- Hutchinson's ratio describes the size difference between similar species that coexist, typically ranging from 1:1.1 to 1:1.4. It is measured by comparing traits like body weight or lengths of feeding appendages.
- May's d/w law states that competing species can stably coexist only when their niche overlap ratio (d/w) is approximately equal to 1, where d is the difference between the means of their resource distributions and w is the standard deviation.
- Dyar's law and Przibram's law describe geometric growth patterns in insect body parts and cells between life stages. However, these laws often do not apply due to non-constant growth rates and disharmonic
Habitat management plays an important role in integrated pest management by manipulating the agricultural landscape to promote natural enemies of pest species. The objectives of habitat management are to create suitable habitat to enhance natural enemy populations and maintain pest populations at subeconomic levels. Key approaches include intercropping, strip cropping, trap cropping, and providing additional food and overwintering resources to support natural enemies. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques can increase levels of pest egg parasitism and reduce pest populations in various crop systems.
- Insect life tables are used to track stage-specific mortality in insect populations. They show the number surviving and dying at each life stage.
- Insect monitoring involves regular surveillance of insect populations, damage, and movement to assess pest levels and predict problems. Various monitoring techniques are used including visual counts, traps, and nets.
- Insect forecasting makes predictions about future pest outbreaks and suitable control times based on past and present monitoring data, especially weather impacts on pests. Both short and long-term forecasts are used.
Insect behavior can be innate or learned. Innate behaviors are genetically programmed and include reflexes, orientation behaviors like taxis, and fixed action patterns. Learned behaviors are acquired through experience and include habituation, classical conditioning, and instrumental learning. Insects exhibit a range of behaviors for locomotion, communication, reproduction, and responding to their environment.
Comparative morphology of Acari, phylogeny of higher categories in mitesGuru P N
This document provides definitions and information about comparative morphology and phylogeny of mites. It includes:
1. Definitions of various terms related to mites, their anatomy, life cycles, and classification.
2. A brief history of the field of acarology and the development of the study of mites.
3. Descriptions of mite morphology including their mouthparts, legs, cuticle, reproductive systems, and respiratory structures.
This document discusses the insect pest gram cutworm (Agrotis flammatra) that affects chickpea crops. It describes the taxonomy and distribution of gram cutworm, noting it is found in Pakistan, India, Australia and New Zealand but absent from some tropical and cold regions. Gram cutworm is a minor but regular pest that feeds on cereals, pulses and grasses. The document outlines the lifecycle and identifies the eggs, larvae and adults of gram cutworm. It also details the types of damage gram cutworm causes to crops and recommends cultural, mechanical and chemical controls to manage the pest.
- Hutchinson's ratio describes the size difference between similar species that coexist, typically ranging from 1:1.1 to 1:1.4. It is measured by comparing traits like body weight or lengths of feeding appendages.
- May's d/w law states that competing species can stably coexist only when their niche overlap ratio (d/w) is approximately equal to 1, where d is the difference between the means of their resource distributions and w is the standard deviation.
- Dyar's law and Przibram's law describe geometric growth patterns in insect body parts and cells between life stages. However, these laws often do not apply due to non-constant growth rates and disharmonic
Habitat management plays an important role in integrated pest management by manipulating the agricultural landscape to promote natural enemies of pest species. The objectives of habitat management are to create suitable habitat to enhance natural enemy populations and maintain pest populations at subeconomic levels. Key approaches include intercropping, strip cropping, trap cropping, and providing additional food and overwintering resources to support natural enemies. Case studies demonstrate how these techniques can increase levels of pest egg parasitism and reduce pest populations in various crop systems.
- Insect life tables are used to track stage-specific mortality in insect populations. They show the number surviving and dying at each life stage.
- Insect monitoring involves regular surveillance of insect populations, damage, and movement to assess pest levels and predict problems. Various monitoring techniques are used including visual counts, traps, and nets.
- Insect forecasting makes predictions about future pest outbreaks and suitable control times based on past and present monitoring data, especially weather impacts on pests. Both short and long-term forecasts are used.
Insect behavior can be innate or learned. Innate behaviors are genetically programmed and include reflexes, orientation behaviors like taxis, and fixed action patterns. Learned behaviors are acquired through experience and include habituation, classical conditioning, and instrumental learning. Insects exhibit a range of behaviors for locomotion, communication, reproduction, and responding to their environment.
Comparative morphology of Acari, phylogeny of higher categories in mitesGuru P N
This document provides definitions and information about comparative morphology and phylogeny of mites. It includes:
1. Definitions of various terms related to mites, their anatomy, life cycles, and classification.
2. A brief history of the field of acarology and the development of the study of mites.
3. Descriptions of mite morphology including their mouthparts, legs, cuticle, reproductive systems, and respiratory structures.
This document discusses the insect pest gram cutworm (Agrotis flammatra) that affects chickpea crops. It describes the taxonomy and distribution of gram cutworm, noting it is found in Pakistan, India, Australia and New Zealand but absent from some tropical and cold regions. Gram cutworm is a minor but regular pest that feeds on cereals, pulses and grasses. The document outlines the lifecycle and identifies the eggs, larvae and adults of gram cutworm. It also details the types of damage gram cutworm causes to crops and recommends cultural, mechanical and chemical controls to manage the pest.
This document provides information on mass production techniques for Trichogramma and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs). It describes the steps for rearing the rice grain moth Corcyra cephalonica which is used as a host for producing Trichogramma. The techniques for mass rearing Trichogramma including parasitizing Corcyra eggs and storing the parasitized eggs are summarized. It also outlines the basic steps for mass producing NPVs which involve rearing host insects like Helicoverpa armigera on artificial diet, infecting the larvae with viruses, harvesting and purifying the viruses. Field application doses of different NPVs for crops are also mentioned.
