.
Labour saving.
Easy monitoring of pest population.
Best suited in IPM.

47. Pheromone Used For
• Monitoring insect population.
• Control of urban pests.
• Monitor movement of exotic pests.
• Mass trapping of insects from breeding
and feeding potential.
• Disruption in mating of insect
population.

48. Conclusion
• Pheromones are eco-friendly and
economically based IPM.
• Greatest use as lure for moth to trap.
• Widely used for decision support usually
with threshold for interventions using broad
spectrum insecticide.
• Used effectively only at low population
density.
• Pheromones of all pests to be investigated
with greater efforts.
• New trapping system need to ensure lure
longevity and trap efficiency.