IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
The document discusses the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in poultry feed. Key points include:
- Several fungi were identified in collected poultry feed samples, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria.
- Aspergillus flavus was found to be the most common species present and can produce the toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1.
- Molecular detection methods like PCR and DNA sequencing were the most accurate for identifying aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates compared to cultural and microscopic methods. Sequence analysis revealed the isolates were compatible with known toxigenic strains.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on the characterization of a mosquito larvicidal strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis/tochigiensis (VCRC B-474) isolated from mangrove forests in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The presentation aims to compare the efficacy of B-474 to the standard Bti strain VCRC B-17. It also aims to study B-474's potential for large-scale fermentation, develop cost-effective production media, and evaluate water dispersible powder and tablet formulations in the laboratory and field. Key findings include B-474 having similar larvicidal activity as B-17 against mosquito larvae. Maximum biomass,
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of antagonistic bacteria against y...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes research on the biotransformation of phenol to L-tyrosine using resting cells of Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424. Various process parameters were optimized including the concentration of ammonium chloride, phenol, sodium pyruvate, pH, temperature, and incubation time. The maximum conversion of phenol to L-tyrosine (69%) was obtained using 0.25M ammonium chloride, 0.1M phenol, 0.2M sodium pyruvate at pH 8.5 and 35°C for 45 minutes, producing 6.49g/L of L-tyrosine. Higher phenol concentrations were found to inhibit the biotransformation reaction.
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic leaf extract of Abrus precatorius in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Thirty-six mice were divided into six groups, with five groups infected with P. berghei and one uninfected control group. Starting seven days after infection, three infected groups were treated with 30, 50, or 100 mg/kg of the A. precatorius extract daily for five days, one group was treated with an antimalarial drug, and the final infected group received no treatment. Mice treated with the extract or drug had significantly lower parasitemia and parasite clearance compared to the untreated group. Histological analysis found regeneration of
This document discusses a study that characterized Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolates from poultry farm environments in Tunisia. Samples from 8 farms yielded 21 Salmonella isolates, including 16 S. enteritidis. The S. enteritidis isolates were characterized using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. PFGE identified 2 types, plasmid profiling found 4 types, and most isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. Combined methods showed the spread of a particular S. enteritidis clone related to a major worldwide clone.
The document discusses the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins in poultry feed. Key points include:
- Several fungi were identified in collected poultry feed samples, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria.
- Aspergillus flavus was found to be the most common species present and can produce the toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin aflatoxin B1.
- Molecular detection methods like PCR and DNA sequencing were the most accurate for identifying aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates compared to cultural and microscopic methods. Sequence analysis revealed the isolates were compatible with known toxigenic strains.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on the characterization of a mosquito larvicidal strain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis/tochigiensis (VCRC B-474) isolated from mangrove forests in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The presentation aims to compare the efficacy of B-474 to the standard Bti strain VCRC B-17. It also aims to study B-474's potential for large-scale fermentation, develop cost-effective production media, and evaluate water dispersible powder and tablet formulations in the laboratory and field. Key findings include B-474 having similar larvicidal activity as B-17 against mosquito larvae. Maximum biomass,
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Biochemical and molecular characterization of antagonistic bacteria against y...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes research on the biotransformation of phenol to L-tyrosine using resting cells of Citrobacter freundii MTCC 2424. Various process parameters were optimized including the concentration of ammonium chloride, phenol, sodium pyruvate, pH, temperature, and incubation time. The maximum conversion of phenol to L-tyrosine (69%) was obtained using 0.25M ammonium chloride, 0.1M phenol, 0.2M sodium pyruvate at pH 8.5 and 35°C for 45 minutes, producing 6.49g/L of L-tyrosine. Higher phenol concentrations were found to inhibit the biotransformation reaction.
Production of African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV) Specific Polyclonal Antibod...iosrjce
Serological techniques are commonly used in the detection and characterization of plant viruses.
These methods employ the use of antisera produced by highly purified preparations in intramuscular,
intradermal and intraocular. In this study oral route was explored using crude extracts. Two groups (control
and experimental) of Swiss albino mice consisting of two replicates were immunized via the oral route with
crude extracts from uninfected cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) and cassava plants systematically infected
with African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). Uninfected and infected leaves were grinded separately in saline
solution (0.15M) at 1:2 (w/v) with laboratory mortar and pestle and then filtered with double layered cheese
cloth of 75µm to obtain extracts. Clarified extracts were orally administered to the mice in daily doses of 200µl
per mice for 21 days and booster doses were also given at day 28 and 35 respectively. Antiserum were obtained
from the mice for 6 consecutive weeks after the commencement of immunization and were analyzed using
antigen coated plate (ACP) and triple antibody sandwich (TAS) indirect enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA). Group A antisera gave negative reactions (OD values < 1.5) while group B antisera reacted positively
(OD values ≥ 1.5) in the two methods used. The polyclonal antisera obtained were very specific to ACMV in
ACP and TAS ELISA. This appears to be the first antisera specific to ACMV obtained by oral immunization of
mice. Oral immunization is considered less stressful for animals, the method is a fast, simple and cheap way for
producing antisera to plant virus compared to the traditional methods of using purified preparations for
immunization. We have used this procedure in the production of antisera yet there is room for improvement in
immunization strategies to enhance antibody production. Immunization dosage can also be tried and
manipulated in bigger animals like rabbits and chicken. This research work leaves room for further exploration
of similar procedure in bigger experimental animals like rabbits and chicken for greater antiserum production.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the hepatoprotective effects of the ethanolic leaf extract of Abrus precatorius in Plasmodium berghei infected mice. Thirty-six mice were divided into six groups, with five groups infected with P. berghei and one uninfected control group. Starting seven days after infection, three infected groups were treated with 30, 50, or 100 mg/kg of the A. precatorius extract daily for five days, one group was treated with an antimalarial drug, and the final infected group received no treatment. Mice treated with the extract or drug had significantly lower parasitemia and parasite clearance compared to the untreated group. Histological analysis found regeneration of
The document discusses cloning and expressing the envelope (E) protein gene from West Nile virus. Key points:
- The E gene was amplified from virus cDNA using PCR and cloned into a plasmid vector. It was then inserted into an expression vector and transformed into E. coli cells.