This document provides a summary of a practical file submitted by a student on techniques in plant protection. It includes 10 experiments conducted by the student related to integrated pest management, equipment used for pest control, pesticide applicators, pesticide formulations, pesticide handling and storage, the use of microscopes in entomology, pest detection using deep learning technology, remote sensing for pest forecasting, artificial insect rearing, and specimen preservation.
This document discusses legal control and legislation related to pests. It summarizes different types of legislation enacted in India to prevent the introduction and spread of agricultural pests, such as quarantine laws to restrict import/export of plants and insects. It also describes laws regulating insecticides/pesticides to ensure safety and prevent misuse. The key bodies that regulate these laws at central and state levels are discussed.
This document discusses cultural control methods for pest management. It defines cultural control as the manipulation of agricultural practices, such as planting time, seed rate, spacing, tillage, crop rotation, and sanitation, to reduce pest damage to crops. The document provides examples of how each cultural control practice can be used against specific pests. It also discusses the historical origins of using cultural practices for pest control in India and provides an overview of different cultural control techniques.
Parasitoids are insects that live on or in the body of another insect host, from which they obtain food and protection for at least part of their lifecycle. They are classified based on their developmental site in the host (ecto- vs endoparasitoid), competition among immature stages (simple, multiple, super parasitism), number developing from a single host (solitary vs gregarious), host specificity (monophagous, oligophagous, polyphagous), and trophic level (primary, secondary, tertiary parasitoids). Important agricultural parasitoids include Trichogramma spp., Chelonus blackburni, Bracon brevicornis, and
Insects originated on Earth 480 million years ago and today make up over 95% of all living animal species. The most diverse insect orders are beetles with over 350,000 species, butterflies and moths with 160,000 species, and bees, wasps and ants with 120,000 species each. Insects dominate due to their ability to fly, high adaptability through morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations, small size, protective exoskeleton, resistance to drying out, efficient respiration and reproduction, and presence of defense mechanisms.
This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests, including legislative, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical controls. It describes in detail several cultural control methods like tillage, clean seed, irrigation, and crop rotation. Legislative control involves laws around plant import/export and pesticide regulation. Physical control uses factors like heat, cold, and light traps. Biological control utilizes beneficial insects like parasites, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens that naturally control pest populations. The document provides examples for each control method.
This document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA), which is the process of evaluating biological evidence to determine if a pest should be regulated and what measures should be taken. It involves three main steps: initiation, risk assessment, and risk management. The risk assessment estimates the likelihood of entry, establishment, and spread of a pest, as well as the potential economic consequences. It considers factors like pest biology and distribution, host availability, and climate. Based on these factors, pests are categorized and their risks are estimated on a matrix. Risk management then identifies potential measures to reduce risks to an acceptable level. PRA is mandatory for importing plants and plant materials according to Indian regulations.
best ppt on principles of insect toxicology and evaluation of insecticide ...Nagesh sadili
This document provides an overview of principles of insect toxicology and evaluation of insecticide toxicity. It discusses the history of insecticide use, defines toxicology, and describes different types of toxicology including insect toxicology. It outlines the scope of insect toxicology in agriculture, forestry, and public health. The document then describes principles of insect toxicology including definitions of pesticides and toxicity tests. It provides examples of determining median lethal dose values through bioassays and probit analysis using insects and rats.
This document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA) which is a process used to evaluate biological evidence to determine if an organism is a pest and what phytosanitary measures should be taken. It outlines the key steps in a PRA including pest risk initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management. Examples are provided of potential pest pathways like cuttings, foliage, and food produce. The document also defines what constitutes pest establishment and spread. Overall, the PRA process determines the risk level and whether measures are needed to make the risk acceptable for market access of agricultural products to other countries.
This document provides an overview and classification of biopesticides. It discusses how globalization and sustainable agriculture have increased the importance of using biological pest control methods. It then classifies biopesticides into four categories: (1) microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes used for insect control, (2) botanical pesticides derived from plants, (3) biorational pesticides that regulate insect growth, and (4) genetically modified crops containing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that code for insecticidal proteins. Specific examples are given for commonly used biopesticides in each category.
The document discusses the selection, use, and maintenance of pest control equipment for applying pesticides. It emphasizes that selecting the proper equipment, using it correctly, and performing regular maintenance are important for effective pest control. A variety of equipment types are described, and factors to consider like the pest problem, application method, and pesticide formulation. Guidelines are provided for operating equipment safely and cleaning it properly before and after use.
The document provides information about mounting and harvesting of silkworm cocoons. It is a lecture by Mr. S. Srinivasnaik, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Entomology. The lecture number and course details are also included.
This document provides an overview of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) presented by Nick Volesky. It discusses the key principles of IPM including using cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls. The focus is on identifying windows of opportunity in pest lifecycles when controls can be most effective. Methods of monitoring crops through scouting are also outlined to identify pests and determine appropriate management responses.
The document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA), which is a process used to determine if a pest should be regulated and to identify appropriate management options. It involves three main stages: initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management. During initiation, pests and pathways of concern are identified. Pest risk assessment then categorizes pests, assesses the likelihood of entry, establishment, and spread, and evaluates potential economic impacts. Finally, pest risk management identifies, evaluates, and selects risk mitigation measures to reduce pest risk levels. The overall goal of PRA is to help ensure phytosanitary measures are based on science and minimize impacts on trade.
