Here I would like to inform you on role of pheromones in stored grain pest management ................I hope it will increase your understanding..........................................................

1. Welcome
“Roleof pheromonesin stored grain
pest management”
Course In-charge
Dr.S Jayaraj Nelson
Department of Agri.Entomology
CPPS,TNAU.
SSNAIK

2. Roleof pheromonesin stored grain pest
management
Roleof pheromonesin stored grain pest
management
1.Introduction
2.Classification of semiochemicals
3.Control methods
1.Introduction
2.Classification of semiochemicals
3.Control methods

3. 1.INTRODUCTION

4. Semiochemicals: Semiochemicals are the substances or
the chemicals which are useful for the establishing
interactions between the two organisms.
Pheromones:Pheromones-chemicals secreted or excreted
into the external environment by an animal which elicit a
specific reaction in a receiving individual of the same species.
 Semiochemicals that have intraspecific signals are called as
pheromones
Semiochemicals: Semiochemicals are the substances or
the chemicals which are useful for the establishing
interactions between the two organisms.
Pheromones:Pheromones-chemicals secreted or excreted
into the external environment by an animal which elicit a
specific reaction in a receiving individual of the same species.
 Semiochemicals that have intraspecific signals are called as
pheromones
What are the semiochemicals ?What are the semiochemicals ?

5. Etymology:Etymology:
 PeterKarlson and Martin Luscherintroduced theword
pheromonein1959.
 Derived – Greek word.
 Two words:1.Pherein = to transport
2. Hormone = to stimulate
 PeterKarlson and Martin Luscherintroduced theword
pheromonein1959.
 Derived – Greek word.
 Two words:1.Pherein = to transport
2. Hormone = to stimulate

6. 1959- German chemists Karlson & Butenandt
 Pheromones:
Volatile.
Low molecularweight.
Organic compounds.
Various structures.
Ectohormones.
Communication among insects of the same
species.
Volatile.
Low molecularweight.
Organic compounds.
Various structures.
Ectohormones.
Communication among insects of the same
species.

7. Structural diversity of PheromonesStructural diversity of Pheromones
Insect Pheromone structure
1.Plodia interpunctella
(Z,E-9,12_tetradecadienyl acetate or
ZETA)
2.Tribolium castaneum
4, S-Dimethyl decanal
3.S. zeamais
4-Methyl-5-hydroxy-3-heptanone, or ‘sitophinone

8. A
BB
Pheromone
Allelochemical
Sem
iochem
ical
Ecosystem
Species A
Species B

9. Common pheromone producers
Female-produced sex pheromones
Anobiidae
Bruchidae
Dermestidae
Male-produced aggregation pheromones
Bostrichidae
Cucujidae
Curculionidae
Tenebrionidae

10. 2. CLASSIFICATION

11. Classification of semiochemicals

12. 3.CONTROL METHODS
1.Long range methods
2.Short range methods

13. Volatile chemicals,
Insect attractants or
repellents.
Protect the commodity
1.Attractants and
Mass trapping
2.Attracts and kill methods
3.Mating disruption
Involatile chemicals
Stimulant or deterrent
properties
Affect -Insect reaching the
commodity
1.Behavioral stimulants
2. Behavioural deterrents
1.Long range methods 2.Short range methods
Methods:Methods:

14. Long-range control methods
 Masstrapping isalogical extension of thesuccessful useof
trapsfor monitoring purposes.
 It is necessary to place enough traps in strategic positions
to remove a sufficiently high proportion of individuals
from the pest population to achieve the required level of
protection.
 Masstrapping isalogical extension of thesuccessful useof
trapsfor monitoring purposes.
 It is necessary to place enough traps in strategic positions
to remove a sufficiently high proportion of individuals
from the pest population to achieve the required level of
protection.
1.Attractants and mass trapping:

15.  Laboratory-based studies on mass trapping in 1980s
suggested this technique would not be effective for stored
product insects because of the poor catches possibly
associated either with early trap designs or the presence of
contaminating isomersin thelure
(Barak and Burkholder, 1985).
 Showed that the major component of the female-produced
pheromone of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller had potential for
usein controlling thispest in flour mills.
( Levinson and Buchelos,1981)
 Laboratory-based studies on mass trapping in 1980s
suggested this technique would not be effective for stored
product insects because of the poor catches possibly
associated either with early trap designs or the presence of
contaminating isomersin thelure
(Barak and Burkholder, 1985).
 Showed that the major component of the female-produced
pheromone of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller had potential for
usein controlling thispest in flour mills.
( Levinson and Buchelos,1981)

16.  Combination of mass trapping of male moths with
pheromones
 Thorough cleaning of mill and machinery
 Minimal use of insecticide appears to have been effective
in reducing population to below economic thresholds in
Italian flour mills
(Trematerra, 1994)
Contd……….
Control of E. kuehniellaControl of E. kuehniella

17. Mass trapping of Lasioderma serricorne(F.)
in Greek tobacco stores
Sex pheromone component anhydroserricornin
on multi-surface sticky traps.
Removed 500,000 male beetles.
15 month period.
(Buchelos and Levinson, 1993)
Hawaiian food warehouses -mass trapping with pheromones
Cost effective -alternative to fogging with insecticides
against L. serricorne and P. interpunctella
(Pierce, 1994)
Mass trapping of Lasioderma serricorne(F.)
in Greek tobacco stores
Sex pheromone component anhydroserricornin
on multi-surface sticky traps.
Removed 500,000 male beetles.
15 month period.
(Buchelos and Levinson, 1993)
Hawaiian food warehouses -mass trapping with pheromones
Cost effective -alternative to fogging with insecticides
against L. serricorne and P. interpunctella
(Pierce, 1994)
Contd……….

18. Problems of mass trapping of insects :
 Presence of dead Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in traps
 Act repellent
 Presence of residual quinones
 Trapped dead beetles
(Trematerra et al., 1996)
Problems of mass trapping of insects :
 Presence of dead Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in traps
 Act repellent
 Presence of residual quinones
 Trapped dead beetles
(Trematerra et al., 1996)

19.  To be effective, mass trapping must ensure that a high
proportion of female pests are either trapped or left
unmated.
 Most attempts to suppress stored grain insects using this
method have relied on sex pheromones that attract only the
male.
 However, some species produce aggregation pheromones
that attract adultsof both sexesto asuitablefood source
(Burkholder, 1990).
 To be effective, mass trapping must ensure that a high
proportion of female pests are either trapped or left
unmated.
 Most attempts to suppress stored grain insects using this
method have relied on sex pheromones that attract only the
male.
 However, some species produce aggregation pheromones
that attract adultsof both sexesto asuitablefood source
(Burkholder, 1990).

20. Contd……….
Examples aggregation pheromones:Examples aggregation pheromones:
Insect Aggregation pheromone
T. Castaneum
S. granarius
(4R,8R)-(-)-4,8-dimethyl-decanal
1-ethylpropyl (2S,3R)-5-hydroxy-
2-methylpentanoate
(Suzuki and Sugawara, 1979)(Suzuki and Sugawara, 1979)
(Phillips et al.,1989; Chambers et al.,1996)(Phillips et al.,1989; Chambers et al.,1996)

21.  Most insect pheromones are species-specific which, for
control purposes, means that a different chemical must be
deployed for each pest species present. However, some
cross-species attraction has been demonstrated in the
pheromone components of a number of beetles commonly
associated with stored grain .
(Cox and Collins, 2002)
 Most insect pheromones are species-specific which, for
control purposes, means that a different chemical must be
deployed for each pest species present. However, some
cross-species attraction has been demonstrated in the
pheromone components of a number of beetles commonly
associated with stored grain .
(Cox and Collins, 2002)
Contd……….

