Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a gram-negative coccobacillus that is a facultative anaerobe capable of growing in the presence or absence of oxygen. It is a small, non-spore forming bacterium that can be identified by its star-shaped or crossed cigar morphology when embedded in agar. A. actinomycetemcomitans has been strongly associated with localized juvenile periodontitis and can be detected in high numbers in lesions of the disease. Optimal treatment involves both surgical and antibiotic therapy to effectively reduce counts of A. actinomycetemcomitans at infected periodontal sites.
AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS is a bacterium with an array of diverse potential virulence characteristics, including multiple immune evasion mechanisms and novel mechanisms for binding to host matrices and invading host cells, any one of which may play a crucial role in the local tissue pathology of Localized aggressive periodontitis.
AGGREGATIBACTER ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS is a bacterium with an array of diverse potential virulence characteristics, including multiple immune evasion mechanisms and novel mechanisms for binding to host matrices and invading host cells, any one of which may play a crucial role in the local tissue pathology of Localized aggressive periodontitis.
nduced Mutation by Colchicine Treatment of Somatic Embryos in ‘Namwa’ Banana ...drboon
Hexaploids of the ‘Namwa’ banana (Musa sp ABB) were obtained by in vitro colchicine treatment of somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were induced on a medium containing MS medium supplemented with 8 mg/l picloram. Somatic embryos were treated with four different concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, %) in liquid MS medium supplemented with 0.22 mg/l zeatin, and shaken (60 rpm) at 25 0C in darkness for 48, 72 or 96 hours. Higher colchicine concentrations exhibited higher mortality rates ranging from 8–20%, 48–62% and 80–90% mortality on concentrations 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 % colchicine respectively. Mortality rate generally increased with increased treatment time. Hexaploids were obtained at a frequency of 2 % with treatments 0.05 % colchicine for 96 hours, and 1 % colchicine for 48 hours as determined by flow cytometry.
S. pyogenes, its virulence, antibiotic, phytochemicalsUniversité Laval
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS)) is the common cause of acute bacterial pharyngitis also known as strep throat or sore throat. Recorded cases of GAS bacterial pharyngitis are 15-36% in children and 5-15% in adults. School aged children in seasons of spring and winter harbor the bacterium up to 20% whereas this rate is much lower in adults. On a global scale, over 616 million new cases of GAS pharyngitis occur every year. Not only is this bacterium responsible for hundred millions of pharyngitis cases but also approximately 10,000 to 15,000 cases of invasive GAS cases are reported annually in the United States, accounting for 10% to 13% mortality rate (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/forinvasiveandnoninvasivediseaseincidence). Acute infections can lead to rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (kidney inflammation), which distress children worldwide with disability and death, if antibiotic treatment fails or if the disease is left unattended. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are known to be the leading causes of cardiovascular death during the first five decades of life in underdeveloped countries mainly concerning children. Tissues contributing to the GAS nosocomial infections are upper respiratory tract, skin, vaginal and anal area, although latter cases are rare.
GAS has several surface proteins and produces numerous extracellular products that facilitate permeation and successive evasion of the host’s immune system. Streptococcal pharyngitis results from the proliferation of GAS in the pharynx. Virulence associated factors enable S. pyogenes to attach to host tissues, elude the immune response, and spread by penetrating the host tissue layers followed by colonization.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus spp. especially (L. planetarium and L. acidophilus) against S. aureus were tested using agar-plug, agar well diffusion methods to select the best isolate that could inhibit the growth of multidrug resistance isolates. Further identification for the presence of bacteriocin was done using ELISA kit. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp isolates were bacteriocin producers with different degrees and that L. planetarium (L7) was the most efficient in bacteriocin production. Therefore, L. planetarium (L7) was selected for purification using 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and gel chromatography. The effect of purified bacteriocin was tested on 16 bacterial isolates using micro-titer plate method and well diffusion method. The results showed the ability of the bacteriocin to inhibit bacteria only at concentrations 1866U/ml (50%), 3732U/ml (100%) with a diameter of inhibition zones ranges between (11-23 mm) respectively. The anti-biofilm activity of purified bacteriocin at concentration 100% was investigated and the results showed that biofilm formation was reduced by 100% in the presence of bacteriocin.
Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating bacteria .These microorganisms lack a rigid cell wall and are bound by a single membrane, the plasma membrane. The lack of a cell wall is used to distinguish these microorganisms from ordinary bacteria and to include them in a separate class named Mollicutes. Most human and animal mollicutes are Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species of the family Mycoplasmataceae. Because mycoplasmas have an extremely small genome, these organisms have limited metabolic options for replication and survival. The smallest genome of a self-replicating organism known at present is the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium (0.58 Mb). Owing to their limited biosynthetic capabilities, most mycoplasmas are parasites exhibiting strict host and tissue specificities. The mycoplasmas enter an appropriate host in which they multiply and survive for long periods of time. These microorganisms have evolved molecular mechanisms needed to deal with the host immune response and the transfer and colonization in a new host. These mechanisms include mimicry of host antigens, survival within phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells, and generation of phenotypic plasticity. The major question is whether mycoplasmas cause damage to the host cells and to what extent the damage is clinically apparent. Mycoplasmas have long resisted detailed analyses because of complex nutritional requirements, poor growth yields, and a paucity of useful genetic tools. Although questions still far outnumber answers, significant progress has been made in identifying the mechanisms by which mycoplasmas interact and damage eukaryotic host cells. Many animal mycoplasmas depend on adhesion to host tissues for colonization and infection. In these mycoplasmas adherence is the major virulence factor, and adherence-deficient mutants are avirulent. Primary interactions between the host and mycoplasma cells occur through cell surface adhesins produced by the mycoplasma. The adhesins have been characterized in only a limited number of mycoplasmas, and while there are homologs of the characterized adhesins in some other mycoplasmas, it is clear that different molecules and structures may be involved in adhesion in different species.
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
nduced Mutation by Colchicine Treatment of Somatic Embryos in ‘Namwa’ Banana ...drboon
Hexaploids of the ‘Namwa’ banana (Musa sp ABB) were obtained by in vitro colchicine treatment of somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were induced on a medium containing MS medium supplemented with 8 mg/l picloram. Somatic embryos were treated with four different concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, %) in liquid MS medium supplemented with 0.22 mg/l zeatin, and shaken (60 rpm) at 25 0C in darkness for 48, 72 or 96 hours. Higher colchicine concentrations exhibited higher mortality rates ranging from 8–20%, 48–62% and 80–90% mortality on concentrations 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 % colchicine respectively. Mortality rate generally increased with increased treatment time. Hexaploids were obtained at a frequency of 2 % with treatments 0.05 % colchicine for 96 hours, and 1 % colchicine for 48 hours as determined by flow cytometry.
S. pyogenes, its virulence, antibiotic, phytochemicalsUniversité Laval
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A β-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABHS)) is the common cause of acute bacterial pharyngitis also known as strep throat or sore throat. Recorded cases of GAS bacterial pharyngitis are 15-36% in children and 5-15% in adults. School aged children in seasons of spring and winter harbor the bacterium up to 20% whereas this rate is much lower in adults. On a global scale, over 616 million new cases of GAS pharyngitis occur every year. Not only is this bacterium responsible for hundred millions of pharyngitis cases but also approximately 10,000 to 15,000 cases of invasive GAS cases are reported annually in the United States, accounting for 10% to 13% mortality rate (http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/abcs/forinvasiveandnoninvasivediseaseincidence). Acute infections can lead to rheumatic fever and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (kidney inflammation), which distress children worldwide with disability and death, if antibiotic treatment fails or if the disease is left unattended. Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease are known to be the leading causes of cardiovascular death during the first five decades of life in underdeveloped countries mainly concerning children. Tissues contributing to the GAS nosocomial infections are upper respiratory tract, skin, vaginal and anal area, although latter cases are rare.