Predators and parasitoids go through several steps in host-seeking behaviour: host habitat location, host location within the habitat, host acceptance if suitable stimuli are present, and host suitability. Host habitat location involves cues like attractants that guide insects to areas likely containing hosts, while host location relies on senses like smell and touch to find hosts. Hosts can be rejected if too young/old, wrong size, diseased, or already parasitized. Even accepted hosts may not support development if nutritionally or physically unsuitable.
Impact Of Electromagnetic radiations of biology and behaviour of Apis mellife...Shweta Patel
The document discusses a study on the impact of electromagnetic radiation from cell phone towers on honeybee colonies. The study involved placing beehives at different distances (0m, 200m, 400m, 600m, 800m) from a cell tower and measuring various honeybee activities and development over time. Results showed that colonies closer to the tower (<400m) had lower honey production, egg laying, brood development, and larval areas compared to farther colonies. This suggests electromagnetic radiation from cell towers may negatively affect honeybee health and colony development.
The document summarizes advances in embryo culture platforms. It discusses the evolution from using microdrops in the 1970s to more specialized culture dishes today. Static microculture improves embryo development over traditional large volume culture. Dynamic culture providing gentle movement may also benefit embryos by disrupting gradients and providing mechanical stimulation. New platforms aim to better mimic the in vivo environment through customized microenvironments, controlled embryo spacing and density, and integrated dynamic culture capabilities. The ideal platform would house embryos individually, permit real-time monitoring, customized media exchange, and be affordable and easy to use. Further optimization of dynamic culture conditions is still needed.
This document provides information on mass production techniques for Trichogramma and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses (NPVs). It describes the steps for rearing the rice grain moth Corcyra cephalonica which is used as a host for producing Trichogramma. The techniques for mass rearing Trichogramma including parasitizing Corcyra eggs and storing the parasitized eggs are summarized. It also outlines the basic steps for mass producing NPVs which involve rearing host insects like Helicoverpa armigera on artificial diet, infecting the larvae with viruses, harvesting and purifying the viruses. Field application doses of different NPVs for crops are also mentioned.
This document provides a summary of a practical file submitted by a student on techniques in plant protection. It includes 10 experiments conducted by the student related to integrated pest management, equipment used for pest control, pesticide applicators, pesticide formulations, pesticide handling and storage, the use of microscopes in entomology, pest detection using deep learning technology, remote sensing for pest forecasting, artificial insect rearing, and specimen preservation.
This document discusses legal control and legislation related to pests. It summarizes different types of legislation enacted in India to prevent the introduction and spread of agricultural pests, such as quarantine laws to restrict import/export of plants and insects. It also describes laws regulating insecticides/pesticides to ensure safety and prevent misuse. The key bodies that regulate these laws at central and state levels are discussed.
This document discusses cultural control methods for pest management. It defines cultural control as the manipulation of agricultural practices, such as planting time, seed rate, spacing, tillage, crop rotation, and sanitation, to reduce pest damage to crops. The document provides examples of how each cultural control practice can be used against specific pests. It also discusses the historical origins of using cultural practices for pest control in India and provides an overview of different cultural control techniques.
Parasitoids are insects that live on or in the body of another insect host, from which they obtain food and protection for at least part of their lifecycle. They are classified based on their developmental site in the host (ecto- vs endoparasitoid), competition among immature stages (simple, multiple, super parasitism), number developing from a single host (solitary vs gregarious), host specificity (monophagous, oligophagous, polyphagous), and trophic level (primary, secondary, tertiary parasitoids). Important agricultural parasitoids include Trichogramma spp., Chelonus blackburni, Bracon brevicornis, and
Insects originated on Earth 480 million years ago and today make up over 95% of all living animal species. The most diverse insect orders are beetles with over 350,000 species, butterflies and moths with 160,000 species, and bees, wasps and ants with 120,000 species each. Insects dominate due to their ability to fly, high adaptability through morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations, small size, protective exoskeleton, resistance to drying out, efficient respiration and reproduction, and presence of defense mechanisms.
This document discusses various methods for managing insect pests, including legislative, cultural, physical, biological, and chemical controls. It describes in detail several cultural control methods like tillage, clean seed, irrigation, and crop rotation. Legislative control involves laws around plant import/export and pesticide regulation. Physical control uses factors like heat, cold, and light traps. Biological control utilizes beneficial insects like parasites, parasitoids, predators, and pathogens that naturally control pest populations. The document provides examples for each control method.
This document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA), which is the process of evaluating biological evidence to determine if a pest should be regulated and what measures should be taken. It involves three main steps: initiation, risk assessment, and risk management. The risk assessment estimates the likelihood of entry, establishment, and spread of a pest, as well as the potential economic consequences. It considers factors like pest biology and distribution, host availability, and climate. Based on these factors, pests are categorized and their risks are estimated on a matrix. Risk management then identifies potential measures to reduce risks to an acceptable level. PRA is mandatory for importing plants and plant materials according to Indian regulations.
best ppt on principles of insect toxicology and evaluation of insecticide ...Nagesh sadili
This document provides an overview of principles of insect toxicology and evaluation of insecticide toxicity. It discusses the history of insecticide use, defines toxicology, and describes different types of toxicology including insect toxicology. It outlines the scope of insect toxicology in agriculture, forestry, and public health. The document then describes principles of insect toxicology including definitions of pesticides and toxicity tests. It provides examples of determining median lethal dose values through bioassays and probit analysis using insects and rats.
This document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA) which is a process used to evaluate biological evidence to determine if an organism is a pest and what phytosanitary measures should be taken. It outlines the key steps in a PRA including pest risk initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management. Examples are provided of potential pest pathways like cuttings, foliage, and food produce. The document also defines what constitutes pest establishment and spread. Overall, the PRA process determines the risk level and whether measures are needed to make the risk acceptable for market access of agricultural products to other countries.
