This study tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of E.coli isolated from different water sources in Nyala Town, Sudan. E.coli was isolated from 50 water samples using standard methods and tested against 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents. The results showed that the E.coli strains were most sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Co-Trimoxazole and Chloramphenicol and most resistant to Tetracycline and Ampicillin/Sulbactam. This indicates multiple antibiotic resistant E.coli exist in the water sources of the study area, making the water potentially unsafe for drinking.
Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative staphylococci. The organism is found as a skin commensal in healthy individuals. S. lugdunensis has been implicated in invasive diseases. The mecA gene has been reported in several data, the first in a neonate with MRSL that produces an alternative penicillin binding protein (PBP2A).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative staphylococci. The organism is found as a skin commensal in healthy individuals. S. lugdunensis has been implicated in invasive diseases. The mecA gene has been reported in several data, the first in a neonate with MRSL that produces an alternative penicillin binding protein (PBP2A).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
Biodegradation of Profenofos Pesticide by Efficient Bacillus Cereus and Klebs...ijsrd.com
The objective of this study to examine potential for the degradation Profenofos pesticide by the bacteria and finding the optimum conditions of bacteria. The growth of the pesticide degrading bacteria was assessed in Mineral salt broth containing 25mg of pesticide at different level temperature levels (25°C,30°C, 35°C & 40°C) and pH levels ( pH 5, pH 6, pH 7 & pH 8) .The maximum growth rate of bacteria was recorded at 35°C and pH 6. Among the tow bacteria the bacteria Bacillus cereus utilized the pesticides effectively and showed maximum growth. Profenofos pesticide was biological degradable.
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
Biodegradation of Profenofos Pesticide by Efficient Bacillus Cereus and Klebs...ijsrd.com
The objective of this study to examine potential for the degradation Profenofos pesticide by the bacteria and finding the optimum conditions of bacteria. The growth of the pesticide degrading bacteria was assessed in Mineral salt broth containing 25mg of pesticide at different level temperature levels (25°C,30°C, 35°C & 40°C) and pH levels ( pH 5, pH 6, pH 7 & pH 8) .The maximum growth rate of bacteria was recorded at 35°C and pH 6. Among the tow bacteria the bacteria Bacillus cereus utilized the pesticides effectively and showed maximum growth. Profenofos pesticide was biological degradable.
PREVALENCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRULENCE PROPERTIES OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGI...SUS GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the epitome of an opportunistic pathogen of humans that cause urinary tract infections, respiratory system infection, particularly in victim of severe burns, cancer and AIDS patient who are immunocompromised. Most Pseudomonas infections are both invasive and toxigenic. The particular bacterial determinants of virulence mediate different stages of infection and are ultimately responsible for the characteristic syndromes that accompany the disease. In the present study P. aeruginosa was found to be more prevalent in burn patients (100%) followed by urinary tract infection samples (71%), sputum samples (66%) and wound samples (59%). 85% isolates recovered from clinical samples were mucoid. A total of 35% isolates were strong siderophore producers, 19% isolates were strong protease producers while 52% were strong phospholipase producers. Isolates from burns, sputum and environment sample were strong rhamnolipid producers. Elevated level of hemolysin production was observed in burn, urine and wound isolates. The prominence of haemagglutination ability in environmental isolates followed by burns isolates provided evidence for its being a nosocomial pathogen. The association between virulence determinants and disease can indicate the precise role played by the determinant in estabilishing the disease. Isolates were maximally sensitive towards lactam antibiotics.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality manuscripts in all related aspects of two major sub branches of Microbiology namely Bacteriology: the study of Bacterial Mycology& the study of fungus. The Journal focuses upon the identification, classification, characterization of bacterial/fungal species and the infections and health issues caused by these dreadful bacteria and fungus.
Austin Publishing Group is a successful host of more than hundred peer reviewed journals, open access journals in various fields of science and technology with intent to bridge the gap between academic and research access.
Journal of Bacteriology and Mycology journal accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, mini reviews, rapid communication, opinions and editorials in all related aspects of Bacterial Mycology & Fungal Species.