GAS has several surface proteins and produces numerous extracellular products that facilitate permeation and successive evasion of the host’s immune system. Streptococcal pharyngitis results from the proliferation of GAS in the pharynx. Virulence associated factors enable S. pyogenes to attach to host tissues, elude the immune response, and spread by penetrating the host tissue layers followed by colonization.
MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF BACTERIAL GENE CODING CHITINASE ENZYMES, FAMILY 19 STR...IJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economically
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
Antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus spp. especially (L. planetarium and L. acidophilus) against S. aureus were tested using agar-plug, agar well diffusion methods to select the best isolate that could inhibit the growth of multidrug resistance isolates. Further identification for the presence of bacteriocin was done using ELISA kit. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp isolates were bacteriocin producers with different degrees and that L. planetarium (L7) was the most efficient in bacteriocin production. Therefore, L. planetarium (L7) was selected for purification using 70% saturated ammonium sulfate and gel chromatography. The effect of purified bacteriocin was tested on 16 bacterial isolates using micro-titer plate method and well diffusion method. The results showed the ability of the bacteriocin to inhibit bacteria only at concentrations 1866U/ml (50%), 3732U/ml (100%) with a diameter of inhibition zones ranges between (11-23 mm) respectively. The anti-biofilm activity of purified bacteriocin at concentration 100% was investigated and the results showed that biofilm formation was reduced by 100% in the presence of bacteriocin.
Mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating bacteria .These microorganisms lack a rigid cell wall and are bound by a single membrane, the plasma membrane. The lack of a cell wall is used to distinguish these microorganisms from ordinary bacteria and to include them in a separate class named Mollicutes. Most human and animal mollicutes are Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species of the family Mycoplasmataceae. Because mycoplasmas have an extremely small genome, these organisms have limited metabolic options for replication and survival. The smallest genome of a self-replicating organism known at present is the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium (0.58 Mb). Owing to their limited biosynthetic capabilities, most mycoplasmas are parasites exhibiting strict host and tissue specificities. The mycoplasmas enter an appropriate host in which they multiply and survive for long periods of time. These microorganisms have evolved molecular mechanisms needed to deal with the host immune response and the transfer and colonization in a new host. These mechanisms include mimicry of host antigens, survival within phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells, and generation of phenotypic plasticity. The major question is whether mycoplasmas cause damage to the host cells and to what extent the damage is clinically apparent. Mycoplasmas have long resisted detailed analyses because of complex nutritional requirements, poor growth yields, and a paucity of useful genetic tools. Although questions still far outnumber answers, significant progress has been made in identifying the mechanisms by which mycoplasmas interact and damage eukaryotic host cells. Many animal mycoplasmas depend on adhesion to host tissues for colonization and infection. In these mycoplasmas adherence is the major virulence factor, and adherence-deficient mutants are avirulent. Primary interactions between the host and mycoplasma cells occur through cell surface adhesins produced by the mycoplasma. The adhesins have been characterized in only a limited number of mycoplasmas, and while there are homologs of the characterized adhesins in some other mycoplasmas, it is clear that different molecules and structures may be involved in adhesion in different species.
CHITINASE AS THE MOST IMPORTANT SECONDARY METABOLITES OF STREPTOMYCES BACTERISIJSIT Editor
Fungal phytopathogens pose serious problems worldwide in the cultivation of economi cally
important plants.
Chemical fungicides are extensively used in current agriculture.However, excessive use of chemical
fungicides in agriculture has led to deteriorating human health , environmental pollution, damaged to
ecosystem and development of pathogen resistance to fungicide.
Because of the worsening problems in fungal disease control , a serious search is needed to identify
alternative methods for plant protection, which are less dependent on chemicals and are more
environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists are widely used for the biocontrol of fungal plant diseases.
Many species of actinomycates, particulary those belonging to the genus sterptomyces, are well known as
antifungal biocontrol agents that inhibit several plant pathogenic fungi.