This document provides an overview and classification of biopesticides. It discusses how globalization and sustainable agriculture have increased the importance of using biological pest control methods. It then classifies biopesticides into four categories: (1) microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes used for insect control, (2) botanical pesticides derived from plants, (3) biorational pesticides that regulate insect growth, and (4) genetically modified crops containing genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that code for insecticidal proteins. Specific examples are given for commonly used biopesticides in each category.
The document discusses the selection, use, and maintenance of pest control equipment for applying pesticides. It emphasizes that selecting the proper equipment, using it correctly, and performing regular maintenance are important for effective pest control. A variety of equipment types are described, and factors to consider like the pest problem, application method, and pesticide formulation. Guidelines are provided for operating equipment safely and cleaning it properly before and after use.
The document provides information about mounting and harvesting of silkworm cocoons. It is a lecture by Mr. S. Srinivasnaik, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Entomology. The lecture number and course details are also included.
This document provides an overview of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) presented by Nick Volesky. It discusses the key principles of IPM including using cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical controls. The focus is on identifying windows of opportunity in pest lifecycles when controls can be most effective. Methods of monitoring crops through scouting are also outlined to identify pests and determine appropriate management responses.
The document discusses pest risk analysis (PRA), which is a process used to determine if a pest should be regulated and to identify appropriate management options. It involves three main stages: initiation, pest risk assessment, and pest risk management. During initiation, pests and pathways of concern are identified. Pest risk assessment then categorizes pests, assesses the likelihood of entry, establishment, and spread, and evaluates potential economic impacts. Finally, pest risk management identifies, evaluates, and selects risk mitigation measures to reduce pest risk levels. The overall goal of PRA is to help ensure phytosanitary measures are based on science and minimize impacts on trade.
Predators and parasitoids go through several steps in host-seeking behaviour: host habitat location, host location within the habitat, host acceptance if suitable stimuli are present, and host suitability. Host habitat location involves cues like attractants that guide insects to areas likely containing hosts, while host location relies on senses like smell and touch to find hosts. Hosts can be rejected if too young/old, wrong size, diseased, or already parasitized. Even accepted hosts may not support development if nutritionally or physically unsuitable.
Impact Of Electromagnetic radiations of biology and behaviour of Apis mellife...Shweta Patel
The document discusses a study on the impact of electromagnetic radiation from cell phone towers on honeybee colonies. The study involved placing beehives at different distances (0m, 200m, 400m, 600m, 800m) from a cell tower and measuring various honeybee activities and development over time. Results showed that colonies closer to the tower (<400m) had lower honey production, egg laying, brood development, and larval areas compared to farther colonies. This suggests electromagnetic radiation from cell towers may negatively affect honeybee health and colony development.
The document summarizes advances in embryo culture platforms. It discusses the evolution from using microdrops in the 1970s to more specialized culture dishes today. Static microculture improves embryo development over traditional large volume culture. Dynamic culture providing gentle movement may also benefit embryos by disrupting gradients and providing mechanical stimulation. New platforms aim to better mimic the in vivo environment through customized microenvironments, controlled embryo spacing and density, and integrated dynamic culture capabilities. The ideal platform would house embryos individually, permit real-time monitoring, customized media exchange, and be affordable and easy to use. Further optimization of dynamic culture conditions is still needed.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of temperature on the development, fecundity, and life cycle of the African sweetpotato weevil (Cylas puncticollis), a major pest of sweetpotato in Africa. The study found that increased temperatures reduced development times and increased mortality rates. Optimal temperatures for growth and reproduction were between 25-30°C. A phenology model was developed using these temperature-dependent parameters to predict how climate change may impact the pest's range and damage potential. The model predicts that rising temperatures will allow the pest to spread to new higher altitude areas and cause nearly 100% damage in some lowland regions by 2050.
I have described here that work which I have done in 3-months at a Pakistan Government Institution Entomological Research Institute that is under Ayub Agriculture Research Institution, Faisalabad.
Nano pesticide: An Emerging Tool for Pest MagagementGopal Golvankar
This document discusses nanopesticides as an emerging tool for pest management. It begins with an introduction to nanotechnology and its applications. It then discusses how nanotechnology can be used in insecticide formulations through various methods like nanoemulsions, nano suspensions, nanoencapsulation, and nanoparticles. Several case studies are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of different nanopesticide formulations against various insect pests. The conclusion is that nanopesticides can provide green alternatives for pest control and help reduce pesticide waste, pollution, and increase product stability and efficiency. Future areas of focus include further exploiting green chemistry with nano-reformulated pesticides, developing commercial scale-up processes, field comparisons to existing products, and environmental
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on integrated weed management in chickpea. It includes:
1. An introduction to integrated weed management (IWM) as a combination of two or more weed control methods at low input levels to reduce weed competition below an economic threshold.
2. Details about the common weeds affecting chickpea including Chenopodium album, Vicia sativa, and Melilotus alba. Yield losses from weeds in chickpea are estimated at 40-50% with the critical period of infestation being the first 40-45 days.
3. Research findings showing that combinations of herbicides like pendimethalin or oxyfluorfen followed by a
This document discusses radiation health risks and their perception and control. It covers two categories of health effects from radiation exposure: deterministic effects which occur above threshold doses and cause tissue damage; and stochastic effects like cancer which can occur even at very low doses. While DNA damage is the primary target, the body can usually repair such damage through natural processes. However, uncertainty remains around health effects from very low radiation doses.
