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Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Pharmacokinetics - drug absorption, drug distribution, drug metabolism, drug ...http://neigrihms.gov.in/
A power point presentation on general aspects of Pharmacokinetics suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology. Also suitable for Post Graduate students of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
The slides describe concept of distribution, Volume of distribution, factors affecting volume of distribution and the barriers to distribution. Blood brain barrier and placental barrier.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
The slides describe concept of distribution, Volume of distribution, factors affecting volume of distribution and the barriers to distribution. Blood brain barrier and placental barrier.
It will provide you a complete journey through the routes of drug administration, with all the basics covered I hope this presentation will make your fundamentals crystal clear.
A power point presentation on Pharmacodynamics (what drug does to the body) suitable for undergraduate medical students beginning to study Pharmacology
The purpose of studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is to understand the drug action, therapy, design, development and evaluation.
PHARMACOKINETIC: It is a branch of Pharmacology which deals with the study of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion / Elimination.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of “What the body does to the drug”
PHARMACODYNAMIC:
Pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical and physiologic effect of drug. It is the study of “What the drug does to the body”
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female sexual dysfunction
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acute leukemia
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For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
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Introduction to toxicology gases and metalsNITISH SHAH
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For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. pharmacokinetics
Definition:
- refers on how the body acts on the drug
- involves the study of absorption,
distribution, metabolism
(biotransformation) and drug excretion
3. I. Overview
Aim of drug therapy
- To prevent, cure or control various disease
states
adequate drug doses must be
delivered to the target tissues
so that therapeutic yet NON – toxic
levels are obtained
4. Overview
Too much of a drug will result into toxic
effects & too little will not result into the
desired therapeutic effects.
5. 4 Fundamental Pathways of Drug Movement &
Modification in the Body
Drug at the site of Administration
1 . ABSORPTION
(INPUT)
Drug in plasma
2. DISTRIBUTION
drug in tissues
3. METABOLISM
metabolites in tissues
4. ELIMINATION
(OUTPUT)
Drug & metabolites in urine, feces, or bile
6. II. Routes of Drug
Administration
- Determined primarily
by the properties of the
drug
2 MAJOR ROUTES OF
DRUG
ADMINISTRATION
1. Enteral
2. Parenteral
9. parenteral
Advantages Disadvantages
Fast: 15–30 seconds for IV, more risk of addiction
3–5 minutes for IM and when it comes to injecting
subcutaneous (SC) drugs of abuse
100% bioavailability Belonephobia, the fear of
needles and injection.
suitable for drugs not If needles are shared, there
absorbed by the gut or is risk of HIV and other
those that are too irritant infectious diseases
(anti-cancer) It is the most dangerous
route of administration
IV can deliver continuous If not done properly,
medication, e.g., morphine potentially fatal air boluses
for patients in continuous (bubbles) can occur.
pain, or saline drip for Need for strict asepsis
people needing fluids
10. Parenteral
Used for drugs which are
poorly absorbed in the
GIT
Unstable drugs
For unconscious patients
Circumstances that
require a rapid onset of
action
Provides the most
control over the actual
dose delivered to the
body
11. Routes of Drug
Administration
1. ENTERAL
A. ORAL
- most common route of administration
- Most variable
- most complicated pathway
- Cheapest
- Non - invasive
[NOTE: most drugs are absorbed in the GIT &
encounter the liver before they are distributed
into the general circulation]
12. Routes of Drug
Administration
1. Enteral
B. SUBLINGUAL
- Placement under the tongue
- Allows the drug to diffuse into the capillaries
& therefore to enter the systemic circulation
Advantage: the drug bypasses the intestine &
liver & thus avoids 1st pass metabolism
13. Routes of Drug
Administration
1. Enteral
c. Rectal
- Useful if the drug induces vomiting if given orally or
if the patient is already vomiting
- Drainage of the rectal region bypasses the portal
circulation
- Similar to the sublingual route, it prevents the
destruction of the drug by intestinal enzymes or by
the low pH in the stomach
[note: commonly used to administer anti – emetic
agents]
14. Routes of Drug Administration
2. Parenteral
a. IV / intravascular
- IV injection is the most
common parenteral route
- For drugs which are not absorbed orally
- Bypasses the liver
- Permits a rapid effect and a maximal degree of
control over the circulating levels of the drug
- Can introduce bacterial contamination at the site
- Can cause hemolysis
15. Routes of Drug Administration
2. Parenteral
b. IM / intramuscular
aqueous sol’n
Drugs administered
specialized depot
preparations
16. Routes of Drug Administration
2. Parenteral
c. SC / subcutaneous
- This route of
administration like IM
requires absorption &
somewhat slower than
the IV route
17. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
a. Inhalation
- Provides a rapid
delivery of a drug
across a large surface
area of the mucus
membranes of the
respiratory and the
pulmonary epithelium
- Effect is as rapid as IV
injection
- For gaseous drugs
18. Advantages
Fastest method, 7–10
seconds for the drug to
reach the brain
Disadvantages
Typically a more addictive
route of administration
because it is the fastest,
leading to instant
gratification.