Another way biological control has been developed as an alternative of chemicals to tock with plant
pathogenic fungi. Considering high presence of chitin in fungal cell wall, chitinase enzyme is camped as an
effective biocontrol agent against phytopathogenic fungi. Streptomyces bacteria are able to produce various chitinase enzymes, chitinases produced by streptomyces belong to the families 18 and 19 glycosyl hydrolases.
The antifungal activity is mostly shown by fomily 19 Chitinases. In comparison with bacterial family 18
chitinases, the specific hydrolyzing activity of chitinase 19 against soluble and in soluble chitinous substrates
has been markedly higher. Considering the importance of family to investigate antifungal potential of
streptomyces bacteria isolated from east Azarbijan region soils based on molecular identification of family 19
chitinase. encoding gene in these bacteria.
To aim the purpose 110 soil samples were collected from East Azarbaijan and 310 strepomyces
isolates were selected using macroscopic and microscopic observations. DNA genomic of all of the isolates
were extracted and PCR reactions was done using chitinase 19 designed primers as marker.
Totally isolates were selected with molecular selection and antagonistic test were done. One of the isolates
exhibit the most strong antifungal activity.
The strain was identified using 16srDNA gene, and the chitinase encoding gene were amplified partially to
prove the PCR selection. Finally the bacterium were introduced as potentially biological fertilizer.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
5. Gram-negative coccobacillus approximately 0 .4 x 1µm in size (Zambon
1985)
Capnophilic, requiring an atmosphere containing 5-10% CO2 for good
growth (slots 1982)
It is microaerophilic and a facultative anaerobe and can grow under
anaerobic conditions (Pulverer 1970)
5
6. Non sporulating Non motile Non-haemolytic
Oxidase Catalase positive
Fermentative
ability
Unable to grow on MacConkey’s Agar (Slots 1982) 6
7. Internal star-shaped or crossed cigar morphology form embedding in the agar that gives
A. actinomycetemcomitans its name.
7
8. FIMBRIAE
Small filamentous cell surface appendages associated with bacterial
colonization of host tissues.(Ofek 1980)
Peritrichous arrays (Scannapieco 1987)
may be more than 2 µm in length and 5nm in diameter and often occur
in bundles (Preus 1988,Rosan 1988)
8
10. VESICLES
Lipopolysaccharide in nature, originate from and are continuous with the outer
membrane and released into the external environment in large numbers (Holt et al
1980)
Highly leukotoxic A. actinomycetemcomitans strains--abundance of extracellular
membranous vesicles
Minimally or non leukotoxic strains-- few or no vesicles. (Lai et al 1981).
10
11. EXTRACELLULAR AMORPHOUS MATERIAL
Amorphous material that frequently embeds adjacent cells in a matrix( Holt 1980)
Protein, most likely a glycoprotein, and has been shown to exhibit both bone-
resorbing activity (Wilson 1985) and adhesive properties (Meyer 1993).
The material is easily removed by washing cells with phosphate-buffered saline.
11
13. 24 groups by Pulverer and
Ko based on tube
agglutination assays. These
24 groups were further
divided into 6
agglutinating antigens.
Non oral
A.actinomycetemcomitans
was divided into 3
serogroups by King and
Tatum based on a heat
stable component
Taichman et al. divided
A.actinomycetemcomitans
into 4 serogroups based on
surface antigens and
proteinaceous leukotoxin
Zambon divided
A.actinomycetemcomitans
into three serotypes − a, b
and c
13
14. 8 biotypes based on fermentation reactions with galactose,mannitol and xylose.
10 biotypes based on fermentation of dextrin,maltose,mannitol and xylose. Serotype a does not
ferment xylose while serotype b ferments xylose. Serotype c has both xylose positive and xylose
negative strains . (Saarela 1992)
14
16. A.Actinomycetemcomitans may constitute
Exogenous species ………..
Transmission studies and vigorous host response to periodontal infection by this organism and the
ability of appropriate therapies to eradicate the organism completely from the oral cavity (which is
not the case for indigenous pathogens) also appear to confirm this fact.