This document contains 12 tables summarizing research studies on sugarcane cultivation. The tables provide data on the effects of various planting geometries, intercropping practices, weed management techniques, irrigation levels, genotypes, and fertilizer levels on sugarcane yield, sucrose content, costs, and profits. The tables also examine the influence of planting methods on sugarcane growth and quality.
This document discusses the influence of vitamin E and selenium on mastitis and milk quality in dairy cows. It summarizes that mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that can be clinical or subclinical, and is caused by various infectious agents. Supplementation of cows with vitamin E and selenium can help reduce mastitis by strengthening the immune system and antioxidant defenses during periods of stress around calving. Studies showed lower somatic cell counts and higher milk yield in supplemented cows, as well as decreased cases of clinical mastitis. Maintaining good milk quality and cow health through vitamin/mineral supplementation can provide economic benefits to dairy producers.
This document summarizes the effects of different sowing methods and weed management practices on wheat crops. It finds that cross sowing and close sowing methods resulted in lower weed biomass and higher yields compared to normal line sowing. Herbicide treatments including sulfosulfuron, metsulfuron, and fenoxaprop-ethyl were most effective at controlling weeds. Criss-cross sowing and integrated weed management practices like hand-weeding or herbicide use led to higher wheat yields, fewer weeds, and greater profits compared to broadcast sowing or weedy conditions.
This document summarizes outcomes from 496 patients with vestibular schwannomas treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy between 1995-2007. Treatment failed in 11 patients (3%) who required salvage surgery. Radiological progression was observed in 30% of patients, including 9% whose tumor volume more than doubled. Larger initial tumor volumes and higher radiation doses were associated with increased radiological progression. Neurological side effects included new facial weakness in 1.6%, trigeminal paresthesias in 2.8%, and hydrocephalus in 0.9% of patients. Long term follow up shows radiological progression occurs frequently after fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for vestibular schwannomas, though the
Sponsor Day on animal feeding: Antimicrobial consumption and emergence of cep...Irta
This study analyzed the relationship between antimicrobial consumption and emergence of cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella in pigs in several European countries. The key findings were:
1) Higher consumption of cephalosporins and other antimicrobials was associated with increased occurrence of cephalosporin resistant E. coli in pigs.
2) Treatment of pigs with ceftiofur and amoxicillin led to increased proportions of cephalosporin resistant E. coli during treatment but did not result in long-term resistance.
3) A wide range of cephalosporin resistance genes were found in resistant E. coli isolated from treated pigs, including CT
1) Pheromones are chemicals released by insects that affect the behavior or physiology of other insects of the same species. They can be used to monitor and control insect pest populations.
2) Pheromone traps baited with sex pheromones are effective for detecting and trapping target insect pests like cotton bollworms, fruit flies, and moths.
3) Field studies show that pheromone application in crops can reduce fruit damage from insects and increase yields by disrupting insect mating and aggregation behaviors.
This is a lecture by Dr. Jerry McLaughlin about his research into extracts of pawpaw plants, annonaceous acetogenins, in vitro, in vivo, mechanism of action, and toxicity in mice.
Agricultural environments are often simplified with less
habitat diversity than natural ecosystems. Furthermore, many
of the natural resistance traits that exist in wild plants may
have inadvertently been lost while selecting for crop yield and
quality in a pesticide-treated background. To reduce pesticide
dependency, agriculturalists are faced with the challenge of
bringing the resistance mechanisms found in wild plants back
into the elite crop cultivars (Bruce, 2012) and improving biocontrol
by natural enemies of pests. Reducing the losses to
global harvests caused by pests, which remain high even with
pesticide use, could provide a tangible way of producing more
‘crop per drop’ or unit area of land.
This study investigated the effects of Toxocara canis infection, with and without red light exposure, on melatonin hormone and cytokine (IL-1β and IL-6) levels in the peripheral blood of albino rats. Rats were divided into five groups: control negative, control positive, red light negative, red light positive, and positive blindness. Blood was collected at various time points and analyzed for melatonin, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels. The study found significant differences in melatonin levels between groups and over time with T. canis infection and red light exposure. IL-1β levels did not significantly differ over time but were significantly lower in infected groups compared
1) This study determined there are 7 instars in the Dubia cockroach through statistical analysis of body measurements, which followed the Brooks-Dyar rule for growth ratios.
2) Parental care was found to have no effect on development time or measurable characters in the Dubia cockroach.
3) Temperature-dependent development studies showed the ideal temperature range for Dubia cockroach development is 30-35°C, with linear regression models developed to calculate development thresholds and degree days for each instar.
This document discusses factors that influence embryo transfer techniques and outcomes. It summarizes 3 key points:
I. Embryo quality, endometrial receptivity, and the techniques used during embryo transfer all impact outcomes. Proper evaluation of the uterine cavity and cervical canal as well as techniques like ultrasound guidance and catheter selection are important.
II. Factors during transfer like mucus removal, straightening the uterine angle, and catheter loading technique can also influence implantation and pregnancy rates.
III. Some measures taken immediately after transfer like bedrest position may further optimize outcomes, though evidence is mixed on some post-transfer aspects. Overall, optimizing multiple steps before, during, and after embryo transfer can help maximize
Similar to Effect of electromagnetic radiation on honey bee (20)
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
2. DOCTORAL SEMINAR
EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION ON HONEY BEE
ON
Presented By:
GOLVANKAR GOPAL MARUTI
Ph.D. Scholar
Dept. of Agril. Entomology
Regd. No. ADPD/16/0243
Course No.: ENT – 691
Course Instructor: Dr. A. L. Narangalkar
2
4. 4
Honey bees –
• Pollinating agent in agricultural crops (80-90%)
• Make up one-third of our diet
Products : Honey, wax, porpolis, royal jelly, sting poison etc.