- Expression was induced and the recombinant E protein was purified. It had a molecular weight of 73 kDa as shown by SDS-PAGE.
- Western blot analysis confirmed the protein was antigenic. Rabbits were immunized with the protein to evaluate its ability to stimulate an immune response against West Nile virus.
This study aimed to measure cellulase enzyme activity levels of ostrich gastrointestinal microorganisms and compare it to rumen microorganisms. The experiment involved incubating wheat straw and microorganisms from cattle, goats, sheep, and ostriches. Different doses of purified anaerobic goat rumen fungi (30%, 50%, 70%) were then added to the ostrich microorganism culture. Cattle and goats showed the highest cellulase activity, while ostriches showed the lowest. Adding 30% or 50% fungi did not increase ostrich enzyme activity significantly, but adding 70% fungi did increase activity significantly.
A bacteriophage was isolated from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico and named Figaro. Soil samples were enriched with Bacillus cereus and Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria to allow any bacteriophages present to replicate. A "plaque" or clear spot indicating bacteriophage growth was detected on an agar plate streaked with one enriched soil sample. The isolated bacteriophage was purified through three rounds of plating and named Figaro. Characterization of Figaro's capsid proteins was conducted through staining. The successful isolation of a bacteriophage from Puerto Rican soil supports the hypothesis that bacteriophages can be found in tropical environments. Further characterization of Figaro's genome is warranted.
This document describes a study that characterized Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and its toxins recovered from weaned rabbits, feed, and water in Egypt. 42 C. perfringens isolates (35 from rabbits, 7 from feed/water) were tested for toxigenicity in mice. The majority (34/35 from rabbits, 4/6 from feed) were toxigenic. Serological and molecular typing methods identified different C. perfringens toxin types present. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed sensitivity to certain antibiotics and resistance to others. The study characterized C. perfringens strains affecting rabbits in Egypt in order to better understand and control enteric disease caused by this pathogen.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Synergy Between Aedes Aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor and bti by D...entogenex
The document discusses the synergistic effects between Aedes aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) toxins. TMOF and genes encoding Bti toxins were cloned and expressed individually and jointly in Pichia pastoris yeast cells. Larval bioassays found that P. pastoris cells expressing both TMOF and Bti toxins caused higher mortality in Aedes aegypti larvae than cells expressing either component alone. This demonstrates the synergistic potential of combining TMOF and Bti toxins as a biological control agent against mosquito larvae.
This study characterized bacteriophages that can control multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Serovar O168 isolated from ducklings in Egypt. Three phages (ECa1, ECb1, ECc1) were isolated from sewage samples and characterized. Electron microscopy showed the phages belonged to the family Podoviridae. A cocktail of the three phages was significantly more effective at reducing E. coli O168 in vitro than single phages, with a 7.4 log reduction after 12 hours. This confirms phage cocktails as a promising approach for controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli infections in ducklings.
1) The study examined the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 (LP), Tunisian montmorillonite clay (TM), and their composite to remove the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) in vitro and prevent its immunotoxic effects in mice.
2) Results showed that both TM and the LP+TM composite highly adsorbed ZEA (87.2% and 94.2% respectively) after 24 hours, while LP alone removed 78%. The amount of ZEA adsorbed was highest for the LP+TM composite.
3) In mice exposed to ZEA, treatment with LP, TM, or their composite prevented the immunotoxic effects of ZEA
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
This document discusses research on the use of garlic (Allium sativum) as an alternative treatment for marine shrimp. In vitro and in vivo studies found that garlic has antibacterial properties against Vibrio bacteria, reduces gregarine parasite infections in shrimp, and enhances the immune system of shrimp. Specifically, garlic extract reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of Vibrio bacteria and eliminated gregarine infections in shrimp after 4 weeks of feeding. It also increased the phagocytic activity and superoxide production of shrimp hemocytes, indicating immunostimulatory effects. However, more research is still needed to determine the optimal dosages and durations of garlic application for maximum therapeutic benefits against diseases in commercial shrimp farming operations.
Monica c. del moral and felix valles phages manuscript official draftfelixjvalles
This document describes the isolation and characterization of a mycobacteriophage (Musamodel) from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. After screening six soil samples without success, a phage was isolated from the seventh sample collected near a plantain plant. The phage was purified through three rounds of plating and was found to infect Mycobacterium smegmatis. Initial characterization suggests the phage has a lytic life cycle based on clear plaque formation. Future work will further characterize the phage through empirical testing, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Citrex612 e-en-presentacion final listeriamonocytogenesCITREX
The document discusses an in vitro evaluation of the Citrex molecule against Listeria monocytogenes. It determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrex against two L. monocytogenes strains. The MIC for one strain was 25 ppm and for the other was 100 ppm. It also evaluated Citrex's effectiveness as a disinfectant on food products and surfaces contaminated with high levels of L. monocytogenes. Results showed that Citrex significantly reduced bacterial counts and was able to eliminate L. monocytogenes from contaminated surfaces within 15-30 minutes.
