This document lists various antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs. It discusses several classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, sympathoplegic agents, peripheral vasodilators, calcium channel blockers, alpha-1 blockers, and potassium channel activators. It provides details on specific drugs within each class, their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and adverse effects in treating hypertension.
This document summarizes key information about opioid analgesics including:
1. It classifies opioids based on their strength from strong to weak and lists examples in each category.
2. It outlines several clinical uses of opioids such as for analgesia, cough suppression, and treatment of opioid dependence.
3. It describes the pharmacokinetics of opioids including absorption, metabolism, and ability to cross the placental barrier and affect fetuses.
4. It explains the mechanism of action of opioids including their binding to μ, δ, and κ receptors in the brain and spinal cord to produce effects like analgesia and respiratory depression.
This document discusses the management of type 2 diabetes. It outlines lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and weight loss that can help control blood glucose levels. It also discusses various classes of diabetic medications, including their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and examples of drugs in each class. The goal of treatment is to achieve adequate glycemic control while preventing complications through a stepped care approach involving lifestyle changes and gradual escalation of medications if needed.
Opioids act on three types of opioid receptors in the brain and body - mu, kappa, and delta. They produce effects like analgesia, sedation, euphoria, and respiratory depression. Common opioids include morphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl, and heroin. Opioids are used medically to treat severe pain but carry risks of tolerance, dependence, and overdose. Naloxone and naltrexone are opioid antagonists that can reverse the effects of opioid overdose.
This document discusses various types of peripheral vasodilators. It describes:
I. Alpha-blockers such as ergot alkaloids and synthetic drugs like nicergolin and phentolamine that lower blood pressure by dilating arterioles and veins.
II. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors like pentoxifylline and papaverine analogues that increase cAMP levels and have vasodilating effects. It also discusses PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil used to treat erectile dysfunction.
III. Prostaglandin analogues including prostacycline, iloprost, and alprostadil that have peripheral vasodilating effects and some inhibit platelet aggregation
This document discusses hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes the classification and stages of hypertension based on blood pressure levels. It also covers the types of hypertension, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and treatment approach including lifestyle modifications and drug therapy. The document then describes several classes of antihypertensive drugs in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, and their mechanisms of action, uses, side effects, and drug interactions.
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other agents. It covers their mechanisms of action, involving facilitation of GABA and inhibition of glutamate. It also summarizes their clinical uses for anxiety, sleep disorders, sedation, seizures and detoxification. Side effects include cognitive impairment. Overdose can cause respiratory and cardiovascular depression.
Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat hypertension. It works by stimulating alpha-2 receptors in the brain to inhibit the release of norepinephrine, reducing peripheral vascular resistance and lowering blood pressure. Common side effects include dizziness, dry mouth, and sedation. Clonidine can also be used to treat migraines, menopausal hot flashes, and opioid withdrawal symptoms. It has drug interactions with aspirin, atenolol, and clomipramine that can increase side effects or toxicity. Clonidine is pregnancy category C and may harm the fetus or pass into breastmilk.
This document provides information about ketamine, including its history, forms, effects, risks, treatment options, and current research. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that was developed in the 1960s and has been used medically and recreationally. Different forms include nasal sprays, pills, and injections. While it has medical benefits, ketamine can also carry health risks like bladder damage from regular use and mental health issues. Harm reduction, therapy, and rehab programs are among the treatment approaches for ketamine dependence. Ongoing research explores using ketamine for conditions like depression and PTSD.
This document summarizes key information about opioid analgesics including:
1. It classifies opioids based on their strength from strong to weak and lists examples in each category.
2. It outlines several clinical uses of opioids such as for analgesia, cough suppression, and treatment of opioid dependence.
3. It describes the pharmacokinetics of opioids including absorption, metabolism, and ability to cross the placental barrier and affect fetuses.
4. It explains the mechanism of action of opioids including their binding to μ, δ, and κ receptors in the brain and spinal cord to produce effects like analgesia and respiratory depression.
This document discusses the management of type 2 diabetes. It outlines lifestyle modifications like diet, exercise and weight loss that can help control blood glucose levels. It also discusses various classes of diabetic medications, including their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and examples of drugs in each class. The goal of treatment is to achieve adequate glycemic control while preventing complications through a stepped care approach involving lifestyle changes and gradual escalation of medications if needed.
Opioids act on three types of opioid receptors in the brain and body - mu, kappa, and delta. They produce effects like analgesia, sedation, euphoria, and respiratory depression. Common opioids include morphine, codeine, oxycodone, fentanyl, and heroin. Opioids are used medically to treat severe pain but carry risks of tolerance, dependence, and overdose. Naloxone and naltrexone are opioid antagonists that can reverse the effects of opioid overdose.
This document discusses various types of peripheral vasodilators. It describes:
I. Alpha-blockers such as ergot alkaloids and synthetic drugs like nicergolin and phentolamine that lower blood pressure by dilating arterioles and veins.
II. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors like pentoxifylline and papaverine analogues that increase cAMP levels and have vasodilating effects. It also discusses PDE5 inhibitors such as sildenafil used to treat erectile dysfunction.
III. Prostaglandin analogues including prostacycline, iloprost, and alprostadil that have peripheral vasodilating effects and some inhibit platelet aggregation
This document discusses hypertension and antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and describes the classification and stages of hypertension based on blood pressure levels. It also covers the types of hypertension, causes, signs and symptoms, investigations, and treatment approach including lifestyle modifications and drug therapy. The document then describes several classes of antihypertensive drugs in detail, including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, and their mechanisms of action, uses, side effects, and drug interactions.
This document discusses sedative-hypnotic drugs, including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other agents. It covers their mechanisms of action, involving facilitation of GABA and inhibition of glutamate. It also summarizes their clinical uses for anxiety, sleep disorders, sedation, seizures and detoxification. Side effects include cognitive impairment. Overdose can cause respiratory and cardiovascular depression.
Clonidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat hypertension. It works by stimulating alpha-2 receptors in the brain to inhibit the release of norepinephrine, reducing peripheral vascular resistance and lowering blood pressure. Common side effects include dizziness, dry mouth, and sedation. Clonidine can also be used to treat migraines, menopausal hot flashes, and opioid withdrawal symptoms. It has drug interactions with aspirin, atenolol, and clomipramine that can increase side effects or toxicity. Clonidine is pregnancy category C and may harm the fetus or pass into breastmilk.
This document provides information about ketamine, including its history, forms, effects, risks, treatment options, and current research. Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that was developed in the 1960s and has been used medically and recreationally. Different forms include nasal sprays, pills, and injections. While it has medical benefits, ketamine can also carry health risks like bladder damage from regular use and mental health issues. Harm reduction, therapy, and rehab programs are among the treatment approaches for ketamine dependence. Ongoing research explores using ketamine for conditions like depression and PTSD.
This document discusses serotonin receptors and their agonists and antagonists. It begins by describing the sources and chemistry of serotonin in the body. It then details the seven main families of serotonin receptors, their locations and functions. The document outlines various pathophysiological roles of serotonin. Finally, it examines several classes of drugs that act as agonists or antagonists at serotonin receptors, describing their mechanisms, indications, and side effects.