Reasons for Vanish of Honey bees –
Indiscriminate use of pesticides
Natural enemies
Pathogen
CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder) but not much focus on
effect of electromagnetic radiation on honey bee.
Introduction
5. 5
Radiation from the electromagnetic sources -
Cell phones and cell phone towers
Wi-Fi
TV, AM and FM towers
Microwave oven, Power lines etc. called EMR.
EMR causes significantly health hazards on human
beings, animals, plants and environment.
Radiation (EMR) affects declining honey bee population
due to CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder) by 60 per cent at
US West Coast apiaries and 70 per cent along the East
Coast (Cane and Tepedino, 2001).
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)
6. 6
Favre (2011) studied the dramatic impact of active
mobile handsets on the behavior of the bees, namely
by inducing the “worker piping signal” with the help
of audiograms and spectrograms.
CCD documented:
Greece, Italy, Germany, Portugal, Spain, and
Switzerland.
Navigational disorientation, Lower honey
production, and Decreased bee survivorship (Kimmel
et al. 2007).
7. Fig. 1. RF Sources in India.
New Delhi, India Kumar and Kumar (2009)
7
RF SOURCES
In INDIA
FM TOWER
(88-108 MHz)
TV TOWER
(180-220 MHz)
AM TOWER
(540-1600KHz)
Wi-Fi
(2.4-2.5 GHz)
CELL TOWER
(800,900,1800M
Hz)
MOBIL E
PHONES
PT = 10 KW
PT = 40 KW
PT = 100 KW
PT = 10- 100
mW
PT = 20 W
GSM-1800 = 1W
GSM-900 = 2W
503 TOWERS
1044 TOWERS
197 TOWERS
Wi-Fi
HOT SPOTS
4.3 LAKHS
TOWERS
600+
Millions
8. Fig. 2. Electromagnetic spectrum from the Federal Communications
Commission.
Washingtone, United State FCC (1999)
11. Table 1. Number of research studies (collected from Open
access Bibliographic databases) collected and
collated based on the study subjects and results
(n = 919).
Group of
organisms
Impact
No
Impact
Neutral/
inconclusive
Total
(n)
Impact
(%)
Birds 23 3 4 30 76.66
Bees 6 1 0 7 85.71
Human 459 109 174 742 61.85
Other Animals
(+Wildlife)
85 (+13) 16 (+1) 10 (+7)
111
(+21)
74.24
Plants 7 0 1 8 87.50
Total 593 130 196 919 64.52
Govt. of India MOEF Report (2010)
11
12. 12
Table 2. EMR Effect on Animals.
Effect
Chi Square
value
observed
(p)
Observation
No. of honey combs reduced .000
There is significantly high impact by tower
height
Still births .000
There is significantly high impact by tower
height
Birth deformities .613 No significant impact by tower height
Decline in general health .000
There is significantly high impact by tower
height
Impaired immune system .804 No significant impact by tower height
Reproductive and
developmental problems
.107 No significant impact by tower height
Spontaneous abortions .559 No significant impact by tower height
Anxiety and alarming nature .000
There is significantly high impact by tower
height
Frequent deaths .000
There is significantly high impact by tower
height
(P>0.05)
Mangalore, India Vijay Suchetha et al. (2015)
13. Parameter
Control (Mean ± SD)
(%)
Treated (15 min.
GSM 900 MHz exposure)
(mean ± SD and %)
Flight activity
(No. of workers bees leaving the hive
entrance/min.)
Before exposure
During exposure
35.9 ± 13
37.2 ± 12 (3.62%)
34.1 ± 10 (100%)
22.8 ± 6 (66.86%)
Returning ability
(No. of worker bees returning to the hive/min.)
Before Before exposure
During exposure
39.6 ± 13
41.3 ± 11 (4.29%)
36.4 ± 11 (100%)
28.3 ± 8 (77.74%)
Pollen foraging efficiency
(No. of worker bees returning with pollen
loads/min.)
Before exposure
During exposure
7.0 ± 2
7.2 ± 2 (2.85%)
6.3 ± 2 (100%)
4.6 ± 2 (73.01%)
Zoo. Dept. of Punjab Univ., Chandigarh Sharma and Kumar Neelima (2010)
Table 3. Changes in foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera
exposed to cell phone radiations.
14. Parameter Control (Mean ± SD)
Treated (15 min. GSM 900 MHz
exposure) (mean ± SD)
Bee strength
Start 7 frame 7 frame (100%)
End 9 frame (28.57%) 5 frame (71.42%)
Brood (cm2) Total brood
Start 2033.76 ± 182.6 2866.43 ± 169.0 (100%)
End 1975.44 ± 138.8 (97.13%) 760.19 ± 111.0 ( 26.52%)
Prolificacy (egg laying rate/day)
Start 387.24 545.9 (100%)
End 376.20 (97.14%) 144.8 (26.52%)
Honey stores (cm2) 3200 (100%) 400 (12.5%)
Pollen stores (cm2)
Start 230.5 ± 21.60 218.2 ± 17.48 (100%)
End 246.7 ± 16.94 (7.02%) 154.7 ± 7.30 (70.89%)
14Zoo. Dept. of Punjab Univ., Chandigarh Sharma and Kumar Neelima (2010)
Table 4. Changes in colony status of Apis mellifera exposed to cell phone radiations.