This document summarizes a study that tested the protective efficacy of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus IgY antibodies in Cyclosporine A treated mice. Egg-laying hens were immunized with heat-killed A. fumigatus to produce IgY antibodies in their egg yolks. IgY was extracted from eggs laid before and after immunization. Post-immunization extracts showed higher protein and IgY levels than pre-immunization extracts. When administered to Cyclosporine A treated mice challenged with a lethal dose of A. fumigatus, the post-secondary immunization IgY extract conferred the highest protection, with survival rates of 67%, 50%,
Global adventitious agent regulation of raw materials ibc sept 2010 final ver...chalverson
This document discusses global regulations pertaining to the control of adventitious agents in raw materials used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. It covers regulations from agencies like the USDA, FDA, EMA, WHO, and others. It also provides information on risk assessment and minimizing risks from various adventitious agents like viruses, prions, mycoplasma, bacteria, and fungi. Specific controls are discussed like sourcing, testing, cleaning, filtration, heat treatment, pH treatment, and gamma irradiation. Challenges with certain resistant agents are also addressed.
Nutritional Qualities and Shelf Life Extension of Gamma Irradiated Dried Pleu...Nii Korley Kortei
This document summarizes a study on the effects of gamma irradiation and storage on the nutritional qualities of dried Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms. Key findings include:
- Protein, fat, fiber, ash and carbohydrate contents were analyzed after 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 kGy of gamma irradiation and 12 months of storage. Nutrient levels were minimally affected.
- Protein ranged from 12.51-15.25% initially and 12.48-15.22% after 12 months, falling within ranges reported in other studies.
- Moisture ranged from 14.11-15.80% initially and 14.11-16.11% after 12
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
Assessment of the immune status of nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) exper...sherein abdelgayed
Manal M. Zaki, Alaa E. Eissa, and Sherein Saeid (2011): Assessment of the Immune Status in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Experimentally Challenged with Toxogenic / Septicemic Bacteria During Treatment Trial with Florfenicol and Enrofloxacin.World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences(WJFMS)3(1):21-36.
1. This study investigated the prevalence of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes in 110 clinical isolates of Enterobacter species collected from hospitals in Tehran, Iran between 2012-2013.
2. The study found that 45 isolates (41%) contained integrons, with class 1 integrons being most common. Integron-positive isolates showed higher resistance to antibiotics like augmentin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and cefoxitin.
3. Ten integron-positive isolates were found to be ESBL producers. Common resistance genes identified included blaTEM (20%), blaCTX-M-1 (15.6%), and genes encoding aminoglycoside
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The document discusses cloning and expressing the envelope (E) protein gene from West Nile virus. Key points:
- The E gene was amplified from virus cDNA using PCR and cloned into a plasmid vector. It was then inserted into an expression vector and transformed into E. coli cells.
- Expression was induced and the recombinant E protein was purified. It had a molecular weight of 73 kDa as shown by SDS-PAGE.
- Western blot analysis confirmed the protein was antigenic. Rabbits were immunized with the protein to evaluate its ability to stimulate an immune response against West Nile virus.
This study aimed to measure cellulase enzyme activity levels of ostrich gastrointestinal microorganisms and compare it to rumen microorganisms. The experiment involved incubating wheat straw and microorganisms from cattle, goats, sheep, and ostriches. Different doses of purified anaerobic goat rumen fungi (30%, 50%, 70%) were then added to the ostrich microorganism culture. Cattle and goats showed the highest cellulase activity, while ostriches showed the lowest. Adding 30% or 50% fungi did not increase ostrich enzyme activity significantly, but adding 70% fungi did increase activity significantly.
A bacteriophage was isolated from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico and named Figaro. Soil samples were enriched with Bacillus cereus and Mycobacterium smegmatis bacteria to allow any bacteriophages present to replicate. A "plaque" or clear spot indicating bacteriophage growth was detected on an agar plate streaked with one enriched soil sample. The isolated bacteriophage was purified through three rounds of plating and named Figaro. Characterization of Figaro's capsid proteins was conducted through staining. The successful isolation of a bacteriophage from Puerto Rican soil supports the hypothesis that bacteriophages can be found in tropical environments. Further characterization of Figaro's genome is warranted.
This document describes a study that characterized Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and its toxins recovered from weaned rabbits, feed, and water in Egypt. 42 C. perfringens isolates (35 from rabbits, 7 from feed/water) were tested for toxigenicity in mice. The majority (34/35 from rabbits, 4/6 from feed) were toxigenic. Serological and molecular typing methods identified different C. perfringens toxin types present. Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed sensitivity to certain antibiotics and resistance to others. The study characterized C. perfringens strains affecting rabbits in Egypt in order to better understand and control enteric disease caused by this pathogen.
Prevalence Study of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitisin Dairy cattle und...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Synergy Between Aedes Aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor and bti by D...entogenex
The document discusses the synergistic effects between Aedes aegypti Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) toxins. TMOF and genes encoding Bti toxins were cloned and expressed individually and jointly in Pichia pastoris yeast cells. Larval bioassays found that P. pastoris cells expressing both TMOF and Bti toxins caused higher mortality in Aedes aegypti larvae than cells expressing either component alone. This demonstrates the synergistic potential of combining TMOF and Bti toxins as a biological control agent against mosquito larvae.
This study characterized bacteriophages that can control multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli Serovar O168 isolated from ducklings in Egypt. Three phages (ECa1, ECb1, ECc1) were isolated from sewage samples and characterized. Electron microscopy showed the phages belonged to the family Podoviridae. A cocktail of the three phages was significantly more effective at reducing E. coli O168 in vitro than single phages, with a 7.4 log reduction after 12 hours. This confirms phage cocktails as a promising approach for controlling multidrug-resistant E. coli infections in ducklings.
1) The study examined the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum MON03 (LP), Tunisian montmorillonite clay (TM), and their composite to remove the mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) in vitro and prevent its immunotoxic effects in mice.
2) Results showed that both TM and the LP+TM composite highly adsorbed ZEA (87.2% and 94.2% respectively) after 24 hours, while LP alone removed 78%. The amount of ZEA adsorbed was highest for the LP+TM composite.
