This document summarizes drugs used to treat various gastrointestinal diseases. It discusses agents that stimulate or inhibit appetite, drugs used to treat peptic ulcer disease like proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers, antacids, and other classes of drugs. Key points:
- Bitters like wormwood tincture stimulate receptors in the oral cavity and hypothalamus to increase appetite. Drugs like amphetamines and fluoxetine inhibit appetite by acting centrally.
- Proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole irreversibly inhibit the gastric proton pump. H2 blockers competitively block H2 receptors to inhibit acid secretion.
- Antacids react with gastric acid to reduce acidity
This ppt discusses pharmacological actions, toxic effects and clinical applications of corticosteroids. It also mentions precations to be taken while using steroids
This ppt discusses pharmacological actions, toxic effects and clinical applications of corticosteroids. It also mentions precations to be taken while using steroids
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
Presentation for Medical undergraduates for teaching pharmacology. It deals with Physiology of steroid hormones and their action along with agents which are used therapeutically with their action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses.
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
Presentation for Medical undergraduates for teaching pharmacology. It deals with Physiology of steroid hormones and their action along with agents which are used therapeutically with their action, adverse effects and therapeutic uses.
The gastrointestinal tract is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces. The mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines are part of the gastrointestinal tract
Get information about the drugs which affects the kidney and uterus functions, along with their classifciations and mechanism of action with clinical use.
This presentation gives detailed information about antihistamine agents ,immunopharmacology .They also give details about their classification and mechanism of action.
Psychostimulants ,Adaptogens, Analeptics, Antidepressants and Nootropic DrugsGanapathy Tamilselvan
This presentation gives you information about the phychostimulants , Adaptogens, Analeptics, Antidepressants and Nootropic Drugs with their classificaitons and mecanisms.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Agents Stimulating the Appetite:
1. Bitters: Wormwood tincture –
Tinctura Absinthii - vial 25 ml PO 15-20 drops
2. Others: Insulin, Vitamins,
Anabolic Steroids: Retabolil, Phenoboline
2
3. Wormwood tincture contains glycoside Absinthian and Ethereal Oil
composed of Terpenes and a camphor isomer Absenthol.
Bitters stimulate receptors of oral cavity mucous and increase
the excitability of Starvation’s Center located
at Lateral Nucleus Of Hypothalamus.
3
4. Agents Inhibiting Appetite
Appetite Suppressants – Anorexigenic agents:
1. Centrally acting adrenergic agents – stimulating the CNS:
Phenamine (Amphetamine)
Phepranone (dr. 0.025 g)
2. Centrally acting serotoninergic agonist:
Fluoxetine (Prozac – tab. 0.02 g)
3. Centrally acting agents on both adrenergic and
serotoninergic systems – depressing the CNS:
Sibutramine (caps. 5 and 10 mg)
4
9. V. Myogenic Spasmolytics:
No-spa – amp. 2% solution -2 ml,
Tab. 0.04 g (40 mg)
Papaverine hydrochloride –
amp. 2% solution - 2 ml,
Tab. 0.04 g (40 mg)
VI. Others:
Solcoseryl (amp. 2, 5 and 10 ml; vial 250 ml)
9
10. H2
-antagonists Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine -
inhibit (by 90%) basal, food-stimulated, and
nocturnal secretion of gastric acid after a single dose.
They block H2
-receptors in the stomach, blood vessels, and
other sites.
They are Competitive Antagonists of Histamine and
are fully reversible.
H2
-antagonists distribute widely throughout the body
(including in breast milk and across the placenta) and are
excreted mainly in the urine.
Clinical Uses: Peptic Ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome,
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (heartburn)
10
11. Cimetidine has Endocrine effects and acts as
a Nonsteroidal Antiandrogen
Endocrine effects:
Gynecomastia - abnormal overdevelopment of the breasts in a man
Galactorrhea - continuous release of milk
Impotence, Libido decrease, Reduced sperm count.
Cimetidine inhibits CYP-450 => Slows Metabolism =>
Potentiates the Action of some drugs:
Warfarin
Diazepam
Phenytoin
Quinidine
Carbamazepine
Theophylline
Imipramine 11
12. OMEPRAZOLE is the prototype of substituted benzimidazoles,
which inhibit the final step in gastric acid secretion and
have overtaken H2
blockers for acid-peptic disorders.
