The presentation contains the description about various parts of morphology of the honey bee viz: head, type of mouthpart, abdomen including the legs and wings, and the abdomen.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
The presentation contains the description about various parts of morphology of the honey bee viz: head, type of mouthpart, abdomen including the legs and wings, and the abdomen.
Presentation (1) diseases and pest of silkworm.Dev Dixit
pest of silkworm : Uzifly, Dermestid beetle. diseases: Grasserie,flacherie, muscardine, pebrine . pests and diseases of mulberry tree plant: morus alba, morus indica etc.
silk worm is a holo metabolous insect four stages are there in its life cycle. 1. Egg 2. Larva ( 5 instars) 3. Pupa 4. Adult. rearing of silkworms is called sericulture. Moriculture is the science of mulberry cultivation to rear silk worms for silk production. Bombyx mori feed specifically on mulberry leaves, Different types of silk worms. There are five major types of silk of commercial importance, obtained from different species of silkworms which in turn feed on a number of food plants: Except mulberry, other varieties of silks are generally termed as non mulberry silks. India has the unique distinction of producing all these commercial varieties of silk. SILK WORM TYPES ARE:- 1. Mulberry silk worm. 2. Tasar silk worm. 3. Oak Tasar silk worm. 4. Eri silk worm. 5. Muga silk worm. silk gland is modified salivary gland produces silk, The silk of silkworms is secreted by a pair of labial gland, known as silk glands. The silk glands lie ventral to the alimentary canal. In full grown larvae, these occupy most of the body cavity. The silk glands are tubular in shape with different diameters in different regions. Each gland has 3 distinct regions
Beekeeping
- Beekeeping Defination
- History Of beekeeping
- Beekeeping in india
- What is bee hives?
- Commercial Methods of bee rearing
- What is an apiary?
- Beekeeping Equipments
- Seasonal Management Of Honey Bees
Sericulture is the silk producing agro-industry
India is the second largest silk producing country in the world after china.
Sericulture or silk farming is the rearing of silkworm for the production of silk
Silk is known as queen of textile and biosteel because of its strength
A Chinese tale of the discovery of the silkworm’s silk was by an ancient empress Lei Zu , the wife of the emperor.
She was drinking tea under tree, when a silk cocoon fell into her tea cup and the hot tea loosened the long strand of silk
As she it out, and started to wrap the silk thread around her flinger, she felt the warm sensation
When silk ran out, an larva appeared. She realized that it was this larva that produces the silk
Soon, she taught this to people and it became wide spread
In this PowerPoint, included a history of beekeeping, the economic importance of honeybees, and today's scenario of beekeeping. This PowerPoint may be informative to all the learners.
silk worm is a holo metabolous insect four stages are there in its life cycle. 1. Egg 2. Larva ( 5 instars) 3. Pupa 4. Adult. rearing of silkworms is called sericulture. Moriculture is the science of mulberry cultivation to rear silk worms for silk production. Bombyx mori feed specifically on mulberry leaves, Different types of silk worms. There are five major types of silk of commercial importance, obtained from different species of silkworms which in turn feed on a number of food plants: Except mulberry, other varieties of silks are generally termed as non mulberry silks. India has the unique distinction of producing all these commercial varieties of silk. SILK WORM TYPES ARE:- 1. Mulberry silk worm. 2. Tasar silk worm. 3. Oak Tasar silk worm. 4. Eri silk worm. 5. Muga silk worm. silk gland is modified salivary gland produces silk, The silk of silkworms is secreted by a pair of labial gland, known as silk glands. The silk glands lie ventral to the alimentary canal. In full grown larvae, these occupy most of the body cavity. The silk glands are tubular in shape with different diameters in different regions. Each gland has 3 distinct regions
Beekeeping
- Beekeeping Defination
- History Of beekeeping
- Beekeeping in india
- What is bee hives?
- Commercial Methods of bee rearing
- What is an apiary?