16
18. LOCALISED JP
Large numbers of A.
actinomycetemcomitans
are routinely isolated
from localized juvenile
periodontitis lesions
The eradication of A.
actinomycetemcomitans
from diseased sites is
usually correlated with
recovery from clinical
symptoms of disease
ORAL INFECTIONS
18
25. Tissue culture
medium
(Sreenivasan et
al,1993)
Chemically
defined media
(Socransky et
al ,1985)
“A” medium –
TSBV with
spiramycin,
fusidic acid and
carbenicillin.
TSBV –
trypticase soy
agar with
serum,
bacitracin and
vancomycin.
MGB-- (a
trypticase soy
broth with
malachite
green and
bacitracin)
Mandell et al 1981 Slots et al 1982 Holm 1987
25
26. YEAST EXTRACT:
-enhances the growth
(Sreenivasan
1993,Slots 1982,Van
Steenbergen
1986,Mashimo 1985
-1.2% yeast extract
CYSTEINE
-enhances the growth
(Sreenivasan 1993)
HORMONES
Steroid hormones,
including estrogen,
progesterone and
testosterone--
Enhances the growth.
(Kornman1980,1982
)
26
27. IRON
-expresses iron-
binding proteins and
has hemin-binding
activity.(Graber
1998)
pH
good growth between
pH 7.0-8.0, with
optimal growth at pH
7.5 (Sreenivasan
1993)
SALT CONC.
demonstrates optimal
growth between 85.1
mEq/l and 170 mEq/l
(Sreenivasan 1993)
27
66. Non surgical therapy has the least effect on A.actinomycetemcomitans counts in heavily infected
periodontal lesions. This is because
Periodontal therapy often fails to effectively control subgingival A.actinomycetemcomitans.
Modified Widman flap surgery is shown to have about 50 % effect.
Superior performance of resective periodontal surgery may be due to the excision of
A.actinomycetemcomitans – infected gingival tissue and reduction of pocket depth.
66
67. Systemic amoxicillin-metronidazole combination shows striking clinical results in treatment of
localized aggressive periodontitis, adult periodontitis and refractory periodontitis, even in the
absence of other periodontal therapy.
The prescribed regimen is 250 mg amoxicillin and 250 mg metronidazole- thrice daily for 8
days.
67
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a major putative periodontopathic bacteria. It is closely associated with periodontitis in young individuals and in cases of refractory adult periodontitis
it belongs to the FAMILY Pasteurellaceae and GENUS Aggregatibacter.
Aggregatibacter actnomycetemcomitans was first described by Klinger. It was first named Bacterium actinomycetemcomitans
.Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is more closely related to Haemophilus than to the genus Actinobacillus. Hence A.actinomycetemcomitans is not a true Actinobacillus. That is the reason why it was renamed as Aggregatibacter
Microaerophilic-requires oxygen but in lower levels ie..2%
Capnophilic- requires co2 in more levels
A facultative anaerobe is an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but is capable of switching to fermentation if oxygen is absent.
The fermentative ability of A. actinomycetemcomitans strains to utilize galactose, dextrin, maltose, mannitol and xylose permits the biotyping of this organism into several biotypes and serves to distinguish this organism from other members of the oral flora.
The colonies were rough surfaced.
The colonial variation is associated with fimbriation.
A significant feature of A. actinomycetemcomitans is its surface ultrastructure which includes fimbriae, vesicles, and extracellular amorphous material
Freshly isolated strains are fimbriated, but in uitro subculture results in organisms that lack fimbriae.
Fimbriated associated proteins of aa such as --54 kDa,304 a, aa 310 was found to be associated with adhesion(ishihara 1997,Inouye 1990)
A prominent feature of the surface of A. actinomycetemcomitans is vesicles (blebs)
vesicles per se exhibit leukotoxic activity
A. actinomycetemcomitans vesicles also exhibit adhesive properties; this observation prompted the hypothesis that vesicles function as delivery vehicles for A. actinomycetemcomitans toxic materials.(Meyer 1983)
Associated with the surface of certain aaa..