Comparative Study on Antimicrobial Activity and Microbial Load of Alternanthe...Premier Publishers
The present study analyses the antimicrobial activity and the microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb growing in polluted and unpolluted site. The plants were collected and tested against various Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial activity was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of aerial parts A. philoxeroides collected from polluted and unpolluted site that showed significant antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial and fungal organisms. The extracts were compared with standards like Amoxicillin for antibacterial activity and Ketoconazole for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable antimicrobial activity as measured from the zone of inhibition and results were comparable with that of standard drugs against the organisms tested. The microbial load is also enumerated in the cooked and cooked refrigerated samples from polluted and unpolluted site. In conclusion, plant extract of A. philoxeroides collected from polluted site showed less antimicrobial activity and higher antimicrobial activity in unpolluted site. The ethanol extract showed higher activity when compared to other extracts. The microbial load is higher in cooked refrigerated sample when compared to cooked sample.
Trends in Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio Cholerae Isolates in Kenya (2006 - ...paperpublications3
Abstract: The evolution of antibiotic resistance was studied among revived Vibrio cholerae strains which were previously archived at -800c between 2006 and 2015. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) on 12 antimicrobials; ampicillin (10µg), cefpodoxime (10 µg), ceftazidime (30 µg), cefotaxime (30 µg), amoxicillin- clavulanic acid (10/ 100 µg ratio) nalidixic acid (30 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (10 µg), SXT (sulphamethoxazole -30 µg trimethoprim -5.2 µg), streptomycin (25 µg), gentamycin (10 µg) and chloramphenicol (30 µg) was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. AST results revealed susceptibility to tetracycline, which is the drug of choice in Kenya administered as doxycycline during cholera outbreaks, among all isolates. Resistance to βeta-lactams and ciprofloxacin emerged in latter years while a decline in resistance to SXT, Chloramphenicol and Streptomycin was noted. This study gave a clear indication that there were changes in the resistance patterns whereby resistance to some antimicrobials declined and others emerged over the ten year period. In order to slow down the emergence and spread of resistance strains, care should be taken by health professionals when prescribing antimicrobials to patients suffering from cholera disease and should be restricted to only severe cases. It is also recommended that antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be done before giving antimicrobials in management of cholera cases.
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Evolution, Kenya, Vibrio cholera.
Title: Trends in Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio Cholerae Isolates in Kenya (2006 - 2015)
Author: Penina Muthoni Kung’u, Samuel Njoroge, John Kiiru, Paul Okemo, Samuel Kariuki
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 μg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 μg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220μg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities Of Algerian Populus Nigra L. Buds Ex...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
his study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet - mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria. In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC= 90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF ALGERIAN POPULUS NIGRA L. BUDS EX...bioejjournal
This study is part of a goal to investigate chemical composition, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant
activities of the flower buds extracts from the Algerian Polulus nigra L., which were collected from Djarifet
- mansourah at Tlemcen city in the West Northern of Algeria.
In organic extracts, tanins, flavonoïds, coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoïds were the principals secondary
metabolites identified from the flower buds of black poplar. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of
extracts were tested using agar-well diffusion method and micro-well determination of MIC assay against
eleven bacteria and two Candida species. It was found that extracts of black poplar buds exhibit
antibacterial and anticandidal activities with agar disk diffusion (7 to 43mm) and MIC methods (MIC=
90.33 µg/ml against several strains of bacteria and MIC=45.16 µg/ml against Candida albicans). The
antioxidant effect of hydroalcoholic extract was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays. It was showed
good and similar activity than ascorbic acid and BHA by DPPH method: IC50= 220µg/mL for
hydroethanol extract.
Disinfectants play an important role in health careassociated
infection control by either minimizing or preventing
microorganism dissemination. This article to study the
morphological changes which may be related to the lose of
antibiotic resistance after disinfectant exposure using SEM.
Showed all isolates resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin,
cephalexin, tetracycline, doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol,
trimethoprim cefotaxime and erythromycin, while one of burn
isolates was susceptible for gentamicin, chloramphenicol and
trimethoprim, and 15 of burn, 6 of wound, 5 of ear, and all urine
isolates were susceptible to gentamicin using Kirby-Bauer
method.