- Beekeeping Equipments
- Seasonal Management Of Honey Bees
Sericulture is the silk producing agro-industry
India is the second largest silk producing country in the world after china.
Sericulture or silk farming is the rearing of silkworm for the production of silk
Silk is known as queen of textile and biosteel because of its strength
A Chinese tale of the discovery of the silkworm’s silk was by an ancient empress Lei Zu , the wife of the emperor.
She was drinking tea under tree, when a silk cocoon fell into her tea cup and the hot tea loosened the long strand of silk
As she it out, and started to wrap the silk thread around her flinger, she felt the warm sensation
When silk ran out, an larva appeared. She realized that it was this larva that produces the silk
Soon, she taught this to people and it became wide spread
In this PowerPoint, included a history of beekeeping, the economic importance of honeybees, and today's scenario of beekeeping. This PowerPoint may be informative to all the learners.
In this PowerPoint presentation, you will learn about the disease of a honeybee. These slides are prepared up to points with a complete concept of the topic in a precise manner. hope you will be helpful with this.
Honey bees are affected in the Pests, disease, age of queen all affect colony health Fungi, viruses, protozoa, bacteria,
insects etc. Types of Diseases and Control measures are included. Parasites and diseases
Gram positive aerobic spore forming organisms, primarily a zoonotic disease responsible to cause deadliest infections in humans due to inhalation, ingestion of spores of these organisms present in dust, animal wool, or in dead animals. Causes Cutaneous, Pulmonary and Intestinal Anthrax.
Grow well on ordinary media. Detected by M'Fadyean's Reaction.
mortalidad delas abejas si el ácido oxálico se aplica en temporada de frío. Posiblemente esto se deba aque las abejas mojadas no resisten bien al frío nocturno. Por lo cual se debería aplicar solamente cuando la temperatura no este inferior a 10ºC en la noche. Por otra parte, investigadores europeos mencionan que el ácido oxálico tiende a reducir la duración de vida de las abejas de invierno Esto significa que en clima templado, si se aplica este producto en otoño, puede haber problemas de despoblación en la primavera siguiente. En México y la mayor parte de américa, no se presenta el invierno drástico de los climas templados. Según nuestra experiencia, nunca ha habido problemas consecutivos al manejo de este producto, por lo cual se puede usar en Los resultados han sido muy buenos, debido a que se hace el tratamiento en épocas de invierno, que es el momento justo en el que la reina no se encuentra poniendo huevos, debido a las bajas temperaturas. Con este tipo de tratamientos se asegura eliminar cerca de 99% de la población de Varroa.
En México el fenómeno de invernación de las colonias no se produce, ya que existe cría todo el año. Esta gran diferencia hace que el combate contra Varroa no sea solo de una vez al año sino que se tiene que tratar por lo menos dos veces al año.
cualquier temporada. Sin embargo, por la falta de información, recomendamos a los apicultores de clima templado (particularmente sur de Chile y Argentina) no aplicar el ácido oxálico en otoño, sino solo en primavera, cuando las abejas no necesitan vivir por un largo tiempo.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. ASSIGNMENT ON
SUBMITtED BY,
Rashmi Ranjan Moharana,
Adm. No.- 21B/10
SUBMITtED TO,
Dr. L. N. Mahapatra,
Dr. S. K. Nayak
Mr. U. K. Behera
(Dept. of Entomology)
2. TYPES OF DISEASES :
Protozoan -Nosema, Amoebic
Bacterial- American and
Europian Foul brood
Fungal -Chalk brood, Stone
brood
Viral -Thai sac brood, Acute
and Chronic bee paralysis
Diseases caused by Mites viz.
Acarosis (Tracheal mite) and
Varroasis (Varroa mite)
Disorder- Colony Collapse
Disorders (CCD)
4. ACAROSIS (The Honey Bee Tracheal Mite)
Also known as Acarine disease, Isle of
Wight ( because it was observed in Isle of
Wight in 1904).