3) In mice exposed to ZEA, treatment with LP, TM, or their composite prevented the immunotoxic effects of ZEA
This study investigated Clostridium perfringens infection in chickens in Egypt. Intestinal and liver samples were collected from sick chickens on 40 farms. C. perfringens was isolated from 72.1% of farms and 65.1% of samples. Isolates were tested for toxin genes, antibiotic sensitivity, and ability to cause necrotic enteritis experimentally. Amoxicillin and metronidazole were most effective against C. perfringens in vitro and in experimentally infected chickens. The study characterized C. perfringens affecting poultry in Egypt.
This document discusses research on the use of garlic (Allium sativum) as an alternative treatment for marine shrimp. In vitro and in vivo studies found that garlic has antibacterial properties against Vibrio bacteria, reduces gregarine parasite infections in shrimp, and enhances the immune system of shrimp. Specifically, garlic extract reduced the minimum inhibitory concentration of Vibrio bacteria and eliminated gregarine infections in shrimp after 4 weeks of feeding. It also increased the phagocytic activity and superoxide production of shrimp hemocytes, indicating immunostimulatory effects. However, more research is still needed to determine the optimal dosages and durations of garlic application for maximum therapeutic benefits against diseases in commercial shrimp farming operations.
Monica c. del moral and felix valles phages manuscript official draftfelixjvalles
This document describes the isolation and characterization of a mycobacteriophage (Musamodel) from soil samples collected in Puerto Rico. After screening six soil samples without success, a phage was isolated from the seventh sample collected near a plantain plant. The phage was purified through three rounds of plating and was found to infect Mycobacterium smegmatis. Initial characterization suggests the phage has a lytic life cycle based on clear plaque formation. Future work will further characterize the phage through empirical testing, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis.
Microbiological Investigations of Selected Flies of Public Health Importance ...iosrjce
Bacteria associated with flies of public health importance in Nigeria are not well known and their
ecology is also not well understood. We aim to determine the bacteria associated with flies of waste dump site.
Three flies of public health significance were collected from a waste dump site of the Rivers State University of
Science and Technology, Port Harcourt. The three dipterous flies were Luciliasericata, Chrysomyasp and
Musca domestica..The three flies were all of medical importance.The microbial load on three species of flies
was investigated using standard plate count methods. The fly samples were collected from the Post Graduate
Entomology Laboratory was cultured to isolate and identify the microbes associated with them. The samples
were analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria and fungi counts. The study revealed high heterotrophic bacteria
and fungi counts in all three species of the flies used, with Musca domestica having the highest count of 2.9 X
109Cfu/gram and Chrysomyasp with the least count of 3.4 x 10 5Cfu/g and fungi counts ranged from 3.1 X
103Cfu/g to 2.9 X 105Cfu/g. The bacteria isolated from these samples includes: Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonassp,, Bacillussp, Enterobactersp, Staphylococcussp,Salmonellasp, Proteussp, and Klebsiellasp,
while the fungi species isolated includes: Penicilliumsp,
Aspergillussp,Rhizopussp,Cladosporiumsp,Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusniger, Fusariumsp and Trichoderma
sp.
Citrex612 e-en-presentacion final listeriamonocytogenesCITREX
The document discusses an in vitro evaluation of the Citrex molecule against Listeria monocytogenes. It determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Citrex against two L. monocytogenes strains. The MIC for one strain was 25 ppm and for the other was 100 ppm. It also evaluated Citrex's effectiveness as a disinfectant on food products and surfaces contaminated with high levels of L. monocytogenes. Results showed that Citrex significantly reduced bacterial counts and was able to eliminate L. monocytogenes from contaminated surfaces within 15-30 minutes.
This document summarizes a study that tested the protective efficacy of anti-Aspergillus fumigatus IgY antibodies in Cyclosporine A treated mice. Egg-laying hens were immunized with heat-killed A. fumigatus to produce IgY antibodies in their egg yolks. IgY was extracted from eggs laid before and after immunization. Post-immunization extracts showed higher protein and IgY levels than pre-immunization extracts. When administered to Cyclosporine A treated mice challenged with a lethal dose of A. fumigatus, the post-secondary immunization IgY extract conferred the highest protection, with survival rates of 67%, 50%,
Global adventitious agent regulation of raw materials ibc sept 2010 final ver...chalverson
This document discusses global regulations pertaining to the control of adventitious agents in raw materials used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. It covers regulations from agencies like the USDA, FDA, EMA, WHO, and others. It also provides information on risk assessment and minimizing risks from various adventitious agents like viruses, prions, mycoplasma, bacteria, and fungi. Specific controls are discussed like sourcing, testing, cleaning, filtration, heat treatment, pH treatment, and gamma irradiation. Challenges with certain resistant agents are also addressed.
Nutritional Qualities and Shelf Life Extension of Gamma Irradiated Dried Pleu...Nii Korley Kortei
This document summarizes a study on the effects of gamma irradiation and storage on the nutritional qualities of dried Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms. Key findings include:
- Protein, fat, fiber, ash and carbohydrate contents were analyzed after 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 kGy of gamma irradiation and 12 months of storage. Nutrient levels were minimally affected.
- Protein ranged from 12.51-15.25% initially and 12.48-15.22% after 12 months, falling within ranges reported in other studies.
- Moisture ranged from 14.11-15.80% initially and 14.11-16.11% after 12
Antitumor and immunostimulating effects of Anoectochilus formosanus HayataCây thuốc Việt
The water extract of Anoectochilus formosanus Hayata showed a potent tumor inhibitory activity in BALB/c mice
after subcutaneous transplantation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. The tumor-inhibition ratios of mice preadministered with A. formosanus for 2 days before tumor transplantation, and treated further for 12 consecutive days,
were 55.4% and 58.9% at the oral dose of 50 and 10 mg/mouse per day, respectively. Even for the tumor-bearing mice,
after oral administration of the water extract of A. formosanus for 12 consecutive days, the tumor inhibition ratios were
still 23.8% and 40.5% at doses of 50 and 10 mg/mouse, respectively. Because the low-concentration water extract of A.
formosanus does not show direct cytotoxicity in CT-26 tumor cells, we observed further that oral administration of the
water extract of A. formosanus may activate murine immune responses, such as stimulating the proliferation of
lymphoid tissues and activating the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages against Staphylococcus aureus. This study
suggests that the antitumor activity of A. formosanus may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. It is
worth further analyzing the immunomodulating component purified from A. formosanus, and evaluating its potential
value for the treatment of human cancers.