This document discusses opioid analgesics and provides details about morphine. It defines opioids as any drug that binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system and can be antagonized by naloxone. Morphine is described as the prototypical opioid analgesic. Its mechanisms of action include inhibiting neurotransmitter release in the spinal cord and brain. Adverse effects include respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, and dependence with repeated use. Morphine has therapeutic uses for relieving various types of pain but also carries risks in certain patient populations like those with head injuries. The document outlines various opioid classifications and compares properties of representative opioids like morphine, codeine, pethidine, and buprenorphine.
Skeletal muscle relaxants work by either depolarizing or competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing agent that causes initial muscle fasciculation and prolonged depolarization before hydrolysis by plasma cholinesterase. Non-depolarizing agents like atracurium and vecuronium are competitive antagonists that bind nicotinic receptors without activating them. They vary in onset, duration and route of elimination depending on whether they are short, intermediate or long acting. Pancuronium and pipecuronium have longer durations due to renal elimination while mivacurium and rapacuronium are shorter acting due to
role of diuretics in the management of congestive heart failurePriyatham Kasaraneni
Diuretics are used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) by reducing preload and removing edema. They work by increasing urination and fluid loss. Loop diuretics like furosemide are most effective for rapid fluid removal in moderate to severe CHF. Thiazide diuretics are used for mild to moderate cases. Both can cause side effects like hypokalemia and hyponatremia. K+ sparing diuretics and aldosterone inhibitors are also used alone or combined with other diuretics to prevent electrolyte loss. Diuretics relieve symptoms of CHF but do not cure its underlying causes.
Opioid receptors are G-protein coupled receptors located in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues that interact with opioid drugs like morphine. There are three main types of opioid receptors: mu, kappa, and delta. Mu receptors have a high affinity for morphine and are responsible for respiratory depression, euphoria, and physical dependence. Kappa receptors are activated by compounds like ethylketocyclazocine and are involved in analgesia and diuresis. Delta receptors have a lower risk of side effects compared to mu receptors and are activated by ligands like levorphanol. Opioid receptors act through G-proteins to inhibit adenyl cyclase, open potassium channels, close calcium channels, and decrease neuronal
This document discusses the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. It describes their biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, effects on different organs, clinical uses including anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest, dosages, side effects and comparisons between the two hormones. Adrenaline acts on alpha and beta receptors and has effects like increased heart rate and bronchodilation. Noradrenaline predominantly acts on alpha receptors, causing potent vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure without bronchodilation. Both are used to treat hypotension but noradrenaline is preferred for septic shock.
This document discusses antiarrhythmic drugs used to treat irregular heart rhythms. It begins by defining different types of arrhythmias including bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and heart block. The causes of arrhythmias are then explained as enhanced automaticity, triggered activity, reentry, and fractionation of impulses. Common arrhythmia conditions seen clinically are also outlined. The document then discusses the Vaughan-Williams classification system for antiarrhythmic drugs and provides details on representative drugs from each class, including their mechanisms of action and uses.
Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that enhance the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors in the brain, producing anxiolysis, sedation, anticonvulsant effects, muscle relaxation and amnesia. Common benzodiazepines include diazepam, midazolam and lorazepam. They are used for premedication, anesthesia, sedation, status epilepticus and withdrawal symptoms. While effective, they can cause side effects like fatigue, drowsiness, impaired cognition and paradoxical reactions with prolonged use.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that regulates cardiac, vascular and endocrine function. It was discovered in 1958 that dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter in addition to being a precursor for norepinephrine. Dopamine acts through D1 and D2 receptors in areas like the striatum, limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus. At low doses, it increases blood flow and sodium excretion. At intermediate doses, it increases heart rate and contractility. At high doses, it causes vasoconstriction. Dopamine is used to treat cardiogenic and septic shock, and to prevent or reverse acute renal failure.
Hypolipidaemics pharmacology with a note on Statins /Fibrates/ Sterol absorption Inhibitors/ CETP Inhibitors / Lipoprotein Lipase activators and Bile acid sequestrants
Anti-spasmodic drugs are used to treat symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome like pain and spasms. There are two main classes - antimuscarinic drugs which block cholinergic transmission and relax smooth muscle, and direct smooth muscle relaxants like mebeverine which directly affect colonic muscle activity. These drugs work by reducing contractions of the intestines which helps relieve IBS symptoms like pain and bloating. Common anti-spasmodics discussed include hyoscine butylbromide, dicyclomine, and drotaverine.
This document discusses various anticoagulant agents including heparin, low molecular weight heparins, synthetic heparin derivatives like fondaparinux and idraparinux, direct thrombin inhibitors like lepirudin and bivalirudin, and synthetic thrombin inhibitor argatroban. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic ranges, and comparisons between unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins. Protamine sulfate is discussed as an antagonist for reversing heparin overdose.
This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It describes how antipsychotics are primarily used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders by blocking dopamine receptors. It distinguishes typical/first generation antipsychotics that are more likely to cause extrapyramidal side effects from atypical/second generation antipsychotics that have a lower risk of these motor side effects but a higher risk of metabolic adverse effects like weight gain and diabetes. The document provides details on various antipsychotics and their mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and important adverse effects and cautions.
Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in many functions including movement, learning, sleep and reward pathways. It is synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine and metabolized by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. There are five types of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors which are located throughout the brain and body. Dopamine pathways include the mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal pathways which are involved in reward, cognition and movement respectively. Dopamine dysregulation is implicated in disorders like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and addiction.
Loop diuretics such as furosemide act directly on the ascending loop of Henle to increase urinary output and reduce fluid volume and blood pressure. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide act on the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit sodium reabsorption and increase the excretion of sodium, chloride, water and potassium. Potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone competitively bind to aldosterone receptors to prevent potassium loss while sodium and water are excreted. Osmotic diuretics such as mannitol work by increasing the osmolarity of the renal filtrate to pull water from tissues into the renal tubules.
Psychiatric conditions are divided into psychosis, neurosis, and affective disorders. Psychosis involves loss of contact with reality and includes schizophrenia. Neurosis involves anxiety disorders like phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Affective disorders are mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder. Psychotropic drugs treat these conditions by affecting neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the limbic system and other brain areas. Common psychotropic drugs include antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytics which have multiple mechanisms of action in the brain and body.
Summary of thyroid and antithyroid drugs
-Introduction
-Synthesis
-Pharmacological Action
-Mechanism of action
-Drugs in Hypothyroidism
-Thyroid Inhibitors
-Drugs in Hyperthyroidism
The document provides an overview of psychosis, schizophrenia, and the neurobiology and pharmacology of antipsychotic medications. It describes the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia and discusses several neurotransmitter hypotheses. It then outlines the mechanisms and side effects of first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics, including their actions on dopamine, serotonin, and other receptors. Individual antipsychotic drugs are also summarized in terms of their clinical uses and adverse effect profiles.