15. Parameters Control ( Mean ± SD)
Treated (10 min.) exposure for 10 days at
900 MHz frequency
( No. of worker bees leaving the hive entrance/ minute)
Before exposure 40.7±15 38.2±12
During exposure 41.5±14 (1.96%) 18.5±13 (48.42%)
After exposure 42.4±14 (4.17%) Nil
Returning ability
Before exposure 42.5±15 39.5±14
During exposure 43.6±14 (2.58%) 15.6±13 (39.49%)
After exposure 44.6±13 (4.94%) Nil
Bee strength
Before exposure 9 Frame 9 Frame
During exposure 9 Frame (100%) 5 Frame (55.55%)
After exposure 9 Frame (100%) 1 Frame (11.11%)
Egg laying rate of queen /day
Before exposure 365.25 355.10
During exposure 362.15 (99.15%) 198.60 (55.92%)
After exposure 350.15 (95.86%) 100.00 (28.16%)
Dept. of Zoo., S. N.College, Kollam Sainudeen Sahib (2011) 15
Table 5. Change in colony status of A. mellifera exposed to mobile phones.
16. Sr.
No.
Parameter
Test Colonies
(20 min. for 20 days)
Control
Colonies
1
Degree of Aggressive Behaviour
Before exposure
During exposure
After exposure
Calm
Irritated and aggressive
Irritated and aggressive
Calm
Calm
Calm
2
Disturbance
Before exposure
During exposure
After exposure
Calm
Disturbed and showed
behaviour as just before
swarming
Disturbed and showed
behaviour as just before
swarming
Calm
Calm
Calm
3
No. of outgoing bees/min./colony
Before exposure
During exposure
After exposure
25
15 (60%)
10 (40%)
28
30 (7.14%)
29 (3.57%)
Continue……..
16Punjab, India Dalio (2015)
Table 6. Change in behaviour of A. mellifera colonies exposed to cell phone
radiations.
17. Sr.
No.
Parameter
Test Colonies
(20 min. for 20 days)
Control Colonies
4
Percentage of returning bees
Before exposure
During exposure
After exposure
98%
70%
30%
98%
96%
98%
5
Strength of colonies
Before exposure
During exposure
After exposure
7 frame
5 frame (71.42%)
3 frame (42.85%)
7 frame
7 frame
8 frame (14.28%)
6
Egg laying capacity of queen
Before exposure
During exposure
After exposure
500 eggs/day
150 eggs/day (30%)
65 eggs/day (13%)
475 eggs/day
500 eggs/day (5.26%)
590 eggs/day (24.21%)
Continue……..
17Punjab, India Dalio (2015)
18. Sr.
No.
Parameter
Test Colonies
(20 min. for 20 days)
Control Colonies
7
Area under Brood cm2
Before exposure
During exposure
After exposure
1576.5 cm2
1000 cm2 (63.43%)
200 cm2 (12.68%)
1666.5 cm2
1700.5 cm2 (2.04%)
1740 cm2 (4.41%)
8
Area under Honey and nectar
stores cm2
Before exposure
During exposure
After exposure
1800 cm2
1000 cm2 (55.55%)
200 cm2 (11.11%)
1850 cm2
1900 cm2(2.70%)
1970 cm2 (6.48%)
9
Area under Pollen Stores cm2
Before exposure
During exposure
After exposure
200.5 cm2
150 cm2 (75%)
125.5 cm2 (62.59%)
230 cm2
226.5 cm2 (98.47%)
250 cm2 (8.69%)
Punjab, India Dalio (2015)
18
20. 20
Fig 4. Progression of honey comb area (cm2) from 1/7/2005
to 8/7/2005 in non exposed and exposed (1900 MHz
frequency ) bee colonies.
Landau, Germany Harst et al. (2006)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
HoneycombArea(cm2)
Date
Non Exposed Exposed
21. Parameters in
hemolymph (mg/ml)
Treated Exposure in min. (Mean ± SD)
Control (0 min) 10 min. 20 min. 40 min.
Total carbohydrate 1.29±0.02 1.5±0.04 1.73±0.01 1.61±0.02
Glycogen 0.019±0.001 0.047 ±0.001 0.076±0.001 0.028±0.002
Glucose 0.218±0.0005 0.231±0.002 0.277±0.001 0.246±0.002
Total lipid 2.06±0.02 3.03±0.02 4.50±0.035 3.10±0.02
Cholesterol 0.230± 0.001 1.381±0.002 2.565±0.002 1.578±0.002
Total protein content 0.475±0.002 0.525±0.003 0.825±0.0001 0.650±0.0003
21
Zoo. Dept. of Punjab Univ., Chandigarh Kumar Neelima et al. (2010)
Table 7. Biochemical changes in worker honey bees
exposed to cell phone (900 MHz) radiations.
22. 22
Treatments
Number of worker bees leaving the hive per minute at
monthly interval Mean
Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
T1 (100 m) 28.50 29.25 29.00 28.50 28.50 27.75 28.58
T2 (200 m) 30.00 31.00 32.00 32.25 31.75 28.75 30.96
T3 (300 m) 31.50 31.75 32.25 32.75 31.75 30.25 31.71
T4 (500 m) 32.25 32.50 34.50 35.50 33.00 32.00 33.29
T5 (1000 m) 31.00 32.50 32.50 34.50 32.25 31.75 32.42
S.Ed 0.78 1.01 0.90 0.70
C.D
(P=0.05)
NS NS 1.70 2.21 1.96 1.51
AAU, Jorhat, India Taye et al. (2017)
Table 8. Effect of electromagnetic radiation of cell phone tower on flight
activity of worker bees A. cerana indica of different treatments
placed at varying distance from the tower.