Difficulties in regulating
the exact amount of
dosage
Patient having difficulties
administering a drug via
inhaler
19. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
b. Intranasal
- Through the nose
eg. : desmopressin,
salmon calcitonin,
cocaine
20. Routes of Drug Administration
. Others
c. Intrathecal, intraventricular
- Introducing drugs directly into
the cerebrospinal fluid / CSF
Eg., amphotericin B
21. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
d. Topical
- Is used when a local effect
of a drug is required
- Eg., clotrimazole, atropine
22. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
e. Transdermal
- This route of administration
achieves systemic effects by
application of drugs to the
skin, usually by using a
transdermal patch.
- Rate of absorption varies
markedly
- Eg., nitroglycerin
23. III. ABSORPTION OF
DRUGS
Is the transfer of a drug
from its site of
administration to the
bloodstream
IV delivery – absorption
is complete
24. III. ABSORPTION OF DRUGS
A. Transport of Drug
from the GIT
1. PASSIVE DIFFUSION
- The driving force for
passive absorption of a - Does not involve a carrier
drug is the - Vast majority of drugs
concentration gradient gain access to the body
- The drug moves from a by this mechanism
region of high
concentration to one of
a lower concentration
25. III. ABSORPTION OF DRUGS
2. Active Transport
- Involves a specific carrier protein
- Is “energy dependent” & is driven by the
hydrolysis of ATP
- Also capable of moving a drug against a
concentration gradient
26. III. ABSORPTION OF DRUGS
B. Physical Factors Influencing Absorption
1. Blood flow to the absorption site
2. Total surface area available for absorption
3. Contact time at the absorption surface
27. IV. Bioavailability
- Refers to the fraction of an
administered drug that reaches the
systemic circulation
28. V. Drug - Affected by the following
factors:
Distribution
- 1. Blood Flow
- Is the process by
- 2. Capillary permeability
which a drug
reversibly leaves the capillary structure
bloodstream & blood brain barrier
enters the - 3. Binding of Drugs to
interstitium proteins
(extracellular fluid)
and / or the cells of
the tissues.
29. VI. Binding of Drugs to Plasma
Proteins A. Binding capacity of
Bound drugs are albumin
pharmacologically - Reversible
INACTIVE, only the
FREE, UNBOUND drug low capacity high capacity
can act on target sites
in the tissues, elicit a
biologic response & be
Note : ALBUMIN has the
available to the strongest affinity for ANIONIC
processes of DRUGS & HYDROPHOBIC
elimination DRUGS.
30. VII. DRUG METABOLISM
Drugs are often
eliminated by
biotransformation and
or excretion into the
URINE OR BILE.
LIVER – the MAJOR
SITE FOR DRUG
METABOLISM
31. Reactions of Drug Metabolism
The kidney cannot
efficiently eliminate PHASE I
lipophilic drugs ,
therefore lipid soluble
agents must 1st be
metabolized in the liver
using 2 general sets of
reactions
PHASE II
32. Phase I
Converts lipophilic
molecules into more
polar molecules
Phase I metabolism
may increase, Often uses the P 450
decrease, or leave system
unaltered the drug’s
pharmacologic activity.
33. Phase II
Consists of conjugation The highly polar drug
reactions conjugates may then
Uses substrates like be excreted by the
glucuronic acid, sulfuric kidney or bile
acid, acetic acid, or an
amino acid
Renders the
metabolites INACTIVE
and more water soluble
34. DRUG ELIMINATION
Removal of a drug Drugs that have been
from the body may made water soluble in
occur via a number of the liver are often
routes, the most readily excreted in the
important being the kidneys.
kidney or urine Kidney dysfunction can
Other routes: lead to toxic levels of
- bile, intestine, lung, the drug in the body
milk, because the drug
cannot be excreted.
35. Thank you Self-respect
for is the fruit of
discipline; the
listening!!! sense of
dignity grows
with the ability
to say no to
oneself.