This document discusses opioid analgesics, specifically morphine. It provides details on the classification, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of morphine. Morphine is derived from opium extracted from the poppy plant. It acts primarily as an agonist at mu opioid receptors in the central nervous system to produce analgesia, sedation, euphoria and other effects. It has a wide distribution and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism primarily through glucuronidation. Common adverse effects include sedation, constipation, respiratory depression and vomiting.
This document discusses various drugs used to treat angina. It outlines different classes of antianginal drugs including organic nitrates like nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers like verapamil, and ACE inhibitors. It provides details on the mechanisms and clinical uses of these drug classes and examples of medications within each class. Side effects are also summarized for several individual drugs.
The document discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various antihypertensive agents. It describes how drugs like diuretics, sympathoplegic agents, vasodilators, angiotensin blockers, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors work to lower blood pressure by different mechanisms throughout the body. It also covers hypertensive emergencies and the intravenous drugs used to rapidly reduce blood pressure in such situations.
This document discusses serotonin receptors and their agonists and antagonists. It begins by describing the sources and chemistry of serotonin in the body. It then details the seven main families of serotonin receptors, their locations and functions. The document outlines various pathophysiological roles of serotonin. Finally, it examines several classes of drugs that act as agonists or antagonists at serotonin receptors, describing their mechanisms, indications, and side effects.
This document discusses opioid analgesics and provides details about morphine. It defines opioids as any drug that binds to opioid receptors in the central nervous system and can be antagonized by naloxone. Morphine is described as the prototypical opioid analgesic. Its mechanisms of action include inhibiting neurotransmitter release in the spinal cord and brain. Adverse effects include respiratory depression, sedation, constipation, and dependence with repeated use. Morphine has therapeutic uses for relieving various types of pain but also carries risks in certain patient populations like those with head injuries. The document outlines various opioid classifications and compares properties of representative opioids like morphine, codeine, pethidine, and buprenorphine.
Skeletal muscle relaxants work by either depolarizing or competitively blocking nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junction. Succinylcholine is a depolarizing agent that causes initial muscle fasciculation and prolonged depolarization before hydrolysis by plasma cholinesterase. Non-depolarizing agents like atracurium and vecuronium are competitive antagonists that bind nicotinic receptors without activating them. They vary in onset, duration and route of elimination depending on whether they are short, intermediate or long acting. Pancuronium and pipecuronium have longer durations due to renal elimination while mivacurium and rapacuronium are shorter acting due to
role of diuretics in the management of congestive heart failurePriyatham Kasaraneni
Diuretics are used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) by reducing preload and removing edema. They work by increasing urination and fluid loss. Loop diuretics like furosemide are most effective for rapid fluid removal in moderate to severe CHF. Thiazide diuretics are used for mild to moderate cases. Both can cause side effects like hypokalemia and hyponatremia. K+ sparing diuretics and aldosterone inhibitors are also used alone or combined with other diuretics to prevent electrolyte loss. Diuretics relieve symptoms of CHF but do not cure its underlying causes.
Opioid receptors are G-protein coupled receptors located in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues that interact with opioid drugs like morphine. There are three main types of opioid receptors: mu, kappa, and delta. Mu receptors have a high affinity for morphine and are responsible for respiratory depression, euphoria, and physical dependence. Kappa receptors are activated by compounds like ethylketocyclazocine and are involved in analgesia and diuresis. Delta receptors have a lower risk of side effects compared to mu receptors and are activated by ligands like levorphanol. Opioid receptors act through G-proteins to inhibit adenyl cyclase, open potassium channels, close calcium channels, and decrease neuronal
This document discusses the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline. It describes their biosynthesis, mechanisms of action, effects on different organs, clinical uses including anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest, dosages, side effects and comparisons between the two hormones. Adrenaline acts on alpha and beta receptors and has effects like increased heart rate and bronchodilation. Noradrenaline predominantly acts on alpha receptors, causing potent vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure without bronchodilation. Both are used to treat hypotension but noradrenaline is preferred for septic shock.
This document discusses antiarrhythmic drugs used to treat irregular heart rhythms. It begins by defining different types of arrhythmias including bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and heart block. The causes of arrhythmias are then explained as enhanced automaticity, triggered activity, reentry, and fractionation of impulses. Common arrhythmia conditions seen clinically are also outlined. The document then discusses the Vaughan-Williams classification system for antiarrhythmic drugs and provides details on representative drugs from each class, including their mechanisms of action and uses.
Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that enhance the effects of the neurotransmitter GABA at GABA-A receptors in the brain, producing anxiolysis, sedation, anticonvulsant effects, muscle relaxation and amnesia. Common benzodiazepines include diazepam, midazolam and lorazepam. They are used for premedication, anesthesia, sedation, status epilepticus and withdrawal symptoms. While effective, they can cause side effects like fatigue, drowsiness, impaired cognition and paradoxical reactions with prolonged use.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that regulates cardiac, vascular and endocrine function. It was discovered in 1958 that dopamine acts as a neurotransmitter in addition to being a precursor for norepinephrine. Dopamine acts through D1 and D2 receptors in areas like the striatum, limbic system, thalamus and hypothalamus. At low doses, it increases blood flow and sodium excretion. At intermediate doses, it increases heart rate and contractility. At high doses, it causes vasoconstriction. Dopamine is used to treat cardiogenic and septic shock, and to prevent or reverse acute renal failure.
Hypolipidaemics pharmacology with a note on Statins /Fibrates/ Sterol absorption Inhibitors/ CETP Inhibitors / Lipoprotein Lipase activators and Bile acid sequestrants
Anti-spasmodic drugs are used to treat symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome like pain and spasms. There are two main classes - antimuscarinic drugs which block cholinergic transmission and relax smooth muscle, and direct smooth muscle relaxants like mebeverine which directly affect colonic muscle activity. These drugs work by reducing contractions of the intestines which helps relieve IBS symptoms like pain and bloating. Common anti-spasmodics discussed include hyoscine butylbromide, dicyclomine, and drotaverine.
This document discusses various anticoagulant agents including heparin, low molecular weight heparins, synthetic heparin derivatives like fondaparinux and idraparinux, direct thrombin inhibitors like lepirudin and bivalirudin, and synthetic thrombin inhibitor argatroban. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic ranges, and comparisons between unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins. Protamine sulfate is discussed as an antagonist for reversing heparin overdose.
This document discusses antipsychotic drugs, including their classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It describes how antipsychotics are primarily used to treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders by blocking dopamine receptors. It distinguishes typical/first generation antipsychotics that are more likely to cause extrapyramidal side effects from atypical/second generation antipsychotics that have a lower risk of these motor side effects but a higher risk of metabolic adverse effects like weight gain and diabetes. The document provides details on various antipsychotics and their mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and important adverse effects and cautions.
Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter involved in many functions including movement, learning, sleep and reward pathways. It is synthesized from phenylalanine and tyrosine and metabolized by monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase. There are five types of G protein-coupled dopamine receptors which are located throughout the brain and body. Dopamine pathways include the mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal pathways which are involved in reward, cognition and movement respectively. Dopamine dysregulation is implicated in disorders like Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and addiction.