Assessment of the immune status of nile tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) exper...sherein abdelgayed
Manal M. Zaki, Alaa E. Eissa, and Sherein Saeid (2011): Assessment of the Immune Status in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Experimentally Challenged with Toxogenic / Septicemic Bacteria During Treatment Trial with Florfenicol and Enrofloxacin.World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences(WJFMS)3(1):21-36.
1. This study investigated the prevalence of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes in 110 clinical isolates of Enterobacter species collected from hospitals in Tehran, Iran between 2012-2013.
2. The study found that 45 isolates (41%) contained integrons, with class 1 integrons being most common. Integron-positive isolates showed higher resistance to antibiotics like augmentin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and cefoxitin.
3. Ten integron-positive isolates were found to be ESBL producers. Common resistance genes identified included blaTEM (20%), blaCTX-M-1 (15.6%), and genes encoding aminoglycoside
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Data Privacy vs. National Security post Safe HarborGayle Gorvett
Recent Developments in Transatlantic Data Privacy regulation including adoption of Privacy Shield, GDPR and increasing requests for data access for National Security
7 Ways Generations Clash in the WorkplaceWorkfront
This document discusses a study that examined perceptions of different generations (Millennials, Generation X, and Baby Boomers) in the workplace. Some key findings include: Millennials are seen as most tech-savvy and creative, while Baby Boomers have a strong work ethic; Baby Boomers have negative perceptions of Millennials and see them as complainers and not taking responsibility; Millennials also acknowledge weaknesses in their generation; and each generation rates itself more positively than other generations rate them. The conclusion calls for understanding generational differences and investing in ways to bridge gaps.
Analisis elemental de compuestos organicosJhonás A. Vega
Este documento presenta el procedimiento para realizar un análisis elemental de compuestos orgánicos. Se describe la preparación de la sustancia problema usando sodio metálico, alcohol etílico y agua destilada. Luego, se realizan pruebas para identificar la presencia de azufre, nitrógeno, halógenos y fósforo usando varias reacciones químicas que producen cambios de color. Los resultados indican la presencia de estos elementos en la sustancia problema original.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Quantification of Antinociceptive and Antiinflammatory Potentials of Differen...oyepata
Quantification of Antinociceptive and Antiinflammatory Potentials of Different Ocimum
gratissimum Linn. Leaf Extracts in Male Whistar
Albino Rats
J. S. Aprioku1*, O. S. Joseph2 and A. W. Obianime
Microbiological Investigations on Gryllotalpa Africana [Orthoptera: Gryllotal...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that investigated the bacterial distribution on different external structures of the edible mole cricket Gryllotalpa africana in Nigeria. Ten bacterial genera were isolated including Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Proteus, Micrococcus, and Corynebacterium. Proteus was the most prevalent bacteria overall. Some Bacillus and Staphylococcus strains isolated from the cricket's skin including B. cereus and S. aureus present public health concerns as these bacteria can cause foodborne illness. While crickets are eaten in parts of Nigeria, the presence of potential pathogens indicates cooking is needed to eliminate health risks from consuming this insect.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Activity of Aqueous Extract Combretum paniculatum Ve...BRNSSPublicationHubI
The study investigated the anti-ulcer activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Combretum paniculatum in rats and mice. Various concentrations of the extract (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) were used to treat acidified ethanol-induced ulcers in mice and rats. The extract significantly reduced gastric ulcer indices in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose (800 mg/kg) inhibiting ulcers by 82.3%. The median lethal dose was determined to be over 2000 mg/kg, indicating the extract is relatively non-toxic. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glycosides. The study
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of
70% ethanolic crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L on mice
orgons . (In vivo),In vivo, the acute toxicity of 70 % ethanolic
extract of the plant on normal mice was studied. No toxic effect
was noted on normal mice even at 9500 mg /kg B.W S/C
injection.Histopathological changes due to ethanolic extract of
the plant in healthy mice were summarized in hyperplasia of
white pulp with amyloid deposition, proliferation of
megakaryocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver and
kidney parenchyma. There were no significant lesions detected in
the brain, heart and ovary in all treated groups.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Preliminary evaluation of the larvicidal efficacy of coelomic fluid of Eudril...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Luteolin isolate from the methanol extract identified as the single-carbon co...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of enterocin 55 (Ent55), produced by Enterococcus faecium EF55, on the microbiota and health parameters of broiler rabbits. Ent55 was administered to an experimental group of rabbits for 3 weeks. Microbial analysis found that Ent55 reduced counts of coagulase-negative staphylococci, Pseudomonas species, and coliforms in fecal and intestinal samples. Ent55 also increased phagocytic activity and reduced Eimeria oocyst counts, while not negatively impacting growth performance or biochemical parameters. The results indicate that Ent55 produced by a non-native strain can provide protective and beneficial effects in broiler rabbits.
Isolation and characterization of coprophilous cellulolytic fungi from asian ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized coprophilous (dung-loving) cellulolytic fungi from Asian elephant dung in Malaysia. Eight new fungi were isolated from elephant dung samples collected from a forest reserve, identified morphologically and through molecular analysis, and had their DNA sequences deposited in GenBank. Two isolates, Trichoderma aureoviride and Fusarium equiseti, showed potential for cellulase production when tested on carboxymethyl cellulose. The study suggests that natural environments like elephant dung harbor cellulolytic fungi that could provide cheaper cellulase enzymes for applications like biofuel production.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Similar to Protective Effect of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract on Rambo And Raid Mosquito Coil Smoke-Induced Liver Toxicity in Albino Rats. (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
1. The document describes a study that designed a balanced scorecard for a nonprofit organization called Yayasan Pembinaan dan Kesembuhan Batin (YPKB) in Malang, Indonesia.