22. The species are:
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)
Cryptolestes pusillus (Sch. onherr) (Chambers et al., 1990),
Sitophilus oryzae (L.),
Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and
S. granarius (Walgenbach et al., 1983; Phillips et al., 1985),
Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),
Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) and
Ahasverus advena (Waltl) (Pierce et al., 1991),
Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and
Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Williams et al., 1981, Hodges et al.,
1984),
Trogoderma granarium Everts,
Trogoderma inclusum LeConte and
Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Greenblatt et al., 1977),
Tribolium confusum (du Val),
Tribolium freemani Hinton and
T. castaneum (Suzuki et al., 1987).
The species are:
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)
Cryptolestes pusillus (Sch. onherr) (Chambers et al., 1990),
Sitophilus oryzae (L.),
Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky and
S. granarius (Walgenbach et al., 1983; Phillips et al., 1985),
Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.),
Oryzaephilus mercator (Fauvel) and
Ahasverus advena (Waltl) (Pierce et al., 1991),
Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) and
Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Williams et al., 1981, Hodges et al.,
1984),
Trogoderma granarium Everts,
Trogoderma inclusum LeConte and
Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Greenblatt et al., 1977),
Tribolium confusum (du Val),
Tribolium freemani Hinton and
T. castaneum (Suzuki et al., 1987).

23. Food volatiles areanother sourceof lures some of which have
the advantage of being attractive to the adults and larvae of
both sexesof awiderangeof speciesof stored grain pests.
Food volatiles are another sourceof lures someof which have
the advantage of being attractive to the adults and larvae of
both sexesof awiderangeof speciesof stored grain pests.
Roleof food volatilesRoleof food volatiles

24. Food volatile Insect attracted
Wheat germ 15% lipid, upto
60% of which is
triglyceride. Unsaturated
triglycerides are particularly
attractive and elicit
aggregation responses
S. granarius
O. surinamensis
Pod pieces and extracts
from the carob tree
O. surinamensis,
S. granarius,
C. ferrugineus
A. advena
Role of food volatiles…….
volatiles, valeraldehyde,
maltol and vanillin, and
5R,4S -sitophilure
S.o ryzae

25.  Food lures used in combination with pheromones may
offer a way of enhancing the effectiveness of mass-trapping
systems for stored grain pests.
 Phillips et al. (1993) found that in laboratory tests a
combination of three grain volatiles, valeraldehyde, maltol
and vanillin, and 5R,4S -sitophilure was more attractive to
the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae than either the pheromone
or the grain volatile alone
 Food lures used in combination with pheromones may
offer a way of enhancing the effectiveness of mass-trapping
systems for stored grain pests.
 Phillips et al. (1993) found that in laboratory tests a
combination of three grain volatiles, valeraldehyde, maltol
and vanillin, and 5R,4S -sitophilure was more attractive to
the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae than either the pheromone
or the grain volatile alone

26. 2.Attractant and kill
methods
2.Attractant and kill
methods

27. A.The method involves..
lure -attract pests -treated with an insecticide
or other control agent.
E. kuehniella in Italian flour mills:
Attracting male moths to dispensers
(combination of sex pheromone and the
pesticide cypermethrin ).
(Trematerra, 1994)
A.The method involves..
lure -attract pests -treated with an insecticide
or other control agent.
E. kuehniella in Italian flour mills:
Attracting male moths to dispensers
(combination of sex pheromone and the
pesticide cypermethrin ).
(Trematerra, 1994)
Contd……..

28. B.Control stored product pests using semiochemicals and to
attract them to a source of pathogens
Attracted the dermestid beetle Trogoderma glabrum
(Herbst) to a pheromone source containing the
protozoan pathogen Mattesia sp., subsequently
transmitting the disease to over 90% of a test
population.
(Burkholder and Boush 1974)
B.Control stored product pests using semiochemicals and to
attract them to a source of pathogens
Attracted the dermestid beetle Trogoderma glabrum
(Herbst) to a pheromone source containing the
protozoan pathogen Mattesia sp., subsequently
transmitting the disease to over 90% of a test
population.
(Burkholder and Boush 1974)
Contd……..Contd……..