Loop diuretics such as furosemide act directly on the ascending loop of Henle to increase urinary output and reduce fluid volume and blood pressure. Thiazide diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide act on the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit sodium reabsorption and increase the excretion of sodium, chloride, water and potassium. Potassium-sparing diuretics such as spironolactone competitively bind to aldosterone receptors to prevent potassium loss while sodium and water are excreted. Osmotic diuretics such as mannitol work by increasing the osmolarity of the renal filtrate to pull water from tissues into the renal tubules.
Psychiatric conditions are divided into psychosis, neurosis, and affective disorders. Psychosis involves loss of contact with reality and includes schizophrenia. Neurosis involves anxiety disorders like phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Affective disorders are mood disorders like depression and bipolar disorder. Psychotropic drugs treat these conditions by affecting neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the limbic system and other brain areas. Common psychotropic drugs include antipsychotics, antidepressants, and anxiolytics which have multiple mechanisms of action in the brain and body.
Summary of thyroid and antithyroid drugs
-Introduction
-Synthesis
-Pharmacological Action
-Mechanism of action
-Drugs in Hypothyroidism
-Thyroid Inhibitors
-Drugs in Hyperthyroidism
The document provides an overview of psychosis, schizophrenia, and the neurobiology and pharmacology of antipsychotic medications. It describes the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia and discusses several neurotransmitter hypotheses. It then outlines the mechanisms and side effects of first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics, including their actions on dopamine, serotonin, and other receptors. Individual antipsychotic drugs are also summarized in terms of their clinical uses and adverse effect profiles.
This document discusses opioid analgesics, specifically morphine. It provides details on the classification, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of morphine. Morphine is derived from opium extracted from the poppy plant. It acts primarily as an agonist at mu opioid receptors in the central nervous system to produce analgesia, sedation, euphoria and other effects. It has a wide distribution and undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism primarily through glucuronidation. Common adverse effects include sedation, constipation, respiratory depression and vomiting.
This document discusses various drugs used to treat angina. It outlines different classes of antianginal drugs including organic nitrates like nitroglycerin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers like verapamil, and ACE inhibitors. It provides details on the mechanisms and clinical uses of these drug classes and examples of medications within each class. Side effects are also summarized for several individual drugs.
The document discusses the classification and mechanisms of action of various antihypertensive agents. It describes how drugs like diuretics, sympathoplegic agents, vasodilators, angiotensin blockers, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors work to lower blood pressure by different mechanisms throughout the body. It also covers hypertensive emergencies and the intravenous drugs used to rapidly reduce blood pressure in such situations.
Adrenergic agonists and antagonists act on alpha and beta adrenoreceptors. Direct-acting sympathomimetic drugs act directly on adrenergic receptors, while indirect drugs increase norepinephrine availability. Alpha-1 selective agonists constrict blood vessels and increase blood pressure. Alpha-2 agonists lower blood pressure by suppressing sympathetic outflow. Beta agonists stimulate cardiac contraction and bronchodilation. Alpha antagonists lower blood pressure by reducing peripheral resistance and are used to treat hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Psychostimulants ,Adaptogens, Analeptics, Antidepressants and Nootropic DrugsGanapathy Tamilselvan
This presentation gives you information about the phychostimulants , Adaptogens, Analeptics, Antidepressants and Nootropic Drugs with their classificaitons and mecanisms.
Pharmacology of-vasopressors-and-inotropesCorey Ahmad
The document discusses the pharmacology of vasopressors and inotropes. It describes how these drugs work via the autonomic nervous system, especially on alpha, beta, and dopamine receptors. Adrenaline is discussed as the most commonly used drug and acts on multiple receptor types. Other vasopressors mentioned include ephedrine, methoxamine, metaraminol, and phenylephrine. Inotropes given by infusion include noradrenaline, dopamine, dobutamine, dopexamine, isoprenaline, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. A clinical case study reviews the use of ephedrine to treat hypotension during a lower segment Caesarean
Sympathomimetic drugs act on adrenergic receptors to mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Noradrenaline is the major neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Catecholamines such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine can be synthesized naturally or synthetically. They are released from neurons via exocytosis and cleared via reuptake or metabolism.
Adrenergic drugs include direct-acting sympathomimetics that activate receptors directly, indirect drugs that promote neurotransmitter release, and mixed drugs. Their effects are mediated via alpha and beta receptors. Common therapeutic uses include treating anaphylaxis, asthma, cardiac issues, and bleeding. Side effects can
The document discusses various hypnotic, antiepileptic, and antiparkinsonian drugs. It describes the mechanism of action, clinical uses, and side effects of benzodiazepines, barbiturates, carbamazepine, diphenin, valproate sodium, and lamotrigine as hypnotic or antiepileptic drugs. It also classifies different types of epilepsy and lists first and second drug choices for seizure types.
The document provides information on several emergency drugs, including atropine, adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine hydrochloride. It describes the purpose of emergency drugs as providing initial treatment for life-threatening illnesses and injuries to control symptoms and save lives. For each drug, it outlines the description, mechanism of action, indications and dosing, interactions, contraindications, adverse effects, and nursing considerations to closely monitor patients and vital signs when administering these powerful medications.
Get information about the drugs which affects the kidney and uterus functions, along with their classifciations and mechanism of action with clinical use.
This document contains information about medications used to treat cardiovascular conditions like heart attacks, angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. It discusses drug classes like nitroglycerins, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and more. Key points include:
- Nitroglycerin is used to treat acute angina attacks via coronary vasodilation.
- Beta blockers like bisoprolol, carvedilol and metoprolol are recommended for heart failure patients to reduce mortality.
- Calcium channel blockers like amlodipine are used for hypertension and some arrhythmias by decreasing calcium influx.
- ACE inhibitors in combination
This document provides information on general anesthetics and pre-anesthetic medication. It discusses the characteristics and history of general anesthesia, as well as the aims, timing, and types of pre-anesthetic medication including sedatives, analgesics, antiemetics, anticholinergics, and antihistamines. It also covers the classification, properties, and mechanisms of action of various inhalational and intravenous anesthetics. Specific anesthetic agents like halothane are discussed in detail regarding their chemical properties and pharmacokinetics.
SYMPATHOMIMTIC AND SYMPATHOLYTICS DRUGS.pptxMsSapnaSapna
Drugs that bind to these receptors and augment the system are called sympathomimetics, while those that bind to these receptors and inhibit or prevent the binding of endogenous ligands are called sympatholytics.
Treatment of hypertension-دلـــوړ فــشـــار درمـــلــــنــــه Asmatullah Sapand
This document summarizes the treatment of hypertension. It discusses both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment options. Non-pharmacologic options include lifestyle modifications like diet changes, exercise, weight control and stress management. Pharmacologic options include various drug classes like diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and others. The document provides details on specific drugs in each class and their dosages and side effects.