Mechanism of Action: Irreversible Inhibition of
the H+
/K+
-ATPase (the Proton Pump)
A singly daily dose Inhibits 100% of Gastric Acid secretion
12
13. PROSTAGLANDINS E2
and I2
:
HCL and Gastric Acid Secretion
↑Secretion of MUCUS and BICARBONATE
- CYTOPROTECTIVE EFFECT
MISOPROSTOL – a stable analog of PG E1
- is approved for prevention of gastric ulcers
induced by NSAIDs
13
14. ANTACIDS are weak bases that react with gastric acid to
form water and a salt, thereby diminishing gastric
acidity.
Since PEPSIN is inactive at pH > 4.0,
Antacids also PEPTIC ACTIVITY.
They ⇓ H Pylori Colonization and ⇑ PGs synthesis.
Bismuth subnitrate [Tab «Vicairum», «Vicalinum»
De-nol [Bismuth tripotassium dicitrate - Tab 0.12]
Aluminum hydroxide [pulv 0.25-1.0 g]
Magnesium hydroxide [ pulv 0.25-1.0 g]
Almagel, Maalox
Sodium bicarbonate [Tab 0.3 and 0.5]
Calcium carbonate [pulv 0.25-1.0 g]
14
15. Emetic Agents - are the drugs that produce vomiting.
They may be classified as:
1. Centrally acting, by stimulation of the CTZ:
Apomorphine hydrochloride (amp. 1%-1 ml) -
a semisynthetic derivative of Morphine.
It stimulates D2-receptors of the trigger zone.
Injected SC, it causes vomiting within 5 minutes
2. Peripherally acting: stimulate the vomiting center reflexively:
Preparations from Thermopsis and Ipecacuanha
Copper Sulfate and Zinc Sulfate have peripheral action
through irritation of stomach mucosa.
Emesis has a reflexive character after their introduction,
however they are not used to produce vomiting. 15
16. Antiemetic Agents
Metoclopramide – Tab. 5 mg, amp. 0.5%-2 ml
inhibits D2
receptors in the brain’s CTZ and
in high dose blocks 5-HT3
-receptors to inhibit or reduce
nausea and vomiting.
Domperidone (Motilium) – Tab. 10 mg
- inhibits D2
receptors.
Advantage of Domperidone is its no penetrating blood-brain
barrier and no-inducing Extrapyramidal Effects.
Clinical Uses:
Functional disorders of the GIT,
Stomach hypotonia, Reflux-esophagitis.
16
17. Corticosteroids: Dexamethasone
Methylprednisolone
are effective against Emetogenic Chemotherapy.
Their antiemetic mechanism may involve blockade of PGs.
The antagonists of the Serotonin Receptors:
Ondansetron (amp. 0.2%- 2 and 4 ml, tab. 4 and 8 mg)
Tropisetron -
selectively block 5-HT3
receptors:
In the periphery (visceral afferent fibers) and
In the brain (CTZ).
Ondansetron is approved for prevention of postoperative
nausea and/or vomiting.
17
18. ANTIDIARRHEALS
Loperamide - is widely used to control acute and chronic
diarrhea.
It is phenylpiperidine derivative and has Opioid-like actions
on the gut:
Activates Presynaptic Opioid Receptors
in the enteric NS to inhibit Acetylcholine Release and
decrease peristalsis.
Side effects: drowsiness, abdominal cramps, dizziness,
Toxic Megacolon => they should not be used in young
children or patients with severe colitis.
18
19. Classification of Cholagogic Agents
I. Agents Stimulating Bile Formation:
1. Agents Containing Bile Acids: Allochol, Cholenzyme
2. Synthetic agents: Oxaphenamide (tab. 0.25 g)
3. Plant drugs: Cholosas (vial 300 ml)
II. Agents Stimulating Bile Migration:
1. Cholekinetic agents (increasing the Bile Tone):
Magnesium Sulfate, Sorbitol, Berberis
2. Cholespasmolytic agents –
Decreasing the Biliary Tract and Sphincter Oddi tone:
• Spasmolytics: Papaverine, No-spa, Euphyllin, Magnesium sulfate
• M-cholinoblockers: Platyphyllin hydrotartrate
All cholagogic agents increase bile production by hepatic cells.