2. The balanced scorecard translated YPKB's vision and mission into strategic objectives across four perspectives: financial, customer, internal processes, and learning and growth.
3. Key strategic objectives included donation growth, budget effectiveness, customer satisfaction, reputation, service quality, innovation, and employee development. Customers perspective had the highest weighting, suggesting a focus on public service over financial growth.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
- The document examines customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets in India through a survey of 418 customers.
- It finds that in supermarkets, previous experience, atmosphere, price, social environment and experience in other channels most influence customer experience, while in hypermarkets, previous experience, product assortment, social environment and experience in other channels are most influential.
- The study provides insights for retailers on key determinants of customer experience in each format to help them improve strategies and competitive positioning.
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Protective Effect of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract on Rambo And Raid Mosquito Coil Smoke-Induced Liver Toxicity in Albino Rats.
1. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 11 Ver.X (Nov. 2015), PP 12-21
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1411101221 www.iosrjournals.org 12 | Page
Protective Effect of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract on
Rambo And Raid Mosquito Coil Smoke-Induced Liver Toxicity in
Albino Rats.
Ugwu Okechukwu Ogbonnia1,
Ibiam Ama Udu1,
Ejeogo Chris Chuks2,
and
Okorocha Egwu Albert3
1
Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria.
2
Department of Science Laboratory and Technology, Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria.
3
Dept of Medical Physiology Ebonyi State University Abakaliki Nigeria.
Abstract: A total of 30 albino rats were used for the experiment and were grouped into A, B and C.
Group A rats represented the control group while groups B and C were exposed to different
brands of mosquito coil (rambo and raid ) smoke respectively for 31 days. Each of the
experimental groups (B and C) contained 12 rats and sub-divided into two (1 and 2) with six
rats in each sub group. Sub-group 1 animals were exposed to Rambo and Raid mosquito coil
smoke respectively and co-treated with aqueous extract of Gongronema latifolium while the
sub-group 2 animals were exposed to the respective mosquito coil smoke only (to serve as the
negative control). The effects of 8 hour daily inhalation of Rambo and Raid mosquito coil
smoke respectively were investigated in albino rats. The activities of liver enzymes, (AST,
ALT, ALP) and renal function parameters such as total bilirubin, serum creatinins, total
protein, Albumin and blood indices such as Hb and PCV were used to assess the potential
effects of inhalation of these mosquito coil smokes on the liver. The result revealed that AST,
ALT, ALP, total protein, albumin, creatinine and total bilirubin, were more significantly
elevated due to inhalation of Raid mosquito coil smoke by albino rats than Rambo mosquito
coil smoke, while Hb and PCV levels were more significantly elevated in Rambo mosquito coil
exposed rats than the rats exposed to Raid mosquito coil smoke, which showed significant
difference from the control. The levels of all these parameters in albino rats due to inhalation of
Rambo and Raid mosquito coil smoke respectively were significantly different from the levels
observed in the rats co-treated with aqueous extract of Gongronema latifolium. More so, some
pathological changes were observed in the liver of the rats exposed to Rambo and Raid
mosquito coil smokes such as hepatic necrosis, haemorrhages, hepatic injuries that could lead
to necrosis of the hepatocytes. It was observed that the co-treatment with aqueous extract of G.
latifolium reduced the damaging effects of smoke from these mosquito coils.
Keywords: Rambo, raid, mosquito and malaria.
I. Introduction
Burning mosquito coils indoors to repel mosquito is a common practice in
many household in tropical countries. The evaluation and assessment of the inhalation
toxicity of smoke emitted from mosquito coils appears to be particular challenging
due to the complex nature of the type of exposure atmosphere [1]. There has been
growing concern among the public regarding the routine and prolonged use of
mosquito coil [2]. Of particular concern is the general abuse, wanton over-use of these
mosquito coils and insecticides spray in the control of mosquito, cockroaches and
houseflies in most urban and rural dwellings, grain stores, animal, poultry houses and
in public places such as fish, meat and vegetable markets. These therefore pose a
serious public health and ecological challenges because of the effects dissociated with
their use, especially innocuous and chronic inhalation of the fumes of the insecticides
[3,4, 5 and 6]. The major active ingredients of the mosquito coil are pyrethium
accounting for about 0.3-0.4% of coil mass [7, 8 , 9 and 10]. Most mosquito coils sold
in Ghana and Nigeria contain 0.1-0.3% allethrim [11, 12 and 13].
Mosquito coils release various aromatic compounds such as benzopyrenes and
benzoflouroethane, which have the potential to produce harmful effects on airways
[14, 15 and 16] and consist of an insecticidal/repellent organic filters capable of
burning with smoudering binders and additives such as synergist, dyes, and fundicides
2. Protective Effect of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract on Rambo And Raid Mosquito Coil…
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1411101221 www.iosrjournals.org 13 | Page
[17, 18 and 19]. Also mosquito coils contain some combustible materials such as sub-
micron particles coated with heavy metals, alethrim and wide range of organic
vapour, such as phenol, o-cresol, benzene and toluene [20 and 22]. The gas phase of
mosquito coil smoke contains carbonyl compounds (Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) generated through incomplete combustion of
biomas with properties that can produce strong irritating effects on the upper
respiratory tract [5].
