This document discusses Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies for vegetable gardens. IPM is a decision-making process that uses monitoring to determine when pest control is needed and employs cultural, physical, biological, and chemical tactics to keep pest populations low. The document outlines IPM principles including prevention, monitoring, identification, injury thresholds, and evaluation. It provides examples of cultural controls like companion planting and physical controls like handpicking pests. Biological controls discussed include Bacillus thuringiensis and beneficial insects. Chemical options include botanical and synthetic insecticides used as a last resort. Case studies on aphids and flea beetles demonstrate applying the IPM process.

1. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for Vegetablesby Weston MillerWeston Miller

2. Preview of PresentationIPM ProcessWeed ManagementIPM Case Studies

3. Integrated Pest ManagementA strategy to prevent and suppress pests with minimum impact on human health, the environment and non-target organisms.Decision-making process that uses regular monitoring to decide if and when treatments are needed to control a pest, then uses a variety of tactics to keep pest numbers low.

4. OSU’s IPM MissionEncourage sustainable gardeningIdentify and monitor before acting. Consider management optionsCultural (healthy plants; sanitation)Physical(hand picking)Biological (Bt)Chemical controls (organic or synthetic).Consider least toxic first!

5. Some ConsiderationsValue of plant ($ and personal)Time constraintsCost of treatmentToxicity of available controlsPersonal gardening philosophy

6. Management Principles of IPMPreventionMonitor the plantsIdentify the pest organism learn life cycleEstablish an acceptable injury levelManage the situationCulturalPhysicalBiologicalChemicalRecord and Evaluate

7. Cultural Control MethodsGrow healthy plants!

8. PreventionTake care of soilDrainageRight plant, right placeChoose adapted crops and varieties Resistant varieties

9. PreventionAvoid over watering or under watering veggies. Plan a watering scheduleIrrigate in the morningIrrigate soil, not plantsProvide air flow.

10. Attract Natural Enemieshttp://ippcweb.science.oregonstate.edu/Pocket_Guide_of_Natural_Enemies.pdf

11. Plant Many Companions

12. Plant to Attract BeneficialsMint familyMarigoldsAlyssumBroccoli familyCarrot familySunflower familyBuckwheatPhacelia

13. Physical Control MethodsAre you willing to squash aphids?

14. Handpicking Squash ‘em or put in soapy water

15. Row cover(Cornell University)

16. Water JetAphidsAphidsSpider mitesSpider mites

17. Biological and Chemical Control MethodsFor treatments that you buy:Look for targeted treatments instead of wide spectrum treatmentsMake sure crop and pest is listed on label

18. Biological Control MethodsBacillus thuringiensis or Bt

19. B.t. kurstaki and caterpillars

20. B.t. israelensis and fungus gnats

21. B.t. san diego and elm leaf beetle

22. B.t. israelensis and mosquitosDunk

23. Beauvaria bassiana

24. Spinosad

25. Chemical Methods of Insect Control: BotanicalsNeem (azadirachtin)

26. Rotenone

27. PyrethrinsDerived from botanical sourcesBiodegrade rapidlyWidely varying levels of toxicity

28. Botanical insecticide: NeemFrom seeds of the neem treeBroad spectrum against many pestsMust be ingested to be toxicLow mammalian toxicityMay require repeat applications

29. With all purchased control products, please, please:Buy only what you need

30. Read the product label

31. Understand the instructions

32. Follow safety precautions

33. Use common sense

34. Properly dispose of containerWeed ManagementConsistent weed control over five years or so can dramatically reduce the weed seed bank and the time needed to control weeds.