19
20. Hepatoprotectors
Lipoic Acid [Thioctic acid]: Tab. 12 mg, amp. 0.5% - 2 ml
Legalon (Silymarin): Dr. 70 mg, Caps.140mg
- contains Extract from dry Lady's-milk (Silybum marianum)
and its flavonoids Silymarin and Silybinin.
Hepabene: 1 capsule contains 100 mg of Lady's-milk extract
and 275 mg of Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) Extract.
=> Cholagogic, Hepatoprotector and Spasmolytic actions.
Methionine (essential amino acid)
PO 0.5 - 1.0 g 3-4 times / day
Clinical Uses:: Dyskinesia of Biliary Tracts, Toxic Liver Lesion,
Alcoholism, Chronic Liver Diseases, Liver Cirrhosis.
20
21. Agents Used in Disturbances of
the Excretory Function of Pancreas
I. For Substitute Therapy:
PANCREATIN (CREON) contains Pancreatic Enzymes
AMYLASE, PROTEASE, LIPASE –
is extracted from Fresh Hog Pancreas.
Preparations containing PANCREATIN:
DIGESTAL
MEZYM-FORTE
FESTAL
PANZYNORM
21
22. 2. Inhibitors of the Proteolytic Enzymes of Pancreas
- are used mainly for patients with HYPERSECRETION of Pancreas at
Acute Pancreatitis and as Systemic Haemostatic Agents.
CONTRICAL (Trasylol, Aprotinin) – vial 30 000 KIU/ml
naturally occurring protease inhibitor.
• It inhibits Trypsin, Plasmin,
and plasma and tissue Kallikreins.
• Inhibits Fibrinolysis through
inhibition of Plasmin and Kallikreins.
• Inhibits activation of the Intrinsic Clotting System,
a process that initiates coagulation and promotes
fibrinolysis.
22
23. ORLISTAT is a pancreatic Lipase inhibitor,
preventing the breakdown of dietary fat to
fatty acids and glycerols.
It causes a dose-related increase in fecal fat that
plateaus at 32% of dietary fat.
23
24. LAXATIVES
I. Irritant Laxatives – Purgatives, Cathartics
1. Small Bowel Irritant Purgative:
Vegetable oils: Castor Oil (Oleum Ricini)
2. Large Bowel Irritant Purgative:
Drugs containing Antraglycosides:
Radix Rhei, Cortex Frangulae Alni, Folia Sennae
Synthetic agents:
Phenolphthaleine, Isaphenine, BISACODYL
II. Osmotically Active Laxatives –
Agents acting on all Bowel Sections (Bulk Laxatives):
Salt laxatives: MgSO4 ; Na2SO4
24
25. CASTOR OIL (Oleum Ricini) is obtained
from the first cold pressing of the seed.
Ricinoleic acid arises as a result of fat digestion:
the duodenal mucosa releases
the enterohormone Cholecystokinin / Pancreozymin
(CK/PZ) into the blood.
The hormone elicits contraction of the gallbladder and
discharge of bile acids via the bile duct, as well as release
of lipase from the pancreas (intestinal peristalsis is also
stimulated).
CASTOR OIL is not indicated after the ingestion of lipophilic toxins
likely to depend on bile acids for their absorption.
25
26. LARGE BOWEL IRRITANT PURGATIVE
Drugs containing ANTRAGLYCOSIDES are
of plant origin:
Folia Sennae
Ffructus Sennae -
of the Senna plant
Cortex Frangulae – of the bark of Buckthorn
Rhizoma Rhei - the roots of RHUBARB
the Leaf Extract from Aloe Species.
Following ingestion of galenical preparations or of the anthraglycosides,
discharge of soft stool occurs after a latency of 6 - 8 h.
The anthraquinone glycosides themselves are inactive but are converted
by colon bacteria to the active free aglycones.
26
27. 27
Bisacodyl (tab. 5 mg; rectal supp. 10 mg)
is rapidly converted by intestinal enzymes
and gut bacteria into its active metabolite
which directly irritates and stimulates the large bowel.
Given by the enteral route, bisacodyl is subjected to
hydrolysis of acetyl residues, absorption,
conjugation in the liver to Glucuronic Acid (or also to sulfate),
and biliary secretion into the duodenum.
Oral administration is followed by discharge of soft formed
stool after 6-8 hours.
When given in suppository, it produces its effect within 1 h.