II. Materials And Methods Experimental Design
A total of thirty (30) albino rats weighing between 200-250g used for the experiment
were obtained from the animal house, department of Biochemistry, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka. The animals were maintained under standard laboratory conditions,
(12 hrs light and 12hrs darkness, temperature at 23± 1o
C) and were allowed access to
water and dry ration. The rats were randomly group into three (3), A, B and C. Group A animals were used as the
control while groups B and C animals were exposed to
different brands of mosquito coil (rambo Cork) smoke respectively, 8 hrs. for 31 days
Each experimental group contained 12 rats, sub-divided into two (1 and 2) with six
(6) rats in each sub-group. Sub-group 1 rats were exposed 8hrs for 31 days to the respectively mosquito coil
smoke and co-treated with aqueous extract of Gongronema latifolium while sub-group 2 rats were exposed 8hrs
for 31 days to the respectively mosquito coil smoke alone (negative control).
The rats were caged in wooden cages 90cm x 60cm x 60cm) with ¼ of the upper part
covered with a wire gauze to provide good aeration. The control group animals were
kept in a room of similar ventilation, but without mosquito coil smoke for the period
of the experiment. The rats in each group were observed for any clinical signs
associated with the exposure to the active ingredients from the coil smoke.
Mosquito Coil
The brands of mosquito coil used were rambo and cork mosquito coils purchased
from a retail outlet at Abakpa market Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. The brand
commercially purchased for the experiment contained Imiprothrin,Transfluthrin,Beta-
cyfluthrin
Preparation and Administration of Plant Sample
About 250g of fresh G.latifolium leaves purchased at Abakpa market, Abakaliki were ground to powdered
form at the department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi state University and soaked for 8hours in 1000ml of distilled
water and allowed to stand and settle. This was filtered and the extract allowed to dry for 9 hours. A stock
solution of the plant extract was prepared by dissolving 10g of the extract in 100ml of normal saline. This was
administered to the sub-group 1 rats through oral administration according to their weights at a concentration of
50mg/kg .
III. Blood Sample Collection And Biochemical Assay.
At the end of the exposure period (31 days ) to mosquito coil smoke, blood was collected by
transection of the jugular vein using anticoagulants ( EDTA and Heparin ) tubes for Hb and PCV analysis
respectively. The plasma/ serum was obtained by centrifuging the PCV sample at 450rpm for 10 mins.
The serum collected and the Hb samples were immediately taken to the department
of chemical pathology, Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital for Hb and PCV
determination, while Total protein, Albumin, Total bilirubin and Creatinine were
determined spectrophotometrically using Randox laboratory Kits at the Biochemistry
department laboratory. Also liver enzymes, AST, ALT, and ALP were determined at
the same laboratory using Randox laboratory kits and spectrophotometer [13].
Histological Analysis
The livers of the rats were dissected out and fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 24 hours. After fixation the
tissues were dehydrated through ascending grades of alcohol ( 75%,90% and 95% ) at interval of two hours
.This was followed by clearing in xylene for 30mins. Then the tissues were embedded in paraffin wax melted at
55o
C.The embedded tissues were sectioned at 4µm using a rotary microtome and these sections were mounted on
clean slides using DPX as the mountant .The mounted sections were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin.
Light microscope examination of the sections was then carried out.
3. Protective Effect of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract on Rambo And Raid Mosquito Coil…
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IV. Results of histopathological analysis
Fig. 1. Photomicrograph of a liver section of the control animal showing the normal liver architecture with normal
hepatocytes,the cynusoids and hepatic vessels well preserved(A) and (B) (H& E;X400)
Fig 2.Photomicrograph of a liver section of an albino rat showing the effect of exposure to raid mosquito coil
smoke for 31 days without co-treatment with extract Arrows , showing extensive distortion of hepatocytes and
injury leading to focal areas of necrosis of the hepatocytes (H&E;X 400).
Fig.3..Photomicrograph of a liver section of an albino rat showing the effect of exposure to rambo
mosquito coil smoke after 31 days without co-treatment with extracts (A )Impairment of normal
organization of hepatic architecture with the presence of hepatic necrosis. (B) distorted hepatic vessels with the
presence of hepatic haemorrhages (H & E; X 400).
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Fig .4.. Photomicrograph of a liver section of albino rat showing the effect of treatment with
G.latifolium extract after exposure to raid mosquito coil smoke for 31 days (A)improved liver architecture with
scarttered hepatic vessels (B) degeneration of the hepatic vessels that could lead to necrosis of
hepatocytes(H&E;X400)
Fig. 5. .Photomicrograph of a liver section of albino rat treated with G. latifolium extract after exposure to
Rambo mosquito coil smoke for 31 days showing (A) mild change in liver architecture and minimal focal
areas of necrosis and(B) Mild haemorrhages (H& E;X400)
Fig.6.exposure to these brands of mosquito coil smoke respectively for 31 days caused significant (P<0.05 )
increase in serum enzymes ( AST, ALT, ALP ) levels in albino rats with exposure to raid mosquito coil smoke
showing a higher effect
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Fig.. 8. Haematological effect of exposure to rambo and raid mosquito coil smoke respectively on Hb and % PCV
levels in albino rats for 31 days . The effect caused a significant (P< 0.05 ) reduction in Hb and % PCV levels in
the exposed rats compared with the control with raid showing a higher effect.
Fig.7. Effect of exposure to rambo and raid mosquito coil smoke respectively on renal function parameters (
total protein, albumin, total bilirubin and creatinine ) in albino rats for 31 days .This effect caused a
significant (P< 0.05 ) increase in total bilirubin and creatinine levels with raid showing a higher effect. Also
the exposure caused a reduction in serum total protein and albumin levels with Rambo mosquito coil smoke
showing a higher effect
6. Protective Effect of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract on Rambo And Raid Mosquito Coil…
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Fig. 9 .This shows the protective effect of G.latifolium extract on liver enzyme
activity in Rambo mosquito coil smoke-exposed rats. The figure shows a significant
(P< 0.05) reduction in liver enzymes (AST,ALT,ALP ) after co-administration of the extract which indicates the
protective effect of G.latifolium extract against exposure to Rambo mosquito coil smoke.