Furthermore, A. actinomycetemcomitans strains, which normally exhibit low levels of adhesion, exhibit increased levels of adhesion when suspended in extracellular amorphous material, a phenomenon termed conveyed adhesion.
A.actinomycetemcomitans population is genetically heterogenous. S
The distinction between exogenous and indigenous periodontal pathogens is important because the nature of periodontal infection significantly influences the clinical approach to disease management. ……..A.actinomycetemcomitans may constitute exogenous species because of the rare occurrence in periodontally healthy individuals.
may be due to their ability to manipulate the immune response of the host. T lymphocytes are believed to be the regulators of immune response. immunomodulatory bacterial products are the lipopolysaccharides of gram negative bacteria, which can activate B cells, monocytes, macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils . Super antigens are T cell modulating components of bacteria and viruses. These super antigens, though potent T cell stimulators are ultimately immunosuppressive [14]. This feature is also thought to be present in A.actinomycetemcomitans
actinornyceterncornitans is an important pathogen in severe and recurrent forms of periodontitis. The prevalence of A. actinornyceterncomitans…..
Among the five currently recognized serotypes of A. actinornycetemcornitans (52), serotype b strains often predominate in periodontal lesions of localized JP.
The evidence supporting the role of this microbe as a pathogen in periodontal disease based on Sockransky’s criteria has been presented in this table.
However, conflicting views are seen in this regard. Some reports find no apparent association between A.actinomycetemcomitans and progressive adult periodontitis while some reports do
Prior to 1962, A. actinomycetemcomitans was considered an agent incapable of causing infection except in association with A. israelii
King & Tatum ,Kaplan 1989--- recognized the ability of A. actinomycetemcomitans to cause infections by itself and documented 32 cases of infection (80).
extraoral infections by A. actinomycetemcomitans have been reported from the brain, meninges, septicemia, urinary tract infections, vertebral osteomyelitis and abscesses of the abdomen, brain, face, hand and thyroid gland.
Few complications---CHF,Embolism
model of a pathway from dental plaque and periodontal disease to infective endocarditis and atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease
Understanding of the physiological and metabolic requirements of A. actinomycetemcomitans adds an additional dimension in our understanding of the pathogenic process and the biology of this bacterium that adapts it for pathogenesis.
Appropriate culture medium:-Microorganisms require a suitable culture medium that can support their nutritional needs. By understanding the growth requirements of a given organism, it is possible to establish the necessary conditions in vitro to support their optimal growth.
A selective medium that utilises…as inhibitory agents was one of the earliest media developed……followed by the dev of ….both were useful but other gram negative orgns—sucha s Capnocytophaga and Neisseria were growing..so another medium was developed
To know the precise nutritional req of a microorganism—chemically defined media req
Since aaa growth is fastidious and it supports the growth of streptococcus and p.gingivalis
Advt---commercialy avialble and supports the growth of aa
Yeast extract has been consistently used to supplement media for the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans
Periodontal disease is correlated with pregnancy, adolescence and birth control drugs, conditions in which physiological levels of steroid hormones and iron undergo dramatic changes.
----However, the addition of iron salts and protein-bound iron to trypticase soy broth did not influence the growth or protein profiles of A. actinomycetemcomituns,
as compared with cultures grown in trypticase soy broth alone (Sreenivasan 1993) Perhaps, the concentration of iron in trypticase soy broth is sufficient for A. actinomycetemcomitans
--- downregulates expression of a 70-kDa membrane protein in iron-limited conditions
.
--The NaCl concentration is an environmental parameter that affects the growth of many bacteria. The concentration of sodium in the gingival fluid ranges from 90 mEq/l in health to 136 mEq/l following inflammation. These results suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans may thrive under conditions of gingival inflammation and suggests
an adaptation favoring pathogenesis.
Virulence is the ability of an organism to cause infection.