The MICs of four common in use disinfectants (Hexatane,
Dettol, Savlon and Povidone – Iodine) were determined for all
isolates. The results showed that the MICs of Hexatane ranged
from (64–512) µg/ml, Dettol (2048–16384) µg/ml,
Savlon (4096:40960)–(32768:327680) µg/ml and for Povidone –
Iodine MICs were (8192–32768) µg/ml. It has been found that
burn and urine isolates were more resistant to disinfectants than
wound and ear isolates. According to the effect of subMICs of
disinfectants at different exposure patterns on antibiotic
resistance, the results showed lose of resistance to tetracycline,
doxycycline, rifampin, chloramphenicol, cefotaxime and
trimethoprim in %72, %72, %68, %22, %28 and %36 of isolates,
respectively. The results of SEM micrograph showed normal
morphology and small sized bacteria with nub formation on some
of them when exposed to dettol, and shape changes in cells with
bulging in exposed to Povidone-iodine, while elongation and
deformation were recorded in some cells in exposed to
Savlon(chlorohexidine/ cetrimide) and Hexatane (chlorohexidine/
gluconate), respectively.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
In vitro controlling of selected human diarrhea causing bacteria by clove ext...Open Access Research Paper
Antibacterial activity of clove extracts (Syzygium aromaticum L.) was proven against five diarrhea causing bacteria. This was further confirmed when compared with commonly used three commercial antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, tetracycline and erythromycin) as a positive control. Significant differences (P<0.0001) were observed in the effect of the antimicrobial agents (clove extracts and antibiotics), and in the sensitivities of the bacterial species (P<0.0001) to the antimicrobial agents. Clove extracts had significant (P<0.001) activity with the acetone extract demonstrating highest activity followed by antibiotics and other extracts against tested bacteria. The zone of inhibition of clove extracts was ranged from 7.33 to 12.00 mm whereas in antibiotics, it was 0.00 to 11.67 mm. Of all the bacteria, Salmonella typhimurium was the most susceptible against all of the extracts as well as concentrations of clove, while low MIC (180 mgml-1) and MBC (680 mgml-1) of the extracts were observed against Shigella dysenteriae. Consequently, clove has a significant antidiarrheal activity and it could be used as an effective antibacterial agent, alternative to the use of antibiotics.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated E.coli from different water sources in Nyala Town. (Sudan)
1. 32
Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated E.coli from different water sources in Nyala Town. (Sudan)
Nada A. Elamin1, Mustafa S. koya2 Zeinab A.Elrabei3
1department of Biology, faculty of education, University of Nyala, Sudan
2department of Chemistry, faculty of education, university of Nyala Sudan
3department of Chemistry, faculty of education, University of Nyala, Sudan
اختبار حساسية بكتيريا القولون المعزولة من المصادر المختلفة
لمياه مدينة نيالا للمضادات الحيوية
مستخلص الدراسة :
اجريت هذه الدراسة به دد اتبا د ر اس سدوة اوم او دة باباي د المال داو ا ال دة
ون ا ص در ا خبلفة ود ه وديةدة اود ب لدا ض ا تد داو ا وايدة . اسدخدوت تمةودة ا ) disk diffusion ( بتبا راس سوة ا وم اوة عدد 23 ون ا ت داو ا واية الأكثدر اسدبخداو
في ال لاج االتي اشبملت علد Cefotaxime (30 mcg) , Ampicillin / Sulbactam( 20 mcg ) , Co.Trimxazole(25mcg) , Piperacillin / Tazobatam(100/10 mcg) , Chloramphenicol(30 mcg) . Ciprofloxacin(5 mcg). Tetracycline(30 mcg) , Ofloxacin(5 mcg) , Gentamicin(10mcg) , Amikacin(30 mcg) , Pefloxcin (5 mcg) and Ceftizoxcime ( 30 mcg ).
أاضحت الةب ئج أو جموع سدلابو باباي د المال داو ا ال دة لل وة د و ددت الدراسدة
اس سددة لادد وددن ) Chloramphenicol ، Co-Trimoxazole ، (Ciprofloxacin و اوم اودة لاد ودن ) Ampicillin / Sulbactam ا Tetracycline ) بوةمد اس سدوبه
اوم اوبه للمت داو الأترى ت د وباسطة.
