This document discusses the use of semiochemicals, specifically pheromones, as components of biorational approaches to pest management. It defines semiochemicals as chemicals that modify behavior in perceiving organisms at very low levels, and notes their classification into intra-specific and inter-specific groups. The document outlines how pheromones can be used for population monitoring, mass trapping, and mating disruption of insect pests. It emphasizes that semiochemicals are species-specific, non-toxic, and compatible with other control methods like predators and parasitoids.

1. SEMIOCHEMICAL AS COMPONANT OF BIO-RATIONAL
APPROACHES TO PEST MANAGEMENT
BY
Birjhu
karunik
Msc (Ag)
Prev. Year
Deptt. Of ENTOMOLOGY

2. Outline of seminar
Introduction
Biorationl approach
Semiochemical
Pheromon
Allelo chemicals
Use of pheromones
Insect sex pheromones
Potential in pest management
conclusion

3. The term is derived from Greek word someone
meaning a mark or a signal. Chemical which modify
behaviour in perceiving organisms at sub micro/nano
gram levels are known as semio-chemicals.

4. INTRODUCTION
The concept of “Integrated Management” during a time
when insect pest control was mostly based on broad-
spectrum , conventional Insecticides such as
organochlorines, organophosphates (OPs), and
carbamates ,all neurotoxin. Their work on economic
thresholds and economic injury levels implemented
within an ecological framework where chemical and
biological controls could thrive together is the basis for
the modern day Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
concept.

5. What is Biorational Approach??
The utilization of chemicals that
affect insect behaviour ,growth or
reproduction for supression of
insect population is often reffered
to as biorational Approach.

6. This Includes
Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors
Inhibitors of Chitin Degradation
Chemicals Based on Endocrine System
Brain Hormones
Moulting Hormones

7. CHEMICALSCALS BASED ON COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Animal behaviour is elicited in response to
VISUAL
AUDITORY
TACTILE
OLFACTORY
GUSTATORY-SENSORY
information from the sorrounding world.

8. SEMIOCHEMICALS
Chemical involved in communication
are termed as Semiochemicals.
Semiochemicals are divided into two
communication channels
• Intra-specific
• Inter-specific

9. Classification of Semoichemicals

10. PRINCIPLE OF PHEROMONAL CONTROl
Aim at studying the behaviour
regulating chemicals and
exploiting them for insect pest
control.

11. Introduction
Pheromone Is a chemical or mixture of chemical
released by an organism to outside(environment)
that cause specific reaction in a receiving
organisms in same species.
• Karlson and Butenandt coined the term
Pheromone ,1959.
• also called as ecto hormones.
• Pheromones – Exocrine in origin.
• -volatile in nature serving as chemical means
of communication.

12. They are of two types;
Releaser effect pheromone- These produce an
immediate and reversible behavioural change in
the receiving insects.
Primer effect pheromones- These trigger chain
of physiological changes in the body of the insect
and operate through gustatory sensillae.

13. Types of releaser effect pheromones
• Sex pheromones
• Aggregating pheromones
• Alarm pheromones
• Trail pheromones

14. Allelo-chemicals
• Chemicals involved in inter -specific communication
were termed as allello-chemicals.
• R.H.Whitttaker coined the term allelo-chemicals in
1970
• Allelo-chemicals are defined as non–nutrient substance
originated from an organism (plant or animal) which
effect the behaviour , physiological condition or
ecological welfare of organism of another species.

15. ALLOMONES
Advantageous to the releaser.
EX-Defensive secretions of insects
KAIROMONES
Advantageous to recipient.
EX. Male sex pheromone in bug.
SYNOMONE
Endocrine secretion of hymenopterans frequently
functions simultaneously both as an allomone and
kairomone.
APNEUMONE
A substrate emitted by a non living material which
evokes a behavioural and physiological reaction.

16. Use of pheromones in insect pest management
• Monitoring
• Mass trapping
• Mating disruption

19. PLASTIC MOTH TRAP
FUNNEL TRAP

20. To ensure the effectiveness of pheromone traps..
• Ascertain the quality of lure.
• Ascertain the quality of pheromone.
• Install the trap at right time.
• Install the trap at straight stick/log.
• Take care of the polythene sleeve.
• Replace damaged sleeve and Maintain
proper distance between traps.
• Maintain proper height of the traps.
• Replace lure timely.

21. ACTUAL PROPERTIES OF PHEROMONE
• 10-20 Large number of carbon atoms.
• High molecular weight 180-300 Daltons. (Narrow
specificity and high potency depends).
• Infusibility decreases with increase in molecular
weight.
• Biological activity detected by field test, male
attraction .

22. Mode of Pheromone Application
• A) Micro encapsulation method
• B) Hollow fibre method
• C) Pheromone baited traps
• D) Pheromone Dispensers

23. CONTROL WITH SEX PHEROMONES.
Can be utilized by two ways :-
A)Population survey.
B)Behavioural manipulation.
a) Stimulation of normal approach response.
b) Disruption of chemical communication.

27. POTENTIAL IN PEST MANAGEMENT
• These are more or less non- toxic to man and
domestic animal. Methoprine, for example, has an
acute LD50 (rat) of >34600 mgkg
• Do not persistent or accumulate
• Species specific
• Have no adverse effect on predator and parasitoid
• These compounds are active at very low
concentration

28. Conclusion
Semiochemicals are non pollutant and hence ecologically
acceptable. Minute quantity of chemical is required for
controlling the Insect- pests and compatible with other
control tactics. So semiochemical can be used as long
term control measures . Quick result can not be obtained
with these chemicals hence they are not suitable as short
term control measures.

29. THANK YOU!!