The document provides information on general pharmacology concepts. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It describes the key processes involved in pharmacokinetics as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). Absorption refers to how the drug enters the bloodstream. Distribution involves the transport of drug molecules within the body. Metabolism is how drugs are broken down and biotransformed by the body. Excretion is the removal of drugs from the body, mainly through the kidneys or bile.
This is the second part of my presentation. It is all about the review on Routes and rights of drug administration. The slide also covers IP & Drug Laws too.
This is the second part of my presentation. It is all about the review on Routes and rights of drug administration. The slide also covers IP & Drug Laws too.
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacodynamics is often referred to as “what the drug does to the body”.
In order to exert their effects, drugs usually interact in a structurally specific way with a protein receptor or act on physiological processes within the body. This activates a secondary messenger system that produces a physiological effect. Drugs do not create new action but they can only modify (alter) the functions of cells or tissues in body. The drug–receptor complex initiates alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity of a cell by a process called signal transduction.
- Routes of administration
- First pass metabolism, bioavailablilty, drug distribution,
- Drug interactions with proteins, Drug metabolism, elimination, Half-life
Lecture covers the pharmacology of anticholinergic drugs. Includes classification, therapeutic uses, adverse effects of anticholinergics. Atropine has been described as prototype drug.
Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action. Pharmacodynamics is often referred to as “what the drug does to the body”.
In order to exert their effects, drugs usually interact in a structurally specific way with a protein receptor or act on physiological processes within the body. This activates a secondary messenger system that produces a physiological effect. Drugs do not create new action but they can only modify (alter) the functions of cells or tissues in body. The drug–receptor complex initiates alterations in biochemical and/or molecular activity of a cell by a process called signal transduction.
- Routes of administration
- First pass metabolism, bioavailablilty, drug distribution,
- Drug interactions with proteins, Drug metabolism, elimination, Half-life
General pharmacology Diploma in pharmacy second year YogeshShelake
The General pharmacology ,Toxicology & Pharmacotherapeutics
To Undastanding the general pharmacology & Definitions of PHARMACODYNAMECIS ,PHARMACOKINITICS (Absorbation,Distribution,Metabolism,Excreation )Pharmacology ,Toxicology ,Pharmacotherapeutic ,
Advantages of Routs of Administration & Their Disadvantages
Factors affecting of absorpation ,excreation of drug,factor modifing deug action
This is the material for the 2nd week meeting on Food and Drugs Interaction for Nutrition students. This topic will cover the drug metabolism, looking at the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Pharmacology
• Greek “Pharmacon” – drug, “logos” – teaching
• The term "drug" means (A) articles recognized in the
official United States Pharmacopoeia, official
Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States, or
official National Formulary, or any supplement to any
of them; and (B) articles intended for use in the
diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of
disease in man or other animals; and (C) articles (other
than food) intended to affect the structure or any
function of the body of man or other animals;
• (Mitigation means the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something)
3. Pharmacology
• The study of substances that interact with
living systems through chemical processes,
especially by binding to regulatory molecules.
• Medical pharmacology is the science of
substances used to prevent, diagnose and
treat disease.
4. Sources of Drugs
• Natural sources (mainly plants)
– Atropa belladonna …atropine,
– Ginkgo biloba.. (Ginkgo)
– Digitalis lanata- digoxin
• Human and animals: such as epinphrine, insulin and
adrenocoticotrpoic hormone.
• Synthetic
Sulfanilamide, acetaminophen, zafirlukast
• Minerals:
as iron, iodine and zinc
• Biotechnology
– Smallpox vaccine, GH, Insulin..
5. Routes of Administration, Classification
Classification:
I. Enteral (any form of administration that involves any part of the GIT): desired effect is systemic
(non-local). Drug is given via the digestive tract
II. Parenteral: desired effect is systemic. Drug is given by injection
III.Topical: desired effect is local. Drug is applied directly where its action is desired
I. Enteral:
I. by mouth (orally): many drugs such as tablets, capsules, liquids
Widely used, convenient
Some capsules and tablets contain sustained release drugs, which dissolve over an extended period
of time.