29.  Recently vegetable fat pellets containing an aggregation
pheromone and the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria
bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin have been used in laboratory
tests to attract and kill Prostephanus truncatus
(Smith et al., 1999).
 Recently vegetable fat pellets containing an aggregation
pheromone and the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria
bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin have been used in laboratory
tests to attract and kill Prostephanus truncatus
(Smith et al., 1999).
Contd……..Contd……..
 The method showed promise for the control of this beetle
in maize stores and has the additional advantage that using
the fat pellet formulation avoids any possible allergen
hazard associated with the presence of airborne fungal
conidia.
 The method showed promise for the control of this beetle
in maize stores and has the additional advantage that using
the fat pellet formulation avoids any possible allergen
hazard associated with the presence of airborne fungal
conidia.

30. Advantages
Reduce the amount of toxic chemical
Restricting its application to a much smaller area
Reducing costs
Reducing hazards by blanket pesticide treatments
Disadvantages
No further tests or field trials of this method, possibly
reflecting no concerns over the use of pathogens generally.
The pathogens used were too species-specific, rendering
them ineffective in storage environments where a number of
different pest species are often present.
Contd…

31. 3.Mating disruption
This technique relies for its success on using pheromones to
prevent mating and the subsequent laying of fertile eggs.
The mechanisms involved are not completely understood
(Cardle and Minks, 1995); however, the three most likely
modes of action are:
This technique relies for its success on using pheromones to
prevent mating and the subsequent laying of fertile eggs.
The mechanisms involved are not completely understood
(Cardle and Minks, 1995); however, the three most likely
modes of action are:

32. (i) Adaptation of the antennal receptors and habituation of the
central nervous system, caused by the continuous exposure
of insects to a relatively high concentration of pheromone,
which prevents the insect responding to a potential mate.
(ii) Camouflaging of the natural pheromone plume from a
calling mate resulting from the use of a high background
level of pheromone which renders trail-following for real
mate
(iii) False-trail following when a relatively large number of
point sources of pheromone are spread around an area to
present the pest with many false trails
(i) Adaptation of the antennal receptors and habituation of the
central nervous system, caused by the continuous exposure
of insects to a relatively high concentration of pheromone,
which prevents the insect responding to a potential mate.
(ii) Camouflaging of the natural pheromone plume from a
calling mate resulting from the use of a high background
level of pheromone which renders trail-following for real
mate
(iii) False-trail following when a relatively large number of
point sources of pheromone are spread around an area to
present the pest with many false trails
Mode of action

35. Mating success and population growth rates of P.
interpunctella and E. cautella, were substantially reduced in
the presence of synthetic sex pheromone in simulated storages
(Sower and Whitmer, 1977).
for example, that mating frequencies in E.cautella were
reduced from 56% to 70%.
Mating success and population growth rates of P.
interpunctella and E. cautella, were substantially reduced in
the presence of synthetic sex pheromone in simulated storages
(Sower and Whitmer, 1977).
for example, that mating frequencies in E.cautella were
reduced from 56% to 70%.
Contd..

36. Experimental trials
Controlled release system for dispensing pheromones to
disrupt mating of E. cautella
(Mafra-Neto and Baker, 1996)
In laboratory and in cocoa stores
Micro-encapsulated formulations of synthetic pheromone used
against E. cautella .Significant mating disruption and
population reduction
(Hodges et al., 1984)
Experimental trials
Controlled release system for dispensing pheromones to
disrupt mating of E. cautella
(Mafra-Neto and Baker, 1996)
In laboratory and in cocoa stores
Micro-encapsulated formulations of synthetic pheromone used
against E. cautella .Significant mating disruption and
population reduction
(Hodges et al., 1984)