This document provides information on various drugs used for anesthesia including benzodiazepines, opioids, inhalational agents, and induction agents. It discusses the properties, mechanisms of action, dosages and uses of midazolam, remifentanyl, propofol, ketamine, thiopentone, volatile agents like halothane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane and nitrous oxide. It also compares different induction agents and inhalational agents based on their chemistry, pharmacokinetics, cardiovascular and respiratory effects, and metabolism. The document is a detailed reference source for the properties and uses of common anesthetic drugs.
This document provides information on adrenergic transmission, receptors, and drugs. It discusses the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine, including their synthesis, storage, release, metabolism, and effects. It describes the different types of adrenergic receptors and their subtypes. The document also examines various adrenergic drugs, including direct-acting drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine, and indirect-acting drugs like amphetamines. It discusses the therapeutic uses, pharmacokinetics, mechanisms of action, and side effects of many commonly used adrenergic drugs.
Hypertension is a common condition defined by persistently elevated blood pressure that can lead to serious health issues if left untreated. It is classified based on systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings into normal, elevated, stage 1, or stage 2 categories. Treatment involves both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches, with the goal of reducing blood pressure to prevent complications. Many classes of antihypertensive medications target different mechanisms involved in blood pressure regulation, including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and vasodilation. Proper treatment can effectively control blood pressure and reduce health risks associated with hypertension.
This document provides an overview of the pharmacology of various cardiovascular agents, including cholinergic drugs, adrenergic drugs, catecholamines, and vasodilators. It discusses the mechanisms and therapeutic uses of specific drugs from each class, such as neostigmine, phenylephrine, dobutamine, milrinone, and levosimendan. The document also compares the effects and clinical applications of different catecholamines like norepinephrine and epinephrine.
Similar to Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Drugs (20)
Rickets is a disease characterized by impaired bone formation and growth due to abnormalities in calcium and phosphorus metabolism. It is caused by vitamin D deficiency or impaired vitamin D activity. Symptoms include skeletal deformities, muscular weakness, and growth retardation. Treatment involves correcting the underlying vitamin D or calcium-phosphorus deficiency through supplementation and increased sunlight exposure.
This document discusses protein-energy malnutrition in children. It begins with an outline of the topics to be covered, including the frequency, etiology, pathogenesis, classification, clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and treatment of protein-energy malnutrition. It then discusses the global burden of malnutrition in children, contributors to childhood mortality, and the etiology and pathogenesis of protein-energy malnutrition in more detail. The document also covers the clinical features, laboratory evaluation, classification, diet and treatment of protein-energy malnutrition in children.
Bronchial asthma in children is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. These episodes are usually associated with reversible airflow obstruction. The document discusses the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of bronchial asthma in children. It outlines the goal of treatment as achieving and maintaining clinical control by preventing acute symptoms and disease recurrence while avoiding side effects. Treatment follows a step approach of increasing medication according to asthma severity.
This document outlines treatment guidelines for bronchial asthma in children. It discusses indications for hospitalization, medication for basic therapy including inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonists, and a stepwise approach to treatment based on disease control. Key points include: hospitalization is indicated for severe exacerbations; basic therapy includes inhaled corticosteroids which are most effective for controlling inflammation; long-acting beta-agonists are only used with inhaled corticosteroids and fixed-dose combinations are preferred; treatment is stepped up or down based on asthma control level achieved.
This document provides an overview of acute rheumatic fever in children. It discusses the definition, risk factors including age and environment, etiology as a post-infection complication of streptococcal tonsillitis or pharyngitis, pathogenesis involving autoimmune response and cross-reactivity, classification, diagnostic criteria, treatment and prophylaxis. Specific syndromes associated with acute rheumatic fever like rheumatic polyarthritis, chorea, rheumatic heart disease, pericarditis and criteria for assessing rheumatic activity are also outlined.
This document discusses acute respiratory diseases in children. It covers the etiology, transmission, clinical signs, and treatment of acute respiratory diseases. The main points are:
1. Acute respiratory diseases are caused by viruses, bacteria, and other infectious agents. They commonly cause symptoms like cough, runny nose, and fever.
2. Viruses spread through the air or contact. Children under 3 are most susceptible due to lack of prior immunity.
3. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like fever. Paracetamol and ibuprofen are generally safe and effective antipyretics. More severe cases may require anticonvulsants or lytic mixtures.
The document discusses various classes of antibiotics including their mechanisms of action and clinical uses. It describes antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. It also discusses antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis like macrolides, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. The document provides examples of narrow and broad-spectrum antibiotics and summarizes the clinical uses and important characteristics of selected antibiotics including penicillins, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. It also warns of potential adverse effects such as pseudomembranous colitis caused by antibiotics like clindamycin and lincomycin.
This presentation gives detailed information about antihistamine agents ,immunopharmacology .They also give details about their classification and mechanism of action.
The document discusses drugs affecting blood and their mechanisms of action. It describes agents that stimulate or inhibit erythropoiesis, such as iron supplements or vitamin B12/folic acid deficiencies respectively. It also covers platelet aggregation inhibitors like aspirin, anticoagulants like heparin, and thrombolytic drugs like streptokinase used to treat thrombosis. Growth factors that stimulate leukopoiesis and chemotherapy drugs that inhibit it are also mentioned.
This document summarizes drugs used to treat various gastrointestinal diseases. It discusses agents that stimulate or inhibit appetite, drugs used to treat peptic ulcer disease like proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers, antacids, and other classes of drugs. Key points:
- Bitters like wormwood tincture stimulate receptors in the oral cavity and hypothalamus to increase appetite. Drugs like amphetamines and fluoxetine inhibit appetite by acting centrally.
- Proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole irreversibly inhibit the gastric proton pump. H2 blockers competitively block H2 receptors to inhibit acid secretion.
- Antacids react with gastric acid to reduce acidity
This document discusses various drugs that affect the nervous system, including local anesthetics, cholinergic drugs, and astringents. It provides details on:
- Local anesthetics like cocaine, benzocaine, tetracaine, and procaine and how they work differently for different types of anesthesia.
- How cholinergic drugs like acetylcholine and carbacholine act on muscarinic and nicotinic receptors to have stimulating or inhibiting effects.
- Anticholinesterase agents like physostigmine and neostigmine that inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine, indirectly stimulating cholinergic receptors.