Fig..11. The protective effect of G.latifolium extract against reduced haemoglobin and packed cell volume
levels due to exposure to Rambo mosquito coil smoke is demonstrated in fig.6. The Hb and PCV levels were
significantly ( P<0.05 ) improved after co-administration of the extract and this also significantly( P<0.05 )
differ from the control.
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Fig.10.The effect of co-administration of G. latifolium extract on renal function parameters after
exposure to Rambo mosquito coil smoke is demonstrated in fig.5.
The extract caused a significant (P< 0.05) decreased in elevated creatinine and bilirubin levels caused
by exposure to Rambo mosquito coil smoke .Also the decreased in serum albumin and total protein
levels were significantly (P< 0.05) improved which shows the protective effect of the extract.
Fig 12.This shows the protective effect of G.latifolium extract on liver enzyme
activity in raid mosquito coil smoke-exposed rats. The figure shows a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in liver
enzymes (AST,ALT,ALP ) after co-administration of the extract which indicates the protective effect of
G.latifolium extract against exposure to Rambo mosquito coil smoke.
8. Protective Effect of Gongronema Latifolium Leaf Extract on Rambo And Raid Mosquito Coil…
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Fig 13.The effect of co-administration of G. latifolium extract on renal function parameters after exposure
to raid mosquito coil smoke is demonstrated in fig.. The extract caused a significant (P< 0.05) decreased in
elevated creatinine and bilirubin levels caused by exposure to Rambo mosquito coil smoke .Also the
decreased in serum albumin and total protein levels were significantly (P< 0.05) improved which shows the
protective effect of the extract.
Fig 14. The protective effect of G.latifolium extract against reduced haemoglobin and packed cell volume
levels due to exposure to raid mosquito coil smoke is demonstrated in fig.6. The Hb and PCV levels
were significantly ( P<0.05 ) improved after co-administration of the extract and this also significantly( P<0.05 )
differ from the control.
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V. Discussion
Exposure of the albino rats to rambo and raid mosquito coil smoke respectively
caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in the liver enzyme activities (AST, ALT and
ALP) total bilirubin and creatinine with a decrease in the levels of total protein, serum
albumin, Hb and PCV. According to Abubakar and Hassan (2007) [2] liver enzymes
AST, ALT and ALP activities were significantly increased due to exposure to
different grands of mosquito coil (Swam , Rambo and Cork) smoke respectively for
14 days. According to Foltron et al, (1988) [12] and Abu-Elzahab et al (1993) [6]
increased level of serum enzymes were observed due to exposure to pyrethriod
insecticides (Fenvalarate) and mixed pyrethriod (Tetramethrin and Sumithrin) respectively. A study by
woodman (1980) [22] indicated that the increase in serum
enzymes activities often seen due to liver damage does not indicate the inability of the
liver to synthesize the enzymes but could be due to loss of materials from the
damaged hepatocytes as a result of exposures to mosquito coil smoke and thus leads
to high enzyme activities in the serum of animals indicating a liver damage. Martin and associates (1983)
reported that the liver tissues which are known for their high
contact of transminages, lose these enzymes in case of liver cell damage.
The results also agree with the results obtained by Imamura et al, (1983) [14],
Ahmed et al, (1989) [7] and Badaway et al, (1992) [10] who reported a decrease in
serum albumin and total protein in insecticides treated-animals. Also Abubakar and
Hassan (2007) [2] noted that inflammation as a result of exposure to irritant released
from the coil smoke, such as aldehyde, sulphates and-pyrethrim which can induce
inflammatory responses capable of causing damage to the liver cells which are sites of
protein synthesis can cause a rise in total protein and serum albumin levels. Liu and
Wong (1989) [17] observed a decrease in the level of serum albumin and total protein
which according to him could be due to impaired protein synthesis and losses as a
result of haemorrhages or excessive protein catabolism. This agrees with the
observation of Okine et al, (2004) [8] who observed that the lower level of serum
albumin in the mosquito coil-inhaled rats could decrease the protein biosynthesis
activity of the liver and affect the transport of distances as lipids synthesized by the
liver.
Elevated bilirubin is one of the biochemical indices used to assess
hepatoloxicity. Ramnic (2006) [19] , explained that high levels of bilirubin are found
in disease conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, excessive haemolysis/destruction of
red blood cells Stephen et al (1997) [21] reported that the bilirubin level depends not
only on the amount of haemoglobin broken down, but also on the ability of the liver to excrete the
increased amount of bilirubin present in it.
The result of the study showed that the Rambo and Raid mosquito coil smoke
respectively induced many histopathological changes in the liver of albino rats, and
the obvious signs of hepatic impairment observed include, impairment of normal
organization of hepatitis architecture. Haemorrhages, distortion of hepatocytes and
necrosis of the hepathocytes- Sakr and Hanafy (2002) [20] observed the presence of
cytoplasmic vacnolation of the hepatocytes and leukocytes infiltration as marked
symptoms of hepatic tissue impairment due to intoxication with pyrethroid
insecticides.
Abu El-Zahab et al, (1993) [6] reported the presence of congested blood vessels,
haemorrhage, necrosis and inflammatory leucocytes in rats exposed to pyrethroid-
based mosquito coil smoke as marked signs of hepatic impairment due to exposure of
rats to mosquito coil smoke. Abou-Zaid (1995) [3], observed necrosis, congested blood vessels and leucocytic
infiltra in the liver of new born mice exposed to the insecticides for 15 days. Graba and Adelaiye (2007)
[13] observed that exposure of albino rats to cork, swam and Rambo mosquito coil smoke respectively for 21 and
28 days caused the presence of haemorrhagic spot, necrosis, widespread fibrosis and interstitial mononuclear
cellular infiltration in liver sections of albino rats.
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DOI: 10.9790/0853-1411101221 www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
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