37. F1 emergences were reduced by over 97% at population
densities of 0.25 moths/m2
(Prevett et al., 1989)
E. kuehniella-Italian flour mill -laminar pheromone dispensers
numbers of insects caught increased.
(Trematerra and Capizzi, 1987)
F1 emergences were reduced by over 97% at population
densities of 0.25 moths/m2
(Prevett et al., 1989)
E. kuehniella-Italian flour mill -laminar pheromone dispensers
numbers of insects caught increased.
(Trematerra and Capizzi, 1987)

38. 1.Dermestid storage beetles
Prior exposure of male sex pheromone for 2 days Resulted
reduced mating efficiency
(Rahalkar et al., 1972)
2. black carpet beetle,
Mating was reduced -adults of the Attagenus megatoma-
exposed to synthetic sex pheromone, megatomoic acid .
(Burkholder, 1973)
1.Dermestid storage beetles
Prior exposure of male sex pheromone for 2 days Resulted
reduced mating efficiency
(Rahalkar et al., 1972)
2. black carpet beetle,
Mating was reduced -adults of the Attagenus megatoma-
exposed to synthetic sex pheromone, megatomoic acid .
(Burkholder, 1973)
Laboratory tests

39. 2.Short-rangecontrol
methods
2.Short-rangecontrol
methods

40. Insect movement or feeding -improve the efficacy of
insecticidesand bio control agents.
Feeding stimulants -wheat germ, cotton seed flour and
cotton seed oil -attract the insect
Bacillus thuringiensis and Nuclearpolyhedrosis virus.
(Navon et al., 1997)
Microbial agents B. thuringiensis are registered for use on
stored grain in theUSA.
(Cox and Wilkin, 1998)
1.Behavioral stimulants1.Behavioral stimulants

41. 2. Behavioural deterrents2. Behavioural deterrents
 Chemical inhibit -oviposition or feeding.
For example, mandibular glandsof P. interpunctella secrete
semiochemicalswhich aredeposited -food and silk
(Corbet, 1971)
 Not prefered by larvae
 Chemical inhibit -oviposition or feeding.
For example, mandibular glandsof P. interpunctella secrete
semiochemicalswhich aredeposited -food and silk
(Corbet, 1971)
 Not prefered by larvae

42. Plants chemicals -antifeedant properties against stored grain
pests
1. the compound bis abolangelone from wild angelica,
Angelica sylvestris L. (Umbelliferae), a good feeding deterrent
for S. granarius, T. co nfusumand T. granarium
-reducing oviposition
(Nawrot et al.,1986)
2. pentane extracts (Ovipositional and gustatory stimulants) –
stored wheat -femalesS. granarius
(Kanaujiaand Levinson,1981)
Plants chemicals -antifeedant properties against stored grain
pests
1. the compound bis abolangelone from wild angelica,
Angelica sylvestris L. (Umbelliferae), a good feeding deterrent
for S. granarius, T. co nfusumand T. granarium
-reducing oviposition
(Nawrot et al.,1986)
2. pentane extracts (Ovipositional and gustatory stimulants) –
stored wheat -femalesS. granarius
(Kanaujiaand Levinson,1981)
Contd…….

43. Terpenoid, lactones, common secondary metabolites plants
-exhibit antifeedant activity beetle species -T. co nfusumand T.
granarium
(Paruch et al., 2000).
useof such antifeedants:
reducedamage-feeding
stop insects-moving to grain bulk
Avoids-laying eggs
Terpenoid, lactones, common secondary metabolites plants
-exhibit antifeedant activity beetle species -T. co nfusumand T.
granarium
(Paruch et al., 2000).
useof such antifeedants:
reducedamage-feeding
stop insects-moving to grain bulk
Avoids-laying eggs

44. ConclusionConclusion
As the semiochemicals are involved in the
behavoural modification ,non chemical
methods ,less persistance no residues on the
grains ,as our concern to eatable grains it is
the best method to control the pests of storage
grains

45. Thanks
a
lot…
…
Presented by
S.Srinivas naik
Id no -13-503-010