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistant among the faecal bacteria found in different water sources in Nyala town South Darfur was tested. Isolation and identification of E.coli was done by using standard methods. Presumptive isolates obtained were confirmed by
2. 32
culturing in Brilliant Green Bile lactose media (BGB) and IMVC test. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disk diffusion method was conducted for 12 antimicrobial agents: Cefotaxime(30mcg) , Ampicillin / Sulbactam(20mcg) , Co-Trimxazole (25mcg), Piperacillin / Tazobatam(100/10mcg) Chloramphenicol(30mcg) . Ciprofloxacin(5mcg) . Tetracycline(30mcg) , Ofloxacin(5mcg) , Gentamicin(10mcg) , Amikacin(30mcg) , Pefloxcin(5mcg0 and Ceftizoxcime(30mcg) .
The results indicate that all the studied E .coli strains were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Co-Trimoxazole and Chloramphenicol and resistant to Tetracycline and Ampicillin / Sulbactam .
Key words:- Antimicrobial, susceptibility, Escherichia coli, Nyala, water sources
Introduction
Public and environmental health protection requires safe drinking water, which means that it must be free of pathogenic bacteria. E .coli is an organism that occurs universally in sewage and because it is a faecal coliform, it plays an important role in the sanitary analysis of water. (Zamxaka et al., 2004). According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1981), 80% of all diseases are attributed to unsafe water.
About one quarter of billion people in the world are suffering from major related diseases at any time (Odeyemi, 1998).
Antibiotic resistance in E.coli has been globally identified in isolates from environmental, aninmal and human sources (Heike and Reinhard,2005) . This is a consequence of the use of antimicrobials in
3. 32
medicine and their application in animal husbandry , which have brought about phenotypic changes , often due to chromosomal mutations .(Walsh et.al .2005) .
E.coli is resistant to a number of antibiotics. (Robert2003). In addition to the consequences of microbial resistance to antibiotics on human health, contamination of surface water bodies with resistant bacterial strains from human activities and livestock operations has also been reported (Harakeh et al., 2004).
However, bacteria have developed strategies for survival within the host during an infection and one of these strategies is the resistance of isolates to the antimicrobial drugs. Antibiotic resistance is a serious problem because it limits the therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of bacterial diseases in domestic animal species in general and poultry in particular (Nicole et al., 2000). According to Hussain et al., 1982, the numbers of multi-drug resistant E. coli are continuously increasing although various antimicrobial agents are being used. Considering the above facts, the present research work was undertaken to determine the current status of drug sensitivity and resistance pattern of the E. coli isolated from 10 different sources to select the drugs of choice for therapeutic use against various infections of man and animals caused by the organism.
The aim of this study was to isolate E.coli organisms from water collected from different sources in Nyala town with the intention of testing their resistance to commonly used antibiotics
4. 32
Materials and Methods:
Water samples were collected during the rainy season of 2009 from 50 sampling sites such as dug wells, boreholes along wadi Nyala and tap water in 250 ml bottles, according to procedure mentioned by WHO,1984.
Samples were kept at 4ᵒC from different sites until their arrival to laboratory. 50 isolates of E.coli were collected and tested against 12 commonly used antimicrobial agents. Standard methods were used for the enrichment, isolation, identification and biochemical confirmation (indole,methyl, red , Voges - proskauer and Simmon citrate tests ) of E.coli (Drangan .2000)
The bacterial isolates that were confirmed to be E.coli based on the results of the biochemical tests were selected for antimicrobial agent sensitivity testing. The antibiotic resistance was determined by a standard disc diffusion technique using Muller-Hinton agar (Difco) according to the recommendation of National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards NCCLs 2008.