23. 23
Treatments
Number of worker bees returning the hive per minute at
monthly interval Mean
Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
T1 (100 m) 18.00 19.50 19.25 19.50 21.00 20.75 19.67
T2 (200 m) 18.25 20.00 19.75 20.25 20.75 20.75 19.96
T3 (300 m) 19.75 19.75 20.50 22.75 22.25 23.50 21.42
T4 (500 m) 20.25 21.25 21.50 23.50 23.75 24.50 22.46
T5 (1000 m) 20.00 20.25 21.75 22.25 22.50 23.75 21.75
S.Ed 0.92 0.94 0.83
C.D
(P=0.05)
NS NS NS 2.01 2.04 1.81
AAU, Jorhat, India Taye et al. (2017)
Table 9. Effect of electromagnetic radiation of cell phone tower on
returning ability of worker bees A. cerana indica of different
treatments placed at varying distance from the tower.
24. 24
Treatments
Number of worker bees returning the hive with pollen
load per minute at monthly interval Mean
Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May
T1 (100 m) 6.00 7.75 6.00 7.75 6.00 7.75 6.00
T2 (200 m) 7.00 8.00 7.00 8.00 7.00 8.00 7.00
T3 (300 m) 7.50 8.50 7.50 8.50 7.50 8.50 7.50
T4 (500 m) 7.75 9.25 7.75 9.25 7.75 9.25 7.75
T5 (1000 m) 8.50 9.50 8.50 9.50 8.50 9.50 8.50
AAU, Jorhat, India Taye et al. (2017)
Table 10. Effect of electromagnetic radiation of cell phone tower on pollen
foraging efficacy of worker bees A. cerana indica of different
treatments placed at varying distance from the tower.
25. 25
Summary of articles on ecological effects of RF-EMF on Honeybee (Apis mellifera).
Continue…
Reference Country Life stage
Type of
study
Number of
subjects
Duration
Frequency
[MHz]
Wave/
modulation
Power
density
[mW/cm2]
SAR
[W/kg]
Effect
Effect
size
Westerdahl
and Gary
(1981a)
USA
Adult
foragers
Lab
50(50)
bees
30 min
for 10
days
2450
MW CW
(Mega watt
Centi
Watt)
3-50
0.075-
1.25
No impact of
radiation on
flight,
orientation
and homing
abilities at any
power density
-
Westerdahl and
Gary (1981b) USA Adult Lab
50(50)
bees
30 min
for 10
days
2450 MW CW 3-50
0.075-
1.25
No differences
in longevity
between
exposed and
sham exposed
at any power
density
-
Harst et al.
(2006) Germany Various Field
25 bees
selected
from 4
colonies
n/a 1900
DECT base
station
(mod. 100
Hz)
n/a n/a
Reduced
weight of bees.
Colony
collapse and
abnormalities
in behavior
+ (21%)
IES (CML), Leiden Univ., Netherlands Cucurachi et al. (2013)
26. Continue…
Reference Country Life stage
Type of
study
Number of
subjects
Duration
Frequency
[MHz]
Wave/
modulation
Power
density
[mW/cm2]
SAR
[W/kg]
Effect
Effect
size
Kimmel
et al. (2007)
Germany Various Field
5 at full
exposure,
3 at 50%
exposure
(8)
4 days, 2
months,
45 min
per day
1800
DECT
(mod. 100
Hz)
n/a n/a
Change foraging
flight
+ (14%)
Sharma and
Kumar
(2010)
India Various Field
2 (2)
colonies
Continu
ous for
15 min.
2xday,
2xweek,
from
Feb. to
Apr.
(11-15 h)
900 GSM 0.0086 n/a
Decline in
colony strength
and in the egg
laying rate.
Decline in the
number of
returning bees
and total
number of
foragers.
Decline in the
storing ability of
honey
+ 62
22
16
Favare
(2011)
Switzerland Various Field 5 hives
12
experim
ents of
40 min
900 GSM n/a
0.271-
0.98
Effect on
behavior worker
piping signal
was observed 25
to 40 min after
the onset of the
mobile phone
+
IES (CML), Leiden Univ., Netherlands Cucurachi et al. (2013) 26
27. 27
Reference Country Life stage
Type of
study
Number of
subjects
Duration
Frequency
[MHz]
Wave/
modulation
Power
density
[mW/cm2]
SAR
[W/kg]
Effect
Effect
size
Kumar
et al. (2011)
India
Adult
worker
Field
10
(20) bees
40 min 900 GSM n/a n/a
Decreased lipid
level in the
organism of
exposed bees.
+
Sahib (2011) India Various Field
3 (3)
colonies
10 days,
10 min
per day
900 GSM n/a n/a
Decreased
returning ability
bees in exposed
hives; reduced
strength;
reduced egg
laying rate of
queen
+ (58%)
IES (CML), Leiden Univ., Netherlands Cucurachi et al. (2013)
29. 29
We have to decide “Wealth or Life” ?
The declining population of Apis mellifera and Apis
cerana indica species is a serious issue.
The present review clears that the CCD is mainly due to
electro-pollution by increasing mobile phone tower
radiations.
Electro-pollution has to be taken into consideration with
the other environmental pollutions as well.
Most of the countries have restricted the use of mobile
phones, but there are no such implementations in India.
The mobile phones usage has to be minimized in order
to conserve the honey bees. 29
Conclusion
30. 30
Public awareness programs should be organized to make
people aware about EMR and their effect on human
being, animals, pollinators, plants, birds, environment
etc.
Limited use of RF source. Sharing towers by different
companies should be encourage.
Scientists has challenge to identify and develop the honey
bee species those sustain in EMR through genetic
engineering.
30
Future thrust