- The mechanisms of action and effects of stimulating different muscarinic and
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
3. 33
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS:ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS:
I. DIURETICSI. DIURETICS::
HydrochlorthiazideHydrochlorthiazide ((DichlothiazideDichlothiazide)) ––
Tab. 0.025 and 0.1 gTab. 0.025 and 0.1 g
FurosemideFurosemide ((LasixLasix)) – Tab. 0.04 g ; amp 1%-2 ml– Tab. 0.04 g ; amp 1%-2 ml
BumetanideBumetanide ((BurinexeBurinexe)) ––
Tab. 0.001 g; amp 0.025% - 2 mlTab. 0.001 g; amp 0.025% - 2 ml
IndapamideIndapamide – Tab. 2.5 mg (0.0025 g)– Tab. 2.5 mg (0.0025 g)
VerospironeVerospirone ((SpironolactoneSpironolactone)) – Tab. 25 mg– Tab. 25 mg
AmilorideAmiloride – Tab. 2.5 and 5 mg– Tab. 2.5 and 5 mg
TriamterenTriamteren – Caps. 50 mg (0.05 g)– Caps. 50 mg (0.05 g)
4. 44
HydrochlorthiazideHydrochlorthiazide ((DichlothiazideDichlothiazide))
Na+Na+ andand Water ExcretionWater Excretion =>=>
Extracellular VolumeExtracellular Volume =>=>
Cardiac OutputCardiac Output andand Renal Blood FlowerRenal Blood Flower
Electrolyte disturbanceElectrolyte disturbance:: K+ ,K+ , Mg2+,Mg2+, Ca2+Ca2+
Thiazide diureticsThiazide diuretics counteract the Nacounteract the Na++
andand
water retention observed with other agents usedwater retention observed with other agents used
in the treatment of hypertension.in the treatment of hypertension.
Thiazide diureticsThiazide diuretics are useful in combination therapy withare useful in combination therapy with
a variety of other antihypertensive drugs includinga variety of other antihypertensive drugs including
β-blockersβ-blockers andand ACE inhibitorsACE inhibitors..
Adverse effectsAdverse effects::
Hypokalemia and Hyperuricemia –Hypokalemia and Hyperuricemia –
in 70% of patients,in 70% of patients,
Hyperglycemia -Hyperglycemia - in 10% of patientsin 10% of patients
5. 55
II. Sympathoplegic AgentsII. Sympathoplegic Agents::
1. Centrally-acting Adrenergic Drugs1. Centrally-acting Adrenergic Drugs::
αα22 AdrenomimeticsAdrenomimetics::
Clopheline (Clopheline (ClonidineClonidine) -) -
Tab. 0.000 075 and 0.00015 gTab. 0.000 075 and 0.00015 g
ampamp.. 0.01% - 1 ml0.01% - 1 ml
MethyldopaMethyldopa TabTab.. 0.25 g0.25 g
GuanfacineGuanfacine TabTab.. 0.0005, 0.001 and 0.002 g0.0005, 0.001 and 0.002 g
MoxonidineMoxonidine Tab. 0.0002 and 0.0004 gTab. 0.0002 and 0.0004 g
7. 77
Clopheline (Clonedine)Clopheline (Clonedine) –– CentralCentral AAdrenergicdrenergic
Outflow.Outflow.
To treat mild to moderate hypertension thatTo treat mild to moderate hypertension that
has not responded adequately to the treatment withhas not responded adequately to the treatment with
diuretics alone.diuretics alone.
After IV injection, ClophelineAfter IV injection, Clopheline →→ a briefa brief BPBP followedfollowed
by more prolonged hypotension.by more prolonged hypotension.
The pressor response is due to direct stimulation ofThe pressor response is due to direct stimulation of
presynaptic αpresynaptic α22 adrenoreceptors in arterioles.adrenoreceptors in arterioles.
8. 88
2. Centrally and Peripherally Acting Drugs2. Centrally and Peripherally Acting Drugs::
a)a) Sympatholytics:Sympatholytics:
Reserpine – Tab. 0.1 mg and 0.25 mgReserpine – Tab. 0.1 mg and 0.25 mg
Octadine (Guanethidine) – Tab. 0.025 g (25 mg)Octadine (Guanethidine) – Tab. 0.025 g (25 mg)
b)b) Ganglioblockers:Ganglioblockers:
Benzohexonium – Tab, 0.1 and 0.25 g, Amp. 2.5% - 1 mlBenzohexonium – Tab, 0.1 and 0.25 g, Amp. 2.5% - 1 ml
Pentamine – amp. 5% - 1 mlPentamine – amp. 5% - 1 ml
c)c) β-Blockers:β-Blockers:
Propranolol (Anaprilin) – Tab. 10 and 40 mg; Amp. 0.1%-1 mlPropranolol (Anaprilin) – Tab. 10 and 40 mg; Amp. 0.1%-1 ml
Atenolol –Tab. 50 and 100 mgAtenolol –Tab. 50 and 100 mg
Metoprolol – Tab. 50 and 100 mgMetoprolol – Tab. 50 and 100 mg
d)d) α – Blockers:α – Blockers:
Phentolamine – Tab. 0.025 (25 mg)Phentolamine – Tab. 0.025 (25 mg)
Tropaphen – (amp. 20 mg)Tropaphen – (amp. 20 mg)
10. 1010
RESERPINERESERPINE blocks theblocks the MgMg 2+2+
/ ATP/ ATP – dependent transport of– dependent transport of
aminesamines -- NoradrenalineNoradrenaline ,, DopamineDopamine andand SerotoninSerotonin
from the cytoplasm intofrom the cytoplasm into storage vesiclesstorage vesicles
in the adrenergic nerves of all body tissuesin the adrenergic nerves of all body tissues
⇒depletion ofdepletion of noradrenalinenoradrenaline levelslevels in the adrenergic neuron, sincein the adrenergic neuron, since
MAOMAO degrades thedegrades the NoradrenalineNoradrenaline (NA)(NA)
⇒Sympathetic functionSympathetic function is impaired because ofis impaired because of Release of NARelease of NA
ReserpineReserpine Blood PressureBlood Pressure by a combination of :by a combination of :
Cardiac Output andCardiac Output and Peripheral Vascular ResistancePeripheral Vascular Resistance
Adverse effect:Adverse effect:
Sedation, Lassitude, Nightmares, Mental Depression,Sedation, Lassitude, Nightmares, Mental Depression,
Extrapyramidal Effects resembling Parkinson's diseaseExtrapyramidal Effects resembling Parkinson's disease
as a result ofas a result of dopamine depletiondopamine depletion in thein the corpus striatumcorpus striatum
GIT abnormalitiesGIT abnormalities - diarrhea, gastrointestinal cramps,- diarrhea, gastrointestinal cramps,
increase of gastric acid secretion, ulcerincrease of gastric acid secretion, ulcer
12. 1212
PropranololPropranolol - a β-adrenoblocker, is useful for- a β-adrenoblocker, is useful for BPBP
inin mild to moderatemild to moderate hypertensionhypertension
InIn Severe HypertensionSevere Hypertension, it is especially useful in preventing the, it is especially useful in preventing the