Administration of oral drugs is relatively easy for patients who are alert and can swallow (can not
be used in unconscious patients).
Certain drugs are given by the sublingual (placed under the tongue) route. These drugs must not
be swallowed or chewed and must be dissolved completely before the patient eats or drinks.
Nitroglycerin is commonly given sublingually.
II. by gastric feeding tube: many drugs and for enteral nutrition
III.Rectally: various drugs in suppository or enema form
The effect of digestive enzymes is avoided
Useful for unconscious patients and in vomiting cases
6. Routes of Administration, Classification
II. Parenteral:
The most common routes of parenteral drug administration the subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular
(IM), intravenous (IV), or intradermal routes.
The most common routes of parenteral drug administration the subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular
(IM), intravenous (IV), or intradermal routes.
Rapid response obtained
Useful in emergencies, vomiting, and unconsciousness
The drug should be in a sterile dosage form
7. Routes of Administration, Classification
III. Topical:
epicutaneous (application onto the skin), e.g. allergy testing, antifungal creams
inhalational, e.g. asthma medications
enema, e.g. contrast media for imaging of the bowel
eye drops (onto the conjunctiva), e.g. antibiotics for conjunctivitis
ear drops - such as antibiotics and corticosteroids for otitis externa
intranasal route (into the nose), e.g. decongestant nasal sprays
vaginal, e.g. antifungals creams
9. Drug Transport
• Drugs must reach and interact with or cross the
cell membrane to stimulate or inhibit cellular
function.
• 'A drug will not work unless it is bound‘
• These critical binding sites are often referred
to as 'drug targets'
10. Pharmacology Concepts
Pharmacology comprise of 2 processes
Pharmacokinetics (PK) -
PK describes how the body affects a specific drug
after administration
Or What body does to a drug
Pharmacodynamics (PD) –
PD describes how a drug affects the body system
after administration
Or What drug does to the body
Or drug action
10
11. General Concepts
Drug Dose
Administration
Drug Effect
or Response
Pharmaceutical
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Disintegration
of Drug
Absorption/distribution
metabolism/excretion
Drug/Receptor
Interaction
13. Pharmacokinetics
• Processes of Pharmacokinetics
• The ADME scheme
– A- Absorption
– D- Distribution
– M- Metabolism
or Biotransformation
– E- Excretion
13
14. Pharmacokinetics…
Absorption-process that occurs from the time a drug enters the body to
the time it enters the bloodstream to be circulated.
• Factors affecting absorption include: lipid solubility, degree of
ionization, solubility of drugs, dosage form, route of administration,
blood flow to the site of absorption, gastrointestinal function,
presence of food or other drugs.
• Sites: GIT (oral mucosa, intestinal mucosa, stomach), Skin,
Muscles, Vaginal mucosa.
• Bioavailability is the portion of a dose of a drug that reaches the
systemic circulation and is available to act on body cells.
• IV administration is 100% bioavailable
• Subcutaneous administrations has more rapid absorption than does
the oral route
• Mucous membranes allow for rapid and direct absorption into the
bloodstream
15.
16. Factors affecting absorption/systemic
availability
• Lipid solubility, like absorb like.. Lipophillic drugs absorb rapidly across
the cell membrane. Cell membrane is lipoid in nature, will readily absorb
Lipophillic substances.
• Degree of ionization, an unionized drug is lipid soluble and readily absorb
across the cell membrane while an ionized drug is not water soluble and
will not absorb.
• Solubility of drugs, for a drug to be absorbed from the mucosa into the
blood it must have sufficient water solubility to be solubilized at the site of
absorption.
• Dosage form, the physical form in which a drug is administered is called a
dosage from. For example syrups, tablets, capsules, parenterals, topical
creams, ointments e.tc. Absorption from different dosage forms varies.
Absorption from solution form is rapid than solid dosage form. The
absorption from tablets depends upon disintegration and dissolution time.
• Route of administration, absorption from oral route is slower than from
parenteral route. Absorption from inhaled route is faster than oral,
sublingual route gives full absorption by bypassing first pass effect.
17. Factors affecting absorption/systemic