Behavioral Control
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This document discusses various behavioral control methods for managing insect pests, including using pheromones, food attractants, and other chemicals to disrupt mating, attract insects to traps, or repel them from crops. Specific methods mentioned are monitoring with attractants, mating disruption, attract and kill systems, push-pull strategies, mass trapping, and using attractive or toxic lures. The goal of these behavioral controls is to modify insect behavior for pest control without using toxic insecticides.
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Behavioural controlof insect pests in ipm
This document discusses the use of hormones and pheromones in the behavioral control of insect pests. It defines hormones and pheromones, and describes the different types including juvenile hormones, ecdysteroids, gonadal hormones, neurohormones, and sex pheromones. It explains how various hormones regulate insect growth and development. It also outlines several methods of pest management that utilize hormones and pheromones, such as using juvenile hormone analogs, ecdysteroid derivatives, pheromone traps, and mating disruption. The document emphasizes that behavioral control of insects through their hormones and pheromones is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach in integrated pest management.
Physical and Mechanical Control
Physical and mechanical control methods modify the environment or use physical force to manage pest populations. Temperature, moisture, light, and sound can all be manipulated to exceed insect tolerance thresholds. High temperatures from sun drying grains or hot water treatments can kill pests. Low temperatures in cold storage facilities also control certain insects. Mechanical methods directly kill pest life stages through actions like hand picking, crushing, or using machines that apply centrifugal force. Physical barriers like banding, netting, or traps can exclude pests from infested areas. While requiring more labor than chemicals, physical and mechanical control have merits like utilizing local labor and posing less ecological risk than pesticides when properly applied.
Economic Concept of Pest Management
The document discusses key concepts in economic entomology, including injury, damage, economic levels, economic thresholds, and economic injury levels. It defines injury as physical harm to a commodity caused by a pest, while damage refers to the monetary value lost due to injury. The economic level is the pest population level at which control actions must be taken to prevent quality or yield loss. The economic threshold is the pest density at which management should occur to prevent populations reaching the economic injury level, which is the lowest pest population that causes economic damage and justifies the cost of control.
Genetic Manipulation of Pest
- Genetic manipulation techniques can be used to reduce pest populations by decreasing their fitness or ability to reproduce. The sterile insect technique involves mass rearing pest insects, sterilizing them with radiation or chemicals, and releasing large numbers to mate with wild insects, reducing successful reproduction.
- Edward Knipling first described the sterile insect technique in the 1950s to eradicate screwworm flies in Texas, eliminating the pest within seven weeks. The technique has since been used to eradicate several other insect pests around the world.
- Limitations of the sterile insect technique include the need for isolated target areas, potential resistance evolution in wild populations, high costs, and ensuring sterile insects are as sexually competitive as wild
Regulatory Control
Regulatory control involves preventing the introduction and spread of foreign plant and animal pests. The Plant Quarantine Service (PQS) regulates plant imports and exports in the Philippines to comply with international standards. As the national plant protection organization, PQS enforces quarantine through inspections at ports of entry and restrictions on the movement of regulated plant materials between areas. Legislation categorizes regulations on foreign quarantine, domestic quarantine, enforcement of pest control measures, quality control of insecticides, and personnel activities related to pest control. Introduced pests in the Philippines like various scales and the golden apple snail have negatively impacted ecosystems.
Insect pest of rice
1. Rice is an important staple crop for over 60% of the world's population. Major insect pests of rice in Nepal include the brown plant hopper, yellow rice stem borer, and rice ear-head bug.
2. These pests cause around 25-30% yield losses annually. The brown planthopper sucks plant cell sap and transmits diseases. The yellow stem borer bores into rice stems, causing 'dead hearts' and 'white heads'. The rice ear-head bug feeds on developing rice grains, reducing yield.
3. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, applying recommended pesticides at economic thresholds, and cultural practices like removing rice residue and maintaining good field drainage.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION
This document provides a classification of insecticides according to their mode of action (MoA), listing 28 main groups. It describes the purpose of MoA classification for insecticide resistance management. Rules for inclusion in the classification require a minimum of one registered use in at least one country. Chemical sub-groups are listed when multiple active ingredients are registered, or an exemplifying active ingredient may be listed if only one is registered. The classification then lists each main group and chemical sub-group or exemplifying active ingredient along with associated active ingredients.
Cultural Control of Pest
This document discusses cultural control methods for reducing pest damage to crops. Cultural control involves manipulating farming practices, like plowing, weeding, pruning, and crop rotation, to make the environment less favorable for pests. The practices may directly impact pest growth and reproduction or minimize their ability to attack plants. The goal is to control pests in an environmentally sound way without using pesticides. Some examples provided include intercropping cowpeas with sorghum to reduce stem borers, and destroying weed hosts to control citrus fruit sucking moths. Advantages are low cost and minimal environmental impact, while disadvantages include requiring long-term planning and not providing complete pest control.
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Behavioural controlof insect pests in ipm
This document discusses the use of hormones and pheromones in the behavioral control of insect pests. It defines hormones and pheromones, and describes the different types including juvenile hormones, ecdysteroids, gonadal hormones, neurohormones, and sex pheromones. It explains how various hormones regulate insect growth and development. It also outlines several methods of pest management that utilize hormones and pheromones, such as using juvenile hormone analogs, ecdysteroid derivatives, pheromone traps, and mating disruption. The document emphasizes that behavioral control of insects through their hormones and pheromones is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach in integrated pest management.
Physical and Mechanical Control
Physical and mechanical control methods modify the environment or use physical force to manage pest populations. Temperature, moisture, light, and sound can all be manipulated to exceed insect tolerance thresholds. High temperatures from sun drying grains or hot water treatments can kill pests. Low temperatures in cold storage facilities also control certain insects. Mechanical methods directly kill pest life stages through actions like hand picking, crushing, or using machines that apply centrifugal force. Physical barriers like banding, netting, or traps can exclude pests from infested areas. While requiring more labor than chemicals, physical and mechanical control have merits like utilizing local labor and posing less ecological risk than pesticides when properly applied.
Economic Concept of Pest Management
The document discusses key concepts in economic entomology, including injury, damage, economic levels, economic thresholds, and economic injury levels. It defines injury as physical harm to a commodity caused by a pest, while damage refers to the monetary value lost due to injury. The economic level is the pest population level at which control actions must be taken to prevent quality or yield loss. The economic threshold is the pest density at which management should occur to prevent populations reaching the economic injury level, which is the lowest pest population that causes economic damage and justifies the cost of control.
Genetic Manipulation of Pest
- Genetic manipulation techniques can be used to reduce pest populations by decreasing their fitness or ability to reproduce. The sterile insect technique involves mass rearing pest insects, sterilizing them with radiation or chemicals, and releasing large numbers to mate with wild insects, reducing successful reproduction.
- Edward Knipling first described the sterile insect technique in the 1950s to eradicate screwworm flies in Texas, eliminating the pest within seven weeks. The technique has since been used to eradicate several other insect pests around the world.
- Limitations of the sterile insect technique include the need for isolated target areas, potential resistance evolution in wild populations, high costs, and ensuring sterile insects are as sexually competitive as wild
Regulatory Control
Regulatory control involves preventing the introduction and spread of foreign plant and animal pests. The Plant Quarantine Service (PQS) regulates plant imports and exports in the Philippines to comply with international standards. As the national plant protection organization, PQS enforces quarantine through inspections at ports of entry and restrictions on the movement of regulated plant materials between areas. Legislation categorizes regulations on foreign quarantine, domestic quarantine, enforcement of pest control measures, quality control of insecticides, and personnel activities related to pest control. Introduced pests in the Philippines like various scales and the golden apple snail have negatively impacted ecosystems.
Insect pest of rice
1. Rice is an important staple crop for over 60% of the world's population. Major insect pests of rice in Nepal include the brown plant hopper, yellow rice stem borer, and rice ear-head bug.