reflex tachycardia that results from treatment with directreflex tachycardia that results from treatment with direct
vasodilatorsvasodilators
PropranololPropranolol BP by:BP by:
Cardiac OutputCardiac Output
Sympathetic outflow from the CNSSympathetic outflow from the CNS
Renin ReleaseRenin Release andand Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron systemRenin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron system
Adverse effectAdverse effect:: Bradycardia, Bronchospasm, CHF,Bradycardia, Bronchospasm, CHF,
Vasoconstriction, Cold Extremities,Vasoconstriction, Cold Extremities,
Intermittent Claudication, Fatigue, Lethargy,Intermittent Claudication, Fatigue, Lethargy,
Mental Depression, Memory Loss, Hallucination, ImpotenceMental Depression, Memory Loss, Hallucination, Impotence
CholesterolCholesterol
TriglyceridesTriglycerides
HDL-cholesterolHDL-cholesterol
13. 1313
III. PERIPHERAL VASODILATORSIII. PERIPHERAL VASODILATORS::
1. Direct Vasodilators:
Apressine (Hydralasine) – Tab. 0.01 and 0.025 g
MgSO4 – amp. 25% – 10 ml IM
Dibazole (Bendazole)
– amp. 1% - 1 and 5 ml, Tab. 2 and 4 mg
No-spa - (Drotaverine) – amp. 2%-2 ml, Tab. 0.04 g
Papaverine hydrochloride – amp. 2%-2 ml, Tab. 0.04 g
Nanipruss (Na+
Nitroprusside) – amp. 25 and 50 mg
Euphylline (Aminophylline) – Tab. 0.15 g,
amp. 2.4% - 10 ml, 24% - 1 ml
14. 1414
2. Calcium Channel Blockers –
block high-threshold Ca2+
channels of L-type
A. Diphenylalkylamines:
VerapamilVerapamil ((IsoptinIsoptin)) – Tab. 40, 80 mg– Tab. 40, 80 mg
B. Dihydropyridines:
1st
Generation:
Nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia) – Tab. 10 and– Tab. 10 and
2nd
Generation:
Amlodipine ((NorvascNorvasc)) –– Tab. 2.5, 5, and 10 mgTab. 2.5, 5, and 10 mg
Isradipine – Caps. 2.5 and 5 mg– Caps. 2.5 and 5 mg
Nicardipine
C. Benzothiazepines:
Diltiazem – Tab. 30, 60, 120 mg– Tab. 30, 60, 120 mg
15. 1515
3.3. αα11 – Blockers: -– Blockers: -
PrazosinPrazosin – Tab. 1, 3, 5 mg– Tab. 1, 3, 5 mg
DoxazosinDoxazosin – Tab. 2 and 4 mg– Tab. 2 and 4 mg
TerazosinTerazosin – Tab. 2 and 5 mg– Tab. 2 and 5 mg
4. K4. K++
Channel ActivatorChannel Activator::
DiazoxideDiazoxide –– amp. 1.5% - 20 ml IV infusionamp. 1.5% - 20 ml IV infusion
MinoxidilMinoxidil –– Tab. 5 mgTab. 5 mg
Vial - 2%-10 ml IV infusionVial - 2%-10 ml IV infusion
16. Ca2+ CCa2+ Channelhannel BBlockerslockers are useful inare useful in
thethe TTreatment ofreatment of PPatientsatients with:with:
AsthmaAsthma
DiabetesDiabetes
Peripheral Vascular DiseasePeripheral Vascular Diseasess
18. 1818
NifedipineNifedipine –– is anis an Arteriolar Vasodilator.Arteriolar Vasodilator.
It dilates Systemic Arteries, resulting in:It dilates Systemic Arteries, resulting in:
Total Peripheral ResistanceTotal Peripheral Resistance ((TPRTPR))
SystemicSystemic BPBP with slightlywith slightly HRHR
AfterloadAfterload andand Cardiac IndexCardiac Index
The vasodilation effect is useful in the treatment ofThe vasodilation effect is useful in the treatment of
Prinzmetal’sPrinzmetal’s VARIANT ANGINAVARIANT ANGINA
Adverse effectsAdverse effects:: Flushing, Headache, Tachycardia,Flushing, Headache, Tachycardia,
Dizziness, Nausea, Constipation,Dizziness, Nausea, Constipation,
Peripheral EdemaPeripheral Edema due to itsdue to its Vasodilation ActivityVasodilation Activity
19. 1919
AmlodipineAmlodipine is ais a dihydropyridinedihydropyridine compound –compound –
the 2the 2ndnd
generation long-acting Cageneration long-acting Ca2+2+
antagonistantagonist
It blocks the inward movement of CaIt blocks the inward movement of Ca2+2+
by binding toby binding to
L-typeL-type CaCa2+2+
channelschannels in the heart and in smooth muscle of thein the heart and in smooth muscle of the
coronary and peripheral vasculaturecoronary and peripheral vasculature
Dilating MainlyDilating Mainly ARTERIOLESARTERIOLES
The drug has anThe drug has an Intrinsic Natriuretic EffectIntrinsic Natriuretic Effect
Antianginal,Antianginal, Hypotensive, VasodilativeHypotensive, Vasodilative andand
Spasmolytic actionSpasmolytic action
Clinical Use:Clinical Use:
Arterial HypertensionArterial Hypertension
Stable and Unstable anginaStable and Unstable angina
Prinzmetal’s or Variant Angina PectorisPrinzmetal’s or Variant Angina Pectoris
Peak effects occur within 1-2 hours and persist forPeak effects occur within 1-2 hours and persist for 24 hours24 hours
Adverse effectsAdverse effects:: Headache, Peripheral EdemaHeadache, Peripheral Edema
20. 2020
MinoxidilMinoxidil –– Tab. 5 mg, vial - 2%-10 ml –Tab. 5 mg, vial - 2%-10 ml –
KK++
Channel Activator.Channel Activator.
The effect results fromThe effect results from the opening of Kthe opening of K++
channelschannels
in smooth muscle membranesin smooth muscle membranes
This action stabilizes the membrane at itsThis action stabilizes the membrane at its Resting PotentialResting Potential andand
makes contraction less likely.makes contraction less likely.
LikeLike HydralazineHydralazine,, Minoxidil dilates Arterioles but not VeinsMinoxidil dilates Arterioles but not Veins..
MinoxidilMinoxidil is well absorbed from the GIT and is metabolized,is well absorbed from the GIT and is metabolized,
primarily by conjugation, in the liver.primarily by conjugation, in the liver.
Clinical useClinical use:: treatment of severe to malignant hypertensiontreatment of severe to malignant hypertension
that is refractory to other drugs.that is refractory to other drugs.
Reflex tachycardiaReflex tachycardia may be severe and may require themay be severe and may require the
concomitant use of aconcomitant use of a β-blocker.β-blocker.
Adverse effectsAdverse effects:: seriousserious NaNa++
andand water retentionwater retention, leading to, leading to
volume overload, edema, and CHF.volume overload, edema, and CHF.