CAUSAL AGENT- honey bee tracheal
mite, Acarapis woodi, a small parasitic
mite. It affects mostly the trachea and
body fluid.
Nature of damage:-
It infects worker, drone and queen honey
bees. mites live and reproduce in trachea.
They pierce the tracheal tube walls & feed
on the hemolymph of the bees.
feeding on blood & depositing their faeces
in the passage.
STAGE OF INFECTION:- adult
5. PLACE OF INFECTION: Trachea and body fluid
MANAGEMENT:-
Use of grease patties ( typically made from 1 part vegetable
shortenings mixed with 3-4 parts powdered sugar) placed
on top bars of the hive. Menthol allowed to vaporize from
crystal form or mixed into the grease patties.
Use of resistant hybrid bees known as Buckfast bee,
developed by Brother Adam at the Buckfast Abbey.
Cotton soaked in Methyl salcilate and placed under the hive
in flat perforated lid.
Destruction of affected colony.
Smoke fumigation with Chlorobenzilate
Time of Treatment: Spring and early summer
6. VARROASIS (The Varroa Mite)
CAUSAL AGENT: Asiatic varroa
mite, Varroa destructor.
Symptoms:
Varroa reproduce on honey bee
pupae and feed on bee hemolymph.
Varroa are also known to carry and
vector bee viruses that are
particularly damaging to the bees.
Varroa infestations can cause
irreversible damage to honey bees
that can lead to honey bee colony
losses.
STAGE OF INFECTION: Larval
7. PLACE OF INFECTION: Body and body fluid i.e.
haemolymph
MANAGEMENT:
Apivar: Apivar is effective against varroa mites, Apistan-resistant
varroa mites, and Checkmite+ resistant varroa
mites.
Using 65% formic acid
Mite Away Quick Strip (MAQS): MAQS is a 7-day, single
application mite control product registered for use against
varroa and tracheal mites.
Time of control: Spring and early summer
9. NOSEMOSIS (Nosema Disease)
CAUSAL AGENT: Nosema apis
and Nosema ceranae.
that infects the intestinal tract of
adult bees. It is a serious adult
disease.
SYMPTOMS:-
Bees become dysenteric with
distened abdomen with faeces,
shining and swollen abdomen.
Affected worker bees have
disjointed wings & are found
crawling near the hive entrance.
On dissection of the infested
bees, the mid intestine is seen
swollen & dull greyish-white in
colour as it is full of spores.
Many bees loose body hairs.
Hind gut is
inflamed
by protozoa
10. STAGE OF INFECTION: Adult
SITE OF INFECTION: Stomach
MANAGEMENT:-
Feed the affected colony with Entakon M @ 455mg/lt. Of
sugar syrup at weekly interval.
Sterilisation of brood boxes and frame hives with Glacial
acetic acid fumes (soaked in cotton or rag at 120ml/hive) or
40% formalin fumes only after the queen and the bees have
transferred to new foundation combs.
Time of Treatment: Spring & Winter
11. AMOEBIC DISEASE:
CAUSAL AGENT: Malpighamoeba mellifeicae
SITE OF INFECTION: malpighian tubules.
SYMPTOMS:
The bees get infected by ingesting the cysts
which accumulate in the posterior end of the
midgut or in the rectum.
The cysts get loose, swollen and enter the
glassy malpighian tubules entering intestine
and show faecal matter at that place.
Mostly dominant in April and May.
MANAGEMENT:
Only way to control is by proper hygiene and
by the disinfection of equipments by 2%
carbolic acid. Transferring of bees to a
fumigated box.
13. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD(AFB)
(Dreadly disease)
CAUSAL AGENT- Paenibacillus
larvae larvae.
It is the most widespread and
destructive of the honey bee
brood diseases. It affEcts queen,
drone, and worker larvae alike.