2. These pests cause around 25-30% yield losses annually. The brown planthopper sucks plant cell sap and transmits diseases. The yellow stem borer bores into rice stems, causing 'dead hearts' and 'white heads'. The rice ear-head bug feeds on developing rice grains, reducing yield.
3. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, applying recommended pesticides at economic thresholds, and cultural practices like removing rice residue and maintaining good field drainage.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES AND THEIR MODE OF ACTION
This document provides a classification of insecticides according to their mode of action (MoA), listing 28 main groups. It describes the purpose of MoA classification for insecticide resistance management. Rules for inclusion in the classification require a minimum of one registered use in at least one country. Chemical sub-groups are listed when multiple active ingredients are registered, or an exemplifying active ingredient may be listed if only one is registered. The classification then lists each main group and chemical sub-group or exemplifying active ingredient along with associated active ingredients.
Cultural Control of Pest
This document discusses cultural control methods for reducing pest damage to crops. Cultural control involves manipulating farming practices, like plowing, weeding, pruning, and crop rotation, to make the environment less favorable for pests. The practices may directly impact pest growth and reproduction or minimize their ability to attack plants. The goal is to control pests in an environmentally sound way without using pesticides. Some examples provided include intercropping cowpeas with sorghum to reduce stem borers, and destroying weed hosts to control citrus fruit sucking moths. Advantages are low cost and minimal environmental impact, while disadvantages include requiring long-term planning and not providing complete pest control.
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This document discusses the use of semiochemicals, particularly pheromones, in insect pest management. It explains that insects use chemical communication to find food, oviposition sites, and mates. Semiochemicals like pheromones and allelochemicals can be used as baits in techniques such as mass trapping, attract and kill, and lure and infect programs. Pheromone monitoring is also used to detect pest presence, measure seasonal activity, provide decision support, and assess insecticide resistance levels. The document discusses factors that influence the effectiveness of mating disruption using pheromones.
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Pheromones
While our sense of smell is still not fully understood, this document discusses pheromones, chemicals secreted by animals that influence the behavior of others. Pheromones are classified into different types including sex pheromones, which can influence sexual attraction between humans. The document also notes that while humans have a less developed sense of smell than dogs, human body odor releases pheromones that can impact sexual attraction.
Pheromone technology
This document discusses the use of pheromone technology in integrated pest management programs for cotton fields in Egypt. It provides context on the discovery of insect pheromones in 1959, 20 years after the discovery of the first chemical insecticide, DDT. The author then outlines several tactics for applying pheromone technology that were used in Egypt, including pheromone traps for monitoring and mass trapping of pests, and pheromone disruption techniques like using pink bollworm sex pheromone formulations to disrupt mating. The document emphasizes that pheromone strategies differ from insecticide strategies and were an important part of IPM programs in Egypt.
Human Behavior and Decision Making Concept
This document discusses human behavior, decision making, and pest management decision making in agriculture. It defines human behavior as physical actions and emotions that are influenced by social and cultural factors over a person's lifetime. Decision making is described as choosing between alternatives to further goals with minimal objections. The key aspects of decisions are that they are rational, selective, purposive, and evaluated. Pest management decisions in farming depend on pest damage levels, available protection measures, and farmer objectives. Analyzing damage costs, control strategies, and economic factors helps farmers decide whether to apply pesticides. The adoption of integrated pest management strategies in farming requires considering how it affects farmer welfare dimensions and matches farm resource usage.
Genetic Manipulation and Host Plant Resistance
This document discusses several topics related to genetically modified crops. It defines transgenic plants as plants that have genes inserted from other species, and cisgenic plants as having genes from the same or closely related species. It provides examples of genetically engineered corn, rice, soybeans, and sugarcane with improved traits like herbicide and pest resistance. The document also discusses methods of genetic engineering like gene guns, electroporation, microinjection, and CRISPR. It outlines benefits of GM crops like increased yields and farmer profits.