The fifty samples of E.coli mentioned above were cultured into peptone water medium incubated at 37ᵒC for 24 hours following according to methods mentioned by Nada, (2010), with a slight modification. In exposed to light the growth turbidity was matched with turbidity of a standard (Macforland 0.5). Small amount of the cultured liquid were transferred into Muller Hinton agar medium plates. The plates were left for 15 minuts to be absorbed, multi antimicrobial susceptibility disks of Gram negative bacteria were
5. 32
placed and the plates then incubated at 37ᵒC for 24hr and examined for evaluation of the inhibition zones. The names and concentrations of the used antibiotics is shown in (Table 1)
Antimicrobial agent
Code
Concentration
Amikacin
AK
30 mcg
As
20 mcg
CF
30 mcg
Ceftizoxime
CL
30 mcg
Chloramphenicol
CH
30 mcg
Ciprofloxacin
CP
5 mcg
Co-trimxazole
BA
25 mcg
Gentamicin
GM
10 mcg
Oflxacin
OF
5 mcg
Pefloxacin
PF
5 mcg
Piperacillin/Tazobatam
TzP
100/10 mcg
Teteacycline
TE
30 mcg
6. 32
Results:
Disk diffusion zones were used to show the difference among types of samples collected from several water sources.
Significant differences were seen inhibition diffusion zones for all antimicrobial agents (Table 2) .
Multi disk zones of E.coli isolated from water were examined to show the difference among types of antimicrobial agents. The largest zones (a) indicates greater susceptibility were shown by (Ciprofloxacin, 5mcg), but the smallest zones (f) indicating greater resistance to the antibiotic were shown by (Ampicillin/ Sulbatctam, 20 mcg). That means E.coli isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (CP), CO-Trimoxazole (BA, 25mcg) and chloramphenicol (CH 30 mcg). The superscript (a) is common and there were no significant differences among them, but (CP, 5 mcg) shows the largest inhibition zone Fig(1) .
There were no significant differences among Co-Trimoxazole (BA, 25mcg) , Chloramphenicol (CH,30 mcg) , Ofloxacin (OF) and Pefloxacin (PF, 5mcg) (the superscript b is common ) . Tetracyclline (TE 30 mcg) , Ampicilln / sulbactam (AS,20 mcg) showed the smallest zones but these showed significant difference among CP, BA , CH, OF , PF , CL , AK , TZP , Gm and As . (The superscript is not common) .
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Antibiotic
Code
Susceptibility according to manufacture standard (NCCLS)
Statistical analysis
Mean SD (mm)
Superscript significant
Amikacin
AK
I
15.88C as 2.07
c
Ampicillin /Sulbactam
AS
R
9.98f as 2.14
f
Cefotaxime
CF
R
15.56C as 3.67
c
Ceftizoxime
CL
I
16.44cd as 2.90
c
Chloramphenicol
CH
I
17.92ab as 3.25
ab
Ciprofloxacin
CP
S
21.02a as 2.65
a
Co-Trimoxazole
BA
S
18.02ab as 4.02
ab
Gentamycin
GM
S
15.78C as 1.66
c
Ofloxacin
OF
S
17.60bc as 3.19
bc
Pefloxacin
PF
I
17.48bc as 3.03
cd
Piperacillin/Tazobactam
TzP
R
15.88C as 2.98
c
Tetracycline
TE
R
8.94e as 3.24
e
S: Sensitive R: Resistant I: Intermediate
*: means with the same superscript are not significantly different.
8. 23
antibiotic
Discussion :
The Enterobacteiaceae family has been linked to well known as antibiotic gene pools. These genes are transferred into the normal flora of humans and animals (Lin and Biyela,2005) .
In this study all strains of E.coli showed resistance against the activity of Tetracycline and Ampicillin / Sulbactam . The highest inhibition zones were found with Ciprofloxacin followed by co- Trimxazole and chloramphenicol . These findings are in accordance with (Erwa.1975; Hassan , 1985, Omer,1986; Shers et.al;1988 Kawjok,1992;Musa ,1994; Altaib,1997 and Raida etal,2005), who
Antibiotic
9. 22
found that the highest levels of resistance were observed for tetracycline in E.coli isolated from different sources of water.
Angela (2004) reported that the highest rates of resistance were towards Ampicillin (21.8%) and tetracycline (14.1%) The results of the present study confirm the work done by.
Conclusion:
On the basis of the observations recorded and findings obtained on various biochemical properties of the microorganisms, it is clearly concluded that the water bodies of the study area revealed the occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistant E.coli in the water sources which in turn contributes in making it unsafe for drinking. Good hygienic practices including sanitary water handling, safe use of antibiotics, adequate water source protection mechanisms should be implemented in the area of water points in order to protect the surrounding community and livestock in general from water borne diseases.
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