Virulence factors are attributes of a microorganism that enable it to colonize a particular niche in its host, overcome the host defenses and initiate a disease processIn order to produce periodontal disease
A.actinomycetemcomitans infect periodontal sites by attaching to epithelial cells, existing microbes (or) the tooth surface, by competing with the resident flora in an effective manner and also by overcoming the cellular and humoral host defense mechanisms
A. actinomycetemcomitans has been shown to possess a myriad of virulence factors that enhance its survival in the oral cavity and enable it to circumvent the host’s protective strategies. Many of these virulence factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
The first challenge any microorganism faces is the ability to adhere tightly to a specific substrate. Without adhesion, the organism is quickly cleared from
the surface. The oral cavity poses distinct problems for microbes, as eating, drinking, talking and salivary flow induce many shear forces that remove microorganisms
not firmly attached. The bacterial surface components involved in adhesion are called adhesins.
Binding occurs very rapidly, reaching saturation levels within 1 hour after infection
The major component of the extracellular matrix is collagen (89).. A. actinomycetemcomitans binds to immobilized collagen types I, 11, and V but not to type IV collagen
Actinomycetemcomitans also binds to fibronectin, but not to the plasma protein, fibrinogen (150, 201). Binding, therefore, is highly specific
(The fiber-forming collagen types I, 11,111, V and XI are predominant in connective tissue, whereas type 1V, which differs significantly in structure from the fiber-forming collagens, is the major component of the basement membrane)
Moreover, the tetB determinant was capable of being transferred by conjugation to other A. actinomycetemcomitans strains and to Haemophilus influenzae
These data suggest that antibiotic resistance in A. actinomycetemcomitans is on the rise and likely to be responsible for treatment failures in the future
Bacteriocins are proteins produced by bacteria that are lethal for other strains and species of bacteria.
These toxic agents can confer a colonization advantage for the bacterium by lessening the ecological pressures associated with competition by other organisms
for both nutrients and space.
MOA:;-The mode of action is to increase the permeability of the cell membranes of target bacteria, which leads to leakage of DNA, RNA and macromolecules essential for growth.
The surface associated material of A.actinomycetemcomitans has several putative virulence factors. This material has potent osteolytic activity. It contains a protein which blocks cell cycle progression….. This may play an important role in inflammatory bone resorption by promoting osteoclast formation in periodontal disease
collagen is the most abundant constituent of the extracellular matrix. A major feature of periodontal disease is a marked reduction in gingival collagen fiber density
One of the most important cell types within the gingival connective tissue is the fibroblast. Fibroblasts are a major source of collagen and confer structural
integrity to the tissue. Many oral bacteria express toxins that inhibit human fibroblast proliferation.
The Fc region of antibody is important in the binding of antibody to specific receptors on polymorphonuclear leukocytes. If other proteinscompete for binding to this region of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, binding of the antibody may be inhibited and, thereby, inhibit phagocytosis.
----molecules on the surface of A. actinomycetemcomitans ,the binding inhibits the ability of opsonizing antibodies to bind polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reduces phagocytosis by 90%. It is believed that the Fc receptors also play a role in complement activation.
One of the most studied virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans is leukotoxin
The Repeats-in-Toxin (RTX) exoprotein is produced by several gram negative bacteria
It is a heat labile toxin. It is protease sensitive…Target cells include human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes and macrophages. Human platelets, fibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells are resistant to the effects of ltx A
Two ltx A mediated mechanisms of cell death are known to exist: Necrosis and apoptosis. The ltx A forms pores in the target cell membrane leading to water influx and osmotic lysis. This is the case when the ltx A is present in high concentrations. At low concentrations, ltx A mediates cell death via apoptosis.
. Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) have a high potential for causing destruction of an array of host cells and tissues. Tissue destruction is a key feature of periodontal diseases;
thus, the lipopolysaccharide of A. actinomycetemcomitans has been extensively characterized (86). It causes skin necrosis (Schwartzmann reaction), bone resorption and platelet aggregation,and it activates macrophages. It is known to inhibit collagen and DNA synthesis as well as stimulation of bone resorption in a dose dependent fashion
macrophages that migrate to gingival sites of A. actinomycetemcomitans infection will be stimulated to produce these cytokines, which may then be involved in gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption
Host defense mechanisms play a major role in controlling concentrations of bacterial communities in dental plaque.