Pheromone
A pheromone (from Greek φέρω phero "to bear" and hormone, from Greek ὁρμή "impetus") is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of the receiving individual. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Pheromones are used from basic unicellular prokaryotes to complex multicellular eukaryotes. Their use among insects has been particularly well documented. In addition, some vertebrates and plants communicate by using pheromones.
Pramod seminar checked
This document discusses the mechanism of olfaction in insects and how bad odors can repel insects. It covers the distribution of olfactory receptors on insects, the structure of sensory organs, and the cellular and neurological processes of detecting odors. Examples are given of natural insect repellents derived from plants like neem, eucalyptus, and cocoa that emit unpleasant odors to insects like mosquitoes and ants. The conclusion is that insects can distinguish specific odor signals and orient towards or away from scents through their olfactory system.
Pheromoe production system by p.manikandan
basics of insect pheromone production. Here i given the informations regarding pheromone synthesis, dispersal, binding etc...
Research Presentation
There is some evidence of ecological divergence between populations of the redheaded pine sawfly (Neodiprion lecontei) that feed on different host trees, but no evidence of pre-mating reproductive isolation. Specifically:
1) Females from different populations showed no significant differences in mating behavior.
2) Oviposition preference testing found that pitch pine females preferred their native host, while Virginia pine females avoided pitch pine.
3) Larval performance varied between host trees, with higher cocoon masses observed for larvae reared on pitch and Virginia pines compared to shortleaf pine.
Viticulture and data applications
We believe that many challenges faced in agriculture can be resolved or at least predicted to reduce adverse effects. This can be achieved with good domain specific knowledge and having mathematical modeling of the challenge, based on past history or from past learning of the farming, and from the day to day data that we collect through different sensors.
Activity 11 arthropods2
The phylum Arthropoda includes insects, spiders, crustaceans, and other joint-legged invertebrates. They have segmented bodies, jointed appendages, and an exoskeleton. Their body plans range from two tagmata to three tagmata. They exhibit a variety of modes of feeding, respiration, and reproduction. Major subphyla include Chelicerata (spiders, scorpions), Crustacea (crabs, shrimp), and Uniramia (insects, centipedes, millipedes).
Leaf-feeding Caterpillars Quick Tips Natural Pest Control
Leaf-feeding Caterpillars Quick Tips Natural Pest ControlSchool Vegetable Gardening - Victory Gardens
Caterpillars damage plants by chewing leaves, flowers, shoots, and fruit, or boring into wood. While some hidden caterpillars can cause serious damage, many plants can tolerate substantial leaf damage from a few caterpillars. Handpicking caterpillars and their natural predators often provide sufficient control. Early detection and removal of caterpillars prevents excessive damage. Caterpillars have many natural enemies like parasitic wasps, flies, birds, bugs, and diseases that usually keep their numbers low. Less toxic insecticides can be used as a last resort when damage is intolerable and for small, newly hatched caterpillars, but should be avoided on plants that will later become butterIntegumentary disorders 4
Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania species, which are transmitted through the bite of infected sand flies. It manifests clinically in three main forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis causes skin sores, visceral affects internal organs, and mucocutaneous can destroy nasal and oral tissues. It is diagnosed through microscopic identification of the parasite, culture, serology or PCR. Treatment involves antimony- or amphotericin B-based medications. Prevention relies on protective clothing, repellents and reducing exposure to sand fly bites.
Invertebrates chart
The document describes the key characteristics of different kingdoms of living organisms including Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Chordata. It provides information on their level of organization, germ layers, symmetry, presence or absence of cephalization, body cavity, segmentation, habitat, feeding and basic body structure.
Using a naturally occurring virus to manage insects in turfgrass: Current sit...
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This study evaluated the effectiveness of BFL 225 multi-attractant lure baited traps for monitoring stored grain insect pests in commercial warehouses over 10 months in Southern Nigeria. Traps baited with BFL 225 captured significantly more insects than unbaited traps, including Sitophilus spp., Plodia interpunctella, Tribolium castaneum, Callosobruchus maculatus, Alphitobius laevigatus and Rhyzopertha dominica. The results suggest that BFL 225 baited traps could be useful for early detection and monitoring of potential stored grain pests migrating into warehouses, and help inform integrated pest management strategies in tropical Africa.