HYPERTRICHOSISHYPERTRICHOSIS –– the Growth of Body Hairthe Growth of Body Hair
MinoxidilMinoxidil is used topically to treatis used topically to treat Male Pattern BALDNESSMale Pattern BALDNESS
21. 2121
IV. Agents affecting Renin-Angiotensin SystemIV. Agents affecting Renin-Angiotensin System::
1).1). ACE Inhibitors:ACE Inhibitors:
CaptoprilCaptopril – Tab. 25 and 50 mg– Tab. 25 and 50 mg
EnalaprilEnalapril – Tab. 5; 10 and 20 mg– Tab. 5; 10 and 20 mg
LisinoprilLisinopril – Tab. 10; 20 and 40 mg– Tab. 10; 20 and 40 mg
2)2) Angiotensine II AntagonistsAngiotensine II Antagonists::
LosartanLosartan ((CozaarCozaar) – Tab. 50 mg) – Tab. 50 mg
ValsartanValsartan – Tab. 80 mg– Tab. 80 mg
23. 2323
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitorsAngiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors ––
CCaptoprilaptopril
EnalaprilEnalapril
LisinoprilLisinopril
block theblock the ACEACE that cleavesthat cleaves Angiotensin IAngiotensin I =>=> Angiotensin IIAngiotensin II
ACEIACEI =>=> Bradykinin InactivationBradykinin Inactivation
Adverse effectsAdverse effects:: Dry Cough, Rashes, Fever, Angioedema,Dry Cough, Rashes, Fever, Angioedema,
Altered Taste, Hypotension,Altered Taste, Hypotension, HYPERKALEMIA.HYPERKALEMIA.
K+ levelsK+ levels must be monitored, andmust be monitored, and
K+ supplementsK+ supplements oror K+ sparing diuretis such asK+ sparing diuretis such as
SSpironolactonepironolactone are contraindicatedare contraindicated!!!!!!
ACEIACEI areare FetotoxicFetotoxic andand should not be usedshould not be used inin
Pregnant WomenPregnant Women !!
24. 2424
LIPID-LOWERING DRUGSLIPID-LOWERING DRUGS
1. Hydroxy-Methyl-Glutaryl-CoA Reductase1. Hydroxy-Methyl-Glutaryl-CoA Reductase
(HMG-CoA reductase)(HMG-CoA reductase) InhibitorsInhibitors::
LovastatinLovastatin – tab. 20 and 40 mg– tab. 20 and 40 mg
PravastatinPravastatin – tab. 10 and 20 mg– tab. 10 and 20 mg
SimvastatinSimvastatin – tab. 20 and 40 mg– tab. 20 and 40 mg
FluvastatinFluvastatin - tab. 20 and 40 mg- tab. 20 and 40 mg
AtorvastatinAtorvastatin
2. Fibrates2. Fibrates::
ССlofibratelofibrate – caps. 0.25 g– caps. 0.25 g
FenofibrateFenofibrate
GemfibrozilGemfibrozil – caps. 0.3 g, tab. 0.6 g– caps. 0.3 g, tab. 0.6 g
25. 2525
3). Group of Nicotinic Acid3). Group of Nicotinic Acid ::
Nicotinic acid (Nicotinic acid (NiacinNiacin))
Tab. 0.05 gTab. 0.05 g;; 0.1 g and 0.5 g;0.1 g and 0.5 g;
amp. 10% - 1 mlamp. 10% - 1 ml
NicotinamidNicotinamid Tab.Tab. 50 mg, amp 1% - 1 ml50 mg, amp 1% - 1 ml
Xantinol nicotinate (Complamin)Xantinol nicotinate (Complamin)
4). Bile Acid Binding Resinse4). Bile Acid Binding Resinse::
CholestyramineCholestyramine – pulv. 16.0-18.0 g PO– pulv. 16.0-18.0 g PO
ColestipolColestipol – pulv. 5.0-10.0 g PO– pulv. 5.0-10.0 g PO
5). Antioxidants:5). Antioxidants:
ProbucolProbucol – Tab. 0.5 g– Tab. 0.5 g
6). The others:6). The others: Lipostabil, PentoxiphyllineLipostabil, Pentoxiphylline
26. 2626
Hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitorsHydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors
((StatinsStatins ):):
Lovastatin, Simvastatin, PravastatinLovastatin, Simvastatin, Pravastatin Fluvastatin,Fluvastatin, andand
AtorvastatinAtorvastatin ––
inhibit the 1inhibit the 1stst
enzymatic step ofenzymatic step of
STEROL SYNTHESISSTEROL SYNTHESIS --
as structural analogs of the natural substrate,as structural analogs of the natural substrate,
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG),(HMG),
they compete to block hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoAthey compete to block hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA
reductase (HMG-CoA reductase).reductase (HMG-CoA reductase).
Adverse effectsAdverse effects:: Liver Failure, MyopathyLiver Failure, Myopathy andand
RhabdomyolysisRhabdomyolysis (disintegration and purulent melting(disintegration and purulent melting
of skeletal muscles).of skeletal muscles).
27. 2727
FibratesFibrates ClofibrateClofibrate,, FenofibrateFenofibrate andand GemfibrozilGemfibrozil areare
derivatives of fibric acid and are similar toderivatives of fibric acid and are similar to
Endogenous Fatty Acids.Endogenous Fatty Acids.
MECHANISM OF ACTIONMECHANISM OF ACTION..
the activitythe activity ofof Lipoprotein LipaseLipoprotein Lipase, hydrolyzing, hydrolyzing
triglyceridestriglycerides inin chylomicronschylomicrons andand VLDLVLDL =>=>
=>=> the removal of these particles from the plasma.the removal of these particles from the plasma.
In contrast,In contrast, HDL levelsHDL levels moderately.moderately.
Adverse EffectsAdverse Effects::
LithiasisLithiasis:: because these drugsbecause these drugs Biliary CholesterolBiliary Cholesterol
excretion, there is a predisposition toexcretion, there is a predisposition to
the formation ofthe formation of gallstonesgallstones
MalignancyMalignancy:: Treatment withTreatment with ClofibrateClofibrate has resulted inhas resulted in
a significant number of malignancy-related deathsa significant number of malignancy-related deaths
MyositisMyositis
28. 2828
Nicotinic acidNicotinic acid -- inhibitsinhibits lipolysislipolysis
inin adipose tissueadipose tissue ––
the producer of circulatingthe producer of circulating Free Fatty AcidsFree Fatty Acids
⇒Eliminates the building blocks needed by the liverEliminates the building blocks needed by the liver
to produceto produce triglyceridestriglycerides andand VLDLVLDL ..
Adverse effectsAdverse effects. P. Pruritus, gastric irritation,ruritus, gastric irritation,
hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, elevated hepatichyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, elevated hepatic
aminotransferase enzymes, and hepatitis.aminotransferase enzymes, and hepatitis.
Food sources of nicotinic acid,
such as avocadoes and bananas,
pose no health dangers.
29. 2929
CholestyramineCholestyramine andand
CholestipolCholestipol
areare Anion Exchange ResinsAnion Exchange Resins that bindthat bind
Negatively Charged Bile Acid and Bile SaltsNegatively Charged Bile Acid and Bile Salts
in the small intestinein the small intestine =>=>
=>=> thethe BILE ACIDSBILE ACIDS are excreted in faeces andare excreted in faeces and
are not recirculated to the liver.are not recirculated to the liver.
Adverse effectsAdverse effects::
Abdominal FullnessAbdominal Fullness
FlatulenceFlatulence
ConstipationConstipation