The host’s first line of defense against invading bacteria is the recruitment of phagocytes to the area. This process, known as chemotaxis, involves a number of steps, including the binding of chemotactic signals, upregulation of adhesin receptors, binding to the endothelium and movement of the phagocytic cells into the underlying tissues. The ability to disrupt chemotaxis permits the invading organism to survive this major challenge from the host.
actinomycetemcomitans is capable of inhibiting neutrophils from producing antibacterial agents . It produces a heat stable protein that inhibits hydrogen peroxide production by leukocytes.
A.actinomycetemcomitans can penetrate the gingival epithelium. in vivo studies showed that A. actinomycetemcomitans occurs in very specific locations….
and that it exhibits a definite pattern of penetration.
The primary receptor of A.actinomycetemcomitans invasion is transferrin receptor. invasion of KB cells by E. coli clones containing A. actinomycetemcomitans DNA was enhanced by transferrin or lactoferrin
Survival of all living forms depends upon cell replacement, and this is controlled by the processes of the cell cycle and cell division. In eukaryotic cells, the cell cycle is a complex process that is divided into the stages G1, S, G2 and mitosis (M). The S phase is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated. The G1 and G2 phases are important for generating the enzymes required for DNA replication and for checking the quality of the replicated DNA, respectively.
Such an important process is likely to be targeted by bacteria----
Cytolethal distending toxin is encoded by a locus of three genes, cdtABC. The toxin itself is encoded by cdtB , while cdtA and cdtC appear to encode proteins that mediate interaction between the cytolethal distending toxin complex and the host cell surface
.
Saliva is considered to be the most important transport vehicle for A.actinomycetemcomitans, as it can be cultured from salivary samples It can survive in saliva during transportation to a new host.Mucosal contact or toothbrush sharing may allow implantation of bacteria to potential growth locales.The salivary and subgingival serotypes of A.actinomycetemcomitans are the same in a patient.
Subgingival prevalence of A.actinomycetemcomitans is found to be as high as 80 %. The dynamics of subgingival A.actinomycetemcomitans is the result of a complex bacterium – host interaction.
. The dynamics of subgingival A.actinomycetemcomitans is the result of a complex bacterium – host interaction
– an antibody based sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
These DNA probe methods are rapid and are efficient tools for clinical detection of periodontopathic bacteria, mainly A.actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. For A.actinomycetemcomitans , the DNA from ATCC 43718, JP2, ATCC 29524, 310a, 146 HE are used for the probes.
data exist that A.actinomycetemcomitans is an etiologic agent of periodontal disease. Systemically administered antibiotics are recommended for elimination of this bacterium from the subgingival and adjacent intra oral areas….
This indicates that monitoring the levels of these periodontopathic bacteria and the elimination of all these three microorganisms is a prerequisite for successful treatment
Antibiotic resistance has been described amongst bacterial species colonizing the periodontal pockets.
For tetracycline resistant strains, combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole is the drug of choice. Mechanical debridement (scaling and root planning) in combination with amoxicillin – metronidazole therapy is effective in subgingival suppression of A.actinomycetemcomitans in patients with severe periodontitis
Scaling and root planing alone cannot remove A.actinomycetemcomitans from lesions of localized aggressive periodontitis
.bcz of the ability of the organism to invade gingival tissue and evade the effect of mechanical debridement and periodontal healing.
Systemic metronidazole has good anti A.actinomycetemcomitans activity in localized aggressive periodontitis patients
A.a has multiple mechanisims that are responsible for the destruction of periodontal connective tissue. It is capable of attachment, colonization and most importantly by elaborating factors that interfere with hosts defence system.
The ability of LtxA to cause death of all subsets with hematopoetic origin might contribute to help the bacterium to survive the host immune response and also to release compounds essential for bacterial growth.
Further research is required to establish its genetic, molecular and biochemical features in detail.