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Leaf-feeding Caterpillars Quick Tips Natural Pest Control
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Using a naturally occurring virus to manage insects in turfgrass: Current sit...
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Use of Semiochemicals, Auditory stimuli and Visual f.ppt
Semiochemicals are chemical substances produced by organisms such as plants and animals, such substances elicit a physiological or behavioral response in individuals of the same or another species. Semiochemicals are classified into pheromones and allelochemicals.
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Push-pull technique was developed in the 1990s in Kenya to manage pest populations through intercropping and trap crops that release semiochemicals. It involves intercropping a main crop with a repellent plant ("push") and bordering the field with an attractive trap crop ("pull") that concentrates pests away from the main crop. For cereal stem borers in East Africa, the technique uses desmodium as the push intercrop and Napier grass as the pull trap crop, with Napier grass attracting and killing over 80% of stem borer larvae through its sticky sap. This reduces pest damage to the main cereal crop while increasing yields by up to 2 tons/hectare.
BIOLOGICAL_CONTROL.pdf
Biological control uses natural enemies like predators, parasites, and pathogens to control pest populations. There are three main types: conservation of existing natural enemies, classical biological control which introduces new natural enemies, and augmentation which supplements existing natural enemies. Biological control provides a progressive alternative to chemicals and can provide permanent control with low costs. However, some introductions have harmed non-target species. Biopesticides include microbial, plant-incorporated, and biochemical pesticides derived from natural materials and tend to pose less risk than conventional pesticides while effectively controlling pests when used as part of integrated pest management.
Potential of biocontrol of cotton insect and diseases
This presentation discusses the current status and potential of biological control of cotton insect and disease pests in Nepal. It defines biological control and explains why it is important and not more commonly used in Nepal. It then describes different types of biological control agents - parasitoids, pathogens, and predators - providing examples for each. It also summarizes the major insect pests and diseases of cotton in Nepal and their potential biological controls. The presentation concludes by listing some commonly used biological control predators and parasitoids for cotton pests.
Role of pheromones in stored grain pest management SSNAIK TNAU
Here I would like to inform you on role of pheromones in stored grain pest management ................I hope it will increase your understanding..........................................................
Pest and their control procedures
Whenever the population of any insect species
increases significantly, so as it causes
appreciable economic loss, is known as pest.
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The sterile insect technique involves mass rearing and sterilizing insects, typically through irradiation, and releasing them in wild populations to reduce reproduction. When sterile males mate with wild females, no offspring are produced, lowering the next generation's population. This method was first developed to control screwworm flies damaging cattle in the US. It has since successfully eradicated several agricultural pests, including screwworm flies from North and Central America and Mediterranean fruit flies from parts of South America. Sterilization is achieved through either chemicals interfering with reproduction or radiation inducing sterility or genetic mutations.
Treat pest jt
The document outlines an integrated pest management (IMP) program for controlling scale insects at an ornamental horticulture and landscaping unit. It discusses inspecting and identifying scale insects, monitoring their populations, and implementing control methods like cultural practices, biological control using natural enemies, and chemical control using contact insecticides if needed. The program emphasizes prevention, elimination and eradication of pests through cultural, biological and chemical means while considering worker safety and conserving natural enemies.
ATTRACTANTS & REPELLENTS IN PEST CONTROL.pptx
This document discusses insect attractants and repellents. It describes four main types of attractants - pheromones, natural food lures, oviposition lures, and poison baits. Pheromones are chemical signals released by insects that influence the behavior of other insects of the same species. There are several types of pheromones including sex, aggregation, alarm, and trail pheromones. Attractants are used for monitoring pest populations and manipulating insect behavior through techniques like mass trapping and mating disruption. The document also covers insect repellents, including physical repellents like waxes and chemical repellents such as DEET. Both attractants and repellents have advantages like
Integrated Parasite Management for Livestock
- Internal parasites can be a major problem for livestock producers and are developing resistance to dewormers. Integrated parasite management looks at the whole farm system, including nutrition, pasture management, and soil organisms, to decrease parasite loads and reliance on chemical dewormers.