PLACE OF INFECTION – Gut
SYMPTOMS-turn
dark brown and later
changes into sticky mass
producing foul smell (Infected
larvae darken and die)
Dead Pupae
Irregular and sunken brood
14. STAGE INFECTED – larvae
MANAGEMENT – Hive to completely Use of antibiotics
such as oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin)
and tylosin tartrate Dusting the combs with
sulphathiazole powder Dipping the hive partsin hot
paraffin wax or a 3%sodium hypochlorite
solution(bleach)
Burning of infested comb
15. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD :
CAUSAL ORGANISM-Melissococcus
plutonius, Bacillus pluton
(bacterium)
PLACE OF INFECTION-Mid-gut
SYMPTOMS –
The diseased larvae turns yellow
and then brown and the tracheal
system becomes visible.
Larvae dies in a coiled stage
causing foul smell. Cells are poorly
capped and mixed with normal
cells.
16. STAGE INFECTED-Larvae
MANAGEMENT-
Use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride
The ‘Shook Swarm technique of bee husbandry can
also be used to effectively control the disease
18. CHALK BROOD (Kalkbrut disease):
CAUSAL
ORGANISM:Ascosphaera apis
PLACE OF INFECTION:Gut
SYMPTOMS :The fungus will
consume the rest of the larva’s
body, causing it to appearwhite
and ‘chalky’.
STAGE INFECTED:larvae
MANAGEMENT:Prevent during
wet spring .Transfer of healthy
bees into another bee hive
.Increase the ventilation through
the hive.
19. STONE BROOD (Steinbrut disease):
CAUSAL ORGANISM- Aspergillus
fumigates, A. flavus and A. niger
PLACE OF INFECTION-Alimentary canal
SYMPTOMS –
Dead larvae turn black and become difficult
to crush, hence the name stone brood
Fungus erupts from the integument of the
larva and forms a false skin and larvae are
covered with powdery fungal spores
STAGE INFECTED-Larvae and adults
MANAGEMENT-Sterilization of the hive with
formaldehyde fumes
21. THAI SAC BROOD.
It is a serious brood disease of Apis
cerana indica caused by virus
Morator aetatulus (Thai strain)
during spring season.
SYMPTOMS:
Spotty brood appearance (pepper
box.)
capping tends to be darker,
concave & punctured frequently.
Dead larvae dry up in brood cell
forming loose scale or sac like
Brood die in pre pupal stage but in
unsealed stage
Dead larvae lie on their back, tip of
head capsule turned upward.
22. MANAGEMENT:
Destruction of frame
Maintenance of strong and vigorous colony
Sterilisation of beekeeping equipments with KMnO4
@ 50g/lit water followed by hot water dipping.
Fumigation of hive by formic acid (85%) @ 5ml/hive
Caging queen for 21 days for creating broodlessness
condition.
23. ACUTE BEE PARALYSIS:
caused by acute bee paralysis virus
(ABPV) and affects only the adults
which only show signs of trembling
,sprawled legs and wings .
Occasionally ,they also exhibit
partial hairlessness and in some
case a black shiny appearance.
The death rate may be high,but the
disease may be mild or transient at
times .Infected adults bees usally
show the first symptom of acute
paralysis in 2 to 4days and then die
within a day .
24. CHRONIC BEE PARALYSIS:
caused by the chronic bee paralysis
virus (CBPV) and the infected adult
may take many days to die .
Adult bees infected
SYMPTOMS:
the adults have a bloated abdomen,
which is caused by the distension of
the honey sac with liquid.
They do not fly, instead they crawl on
the ground, exhibiting an abnormal
trembling motion of the wings and
bodies.
They become almost hairless,
appearing dark or almost black and
shiny.
Uninfected bees nibble at them and
prevent their return to the colony.
25. COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER
(CCD)
CAUSAL ORGANISM- stresses,
malnutrition, pathogens and
genetically modified (GM)crops
PLACE OF INFECTION - colony
SYMPTOM–worker bees from a
beehive colony abruptly disappear
STAGE INFECTED – worker
bees
MANAGEMENT – Exact causes
are not known so following
natural beekeeping practices.