35. No Weed Solution

36. Weed ControlMany weeds are edibleDandelion, pigweed, purslane, chickweed, cress, mustard, lambs-quartersSun choke

37. Weed ControlHabitat for beneficials and pollinatorsParsley, aster, broccoli familiesLet several plants flower and not seed

38. Fodder for Compost

39. Don’t let invasives go to seed!Many weeds produce 1000 - 25,000 seeds/plant Some produce 100,000 or more (pigweed)Half-life of many common weeds is 2-8 yearshttp://njaes.rutgers.edu/images/photos/weeds/large/commonpigweed-full.jpg

40. Don’t bring in new weedsAvoid bringing new weeds to the garden in horse manure, compost, or strawHorse Manure must be hot composted. Request records.

41. Mechanical WeedingUse comfortable toolsBe diligentKill weeds when young (2-3 true leaves)More effective when warm, dry, and windyControl weeds early in crop growth – when they can compete most with crops

42. Mulching and Close spacing

43. Transplants Get a Head Start

44. Stale Seedbed MethodPlough or spadePrepare seedbedIrrigation or rain then wait 1-2 weeksLight cultivation (or otherwise kill weeds)Repeat if possiblePlant or sow seedGood for July seed planting

45. Mulch ConsiderationsPlastic mulchPurchasedisposal irrigationStraw mulchweed seedsirrigationnitrogen

46. Coping with Perennial WeedsMorning glory, quack grass, creeping buttercup, bent grass with rhizomes

47. Cover Crops

48. Are Your Veggies Sick?Photo: Lindsay DuToit

49. Most Plant ProblemsCaused by non-living factorsPoor growing conditionsTemperature extremesPoor water managementSoil compactionMechanical injuryAbiotic factors also make plants susceptible to pests / diseases.

50. Non-Living (Abiotic) CausesWeather: heat, cold, wind, waterMechanical damageNutrient deficiencies or toxicitiesToxins: pesticides, soil or air pollutantsFrom http://www.pioneer.co.nz/

51. Hail on my Kale

52. Extreme Deformities (B)Back to Basics: http://www.back-to-basics.net/nds/index.htm#

53. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/M1190.html

54. Living (Biotic) CausesVertebrate pestsInsects & mitesNematodesFungiBacteriaViruses

55. Your Thinking ProcessUnderstand problem (research!) Form tentative diagnosis (confirm)Identify management optionsImplement management practiceMonitor effects Record observations

56. PATTERNS OF DAMAGEIn the field and on the leafDamage that spreads is from a living cause, however, nutrient deficiency symptoms can worsen over timeUniform => NonlivingNonuniform => Living

57. Diagnosing Plant ProblemsSymptomChange in the plant, ie. yellowing, holes in leaves, wilting, dead tissue, etc.SignThe organism that’s causing the damage, ie. insect, mold, frass, etc.

58. Tomato- AbioticBlossom-end rotCa deficiency in fruit

59. Ensure adequate moisture especially on small fruit

60. Check soil Ca level amend with lime in fallSunscald

61. Damping Off DiseaseSoil temperatures too cold

62. Use sterile potting supplies

63. Buy disease resistant seeds

64. Wait!Slugs ‘N SnailsGray field slugSpotted garden slugReticulated SlugBrown Garden Snail

65. Slugs n’ SnailsWhat do they need to live?Encourage predatorsBirds, snakes, ground beetlesEliminate habitatBeer and board trapsChemical (baits)Iron phosphatemetaldahyde

66. Scissors

67. VertebratesSong BirdsViolet-green swallow

68. Common Garter Snake © David RosenToadPacific Chorus Frog © David Rosen

69. Domestic Ducks

70. Trapping Slugs and Snails

71. Slugs- Chemical Control(O) Iron phosphate (slower acting)Metaldehyde (danger)Toxic to pets

72. Copper Strips?

73. Diatomaceous EarthFor Slugs ‘n snailsRepeat applicationsEffective?

74. AphidsSigns and Symptoms?

75. Case Study- AphidsCabbage aphidsMonitor plantsIdentify pest and life cycleMultiple generations/ year,ParthenogenicHoneydew and sooty mold

76. Acceptable Injury LevelFor gardeners, tolerence will differ between individuals.