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- Pasture management, like rotational grazing and preventing overgrazing, allows for pasture rest and healthier soil that supports dung beetles and fungi to reduce parasite eggs and larvae. Keeping pastures at adequate height also reduces livestock ingestion of parasites.
Integrated Pest Management.pptx
IPM is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment.
Gardening Project
This gardening project deals with plant diseases and control measures. It discusses 4 main topics: 1) control of plant diseases through quarantine, cultural, plant resistance, chemical, biological and integrated methods, 2) biological control through importation, augmentation and conservation, 3) common pesticides and insecticides like organochlorides and organophosphates, and 4) common agricultural equipment. The document provides details on types of control measures for plant diseases and explains biological control methods in more depth.
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The document discusses insect pheromones and their role in communication and pest management. It defines pheromones as chemicals released by insects to communicate with others of the same species. Pheromones are classified into primer effect and releaser effect types. Releaser pheromones regulate behaviors like sex, aggregation, alarm, and trail laying. The document outlines how sex, aggregation, alarm, and trail pheromones work. It also discusses uses of pheromones in integrated pest management, including monitoring pest populations, mass trapping of pests, and disrupting pest mating to control populations.
Biorationals
This document discusses biorational insecticides, which are pesticides derived from biological or natural origins that have limited adverse environmental effects. It defines biorational pesticides and provides examples of their benefits over conventional insecticides. The main types of biorational pesticides are then summarized, including those from plants, animals, microorganisms, insect growth regulators, and semiochemicals. Specific examples like neem, pyrethrum, Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes are then discussed in more detail regarding their origin, active ingredients, and mode of action.
Managing Internal Parasites in Sheep and Goats
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Zoopharmacognosy
Zoopharmacognosy refers to animals self-medicating by ingesting or applying plants, soils, or other substances to prevent or reduce pathogens and toxins. Animals engage in this behavior innately through natural selection to protect themselves. Self-medication can be preventative by ingesting substances before infection, or therapeutic by doing so after infection to fight pathogens. Examples include chimpanzees eating plants with anti-parasitic properties, goats consuming shrubs after nematode infection, and birds lining nests with insect-repelling plants. Zoopharmacognosy provides animals with natural, cost-effective ways to treat illnesses and reduces risks of drug side effects.
Biological control of insects pest with reference to predatores and parasitoi...
Biological control of insects pest with reference to predatores and parasitoi...ankit sharda personal
Biological control uses natural predators and parasitoids to control insect pests. It has several advantages including being highly economical, selective with no side effects, and causing no harm to humans, livestock or other organisms. There are three main approaches: conservation of natural enemies, classical biological control which introduces natural enemies from the pest's native range, and augmentation which mass produces and releases natural enemies. Predators directly consume prey while parasitoids lay eggs on or in the body of the host insect, which is ultimately killed. Common biological control agents include ladybugs, dragonflies, wasps and flies.Integrated Pest Management: a holistic approach to managing pests
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a holistic approach to managing pests that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools. It aims to minimize the impact of pests on agriculture while promoting environmental sustainability. IPM focuses on prevention, monitoring, and control to reduce reliance on pesticides. This approach considers the ecosystem as a whole, including beneficial organisms, to maintain a balanced environment. By integrating various strategies, IPM helps farmers optimize pest control while minimizing negative effects on human health and the environment.
Sites to visit for more information:
https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles
https://www.epa.gov/safepestcontrol/integrated-pest-management-ipm-principles
https://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/integrated-pest-management/ipm-glance
https://lgpress.clemson.edu/publication/biological-control-strategies-in-integrated-pest-management-ipm-programs/
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This document summarizes key information about flea and tick control medications for veterinary professionals. It discusses the goals and principles of flea and tick control, including killing existing parasites and preventing future infestations. The document also reviews several common active ingredients used in flea and tick control products, including their modes of action and formulations. These include insecticides, acaricides, insect growth regulators, and systemic compounds that are applied topically or orally.Weed management.pptx
1. The document discusses integrated weed management practices in major field crops. It defines integrated weed management as using a combination of control methods at low levels to reduce weed competition below an economic threshold.
2. Key methods of integrated weed management discussed include preventive cultural/ecological methods like crop rotation and mulching, direct manual and mechanical control methods, and biological and chemical control using herbicides in a planned sequence.
3. The advantages of integrated weed management are preventing weed resistance, no environmental pollution, and higher net returns through shifting crop-weed competition in favor of crops.
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This document discusses cultural and mechanical methods for controlling weeds. Cultural control methods include using weed-free crop seeds, planting smother crops, and crop rotation. Mechanical control methods involve manual and machine-based approaches like hand-pulling, hoeing, mowing, flooding, mulching, burning, machine tillage, and soil solarization. Both cultural and mechanical controls aim to prevent weed growth and spread, eradicate existing weeds, or keep weed populations below an economic threshold.
Cultural Control of Nematodes
This document discusses cultural control methods for managing nematodes in gardens. It identifies root knot nematodes as one of the most damaging nematodes to gardens. Management practices discussed include sanitation, using resistant plant varieties, fallowing land for a year to reduce nematode populations, crop rotation to plant non-host crops, and soil solarization to heat the soil and kill nematodes using solar radiation and clear plastic sheeting for 4-6 weeks. Several vegetable crops that can be damaged by different nematode species are also listed.
Destruction of Insect Pest by Cultural and Mechanical Control
Cultural control involves manipulating farming practices to reduce pest populations without using pesticides. Some key cultural control strategies discussed in the document include plowing, raking, pruning, intercropping with trap crops, mixed cropping, clipping plant tops, mulching, timely harvesting, synchronized sowing, crop rotation, and crop sanitation. Mechanical control methods like cultivation, hand-picking, shaking plants, and spraying water can also be used for direct removal or killing of pests, though they work best for small infestations. Cultural control of pathogens focuses on reducing initial inoculum levels through practices like selecting uninfected planting materials and removing diseased plants or crop residues.
Biological and Cultural Control of Weeds and Nematodes
The document discusses various biological and mechanical methods for controlling weeds and nematodes. It describes how the head smut fungus Sporisorium ophiuri provides biological control of Rottboellia cochinchinensis by infecting seedlings. Mechanical control of R. cochinchinensis involves burning, tilling, and leaving fields fallow. Several Aphtona flea beetle species provide biological control of leafy spurge by feeding on roots and foliage. Tagetes erecta releases chemicals from its roots that are toxic to root-knot nematodes in the genus Meloidogyne. Higher organic matter and good soil care can also help minimize nematode damage.
Biological and Cultural Control of Weeds and Nematodes
This document discusses the biological and cultural control of nematodes and weeds. It provides information on the sugar beet cyst nematode, its life cycle, and crop rotations that can increase or decrease nematode populations. It also discusses using resistant varieties and cultural practices like sanitation and weed management to control nematodes. The document then shifts to discussing St. John's Wort, a noxious weed in North America, its historical medicinal uses, and its successful control through the introduction of the Chrysolina beetle, a natural predator from Europe.
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Asian Federation of Biotechology Regional Symposium 2017
This document provides information about the 9th Asian Federation of Biotechnology Regional Symposium that will take place from February 9-11, 2017 at De La Salle University in Manila, Philippines. The symposium will bring together scientists and researchers from universities, institutes and companies within Asia to present advances in biotechnology research. It will cover topics within biochemistry, biotechnology, biosciences and biological engineering. The document includes details about plenary lectures, oral and poster presentations that will be presented at the symposium.
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[1] Elasticity refers to the responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to changes in factors like price and income. There are different types of elasticity including own price elasticity and cross price elasticity.
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Cropsci
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Meat Cuts
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Seed Technology
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Lecture 7: Loss Assessment and Quality Evaluation
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When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Micronuclei test.M.sc.zoology.fisheries.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
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Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
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The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
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Juaristi, Jon. - El canon espanol. El legado de la cultura española a la civi...
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Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
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Behavioral Control
- 1. By: John Carlo Sangalang Saira Tolica Loreto M. Virgo III Rica A. Wood
- 2. Behavioral Control Dispense a large amount of sex pheromone within the crop. Disturb the normal behavior of male insects so that they cannot find female hence interfering with mating.
- 3. Behavioral controls utilize some chemicals to modify insect pest behavior, and control pest without the use of toxins, thereby playing an important role in area-wide control system. At present, behavioral modification method e.g (pheromones) have been used to confuse or trap the male population.
- 4. Pheromones- are chemicals released by an organism into its environment enabling it to communicate with other members of its own species.
- 5. 1. Monitoring with Attractant Baited is an important component of pest management program. Pheromones are widely used in pest monitoring due to the specificity, selectivity and mainly for not affecting the health of workers and environment.
- 6. Food attractant can also be used for monitoring pest. In horticulture, the technique is widely used to monitor fruit flies. In this case, Food baits are used in traps to attract insects and pest.
- 8. 2. Mating Disruption This method consist of distributing a large amount of synthetic sex pheromones in the field, aiming to prevent the male to find a female, disrupting mating. Therefore, new pest generations do not occur on treated area.
- 9. An ant lay a trail pheromone to direct other ants to a food source. Aphids release an alarm pheromones that warns other aphids of potential danger, usually the presence of a predator or parasites.
- 11. 3. Attract and Kill ( A&K) System This strategy is a new pest management technique, an extension of mating disruption, which is characterized by the inclusion of and insecticide (killing agent) in addition to the pheromone to achieve the same control methods as mating disruptions.
- 12. Attract and kill system effective against Alfalfa Looper. Starve alfalfa looper adults (moths) were strongly attracted to the attract and kill station in a flight tunnel, and 90.9 % of female moths and 87.6 % of male moths that contracted the station died.
- 13. Attract and kill System
- 14. 4. The Push-Pull Strategy Insect control methods exploiting natural chemical messengers, collectively semio- chemicals, are becoming increasingly familiar. “Push-Pull”, also called stimulo-deterrent diversion involves “pushing” the insects away from the harvestable, economic crops, and “pull” onto a trap crop where their population is reduced by biological control agent specific but slow-acting insecticide.
- 15. Used for controlling agricultural pest by using repellant “push” plants and trap “pull” plants. Cereal crops like maize or sorghum are often infested by stem borers. Grasses planted around the perimeter of the crop attract and trap the pest. Whereas other plants like Desmodium, planted between the rows of maize repel the pest and control the parasitic plant STRIGA.
- 17. The benefits of push-pull strategy include a lower requirement for broad spectrum pesticides, saving these valueable materials for a “ fire fighting role”. There is less risk of producing population resistant insect.
- 18. 5. Mass Trapping The purpose is to reduce the number of individuals of the next generation removing only males of both insect sexes of the area. The mass trapping, when is not enough by itself to control pest population, can be used in combination with other methods of pest control within the philosophy of integrated pest management.
- 19. The adult phase of thrips and whiteflies can be caught in huge numbers with to river sticky.raps.
- 20. Mass Trapping
- 21. 6. Attractive Lures and Toxic Lures Another aspect of behavioral control is used of secondary plant substances they play an important role in the feeding of monophagous or oliphagous insects. These substances are used in insect behavioral and biology studies, such as attraction/repellence, feeding and oviposition deterrence.
- 22. Initial control of flies in Africa used odor released by oven or buffalo urine to attract flies to cloth. Dropped with insecticides. Later, flies were attracted to electricified nets with these and other odorants. An alternative to conventional insecticides could make use of insect pathogens as bio- pesticides if they can kill the attracted insect before mating occurs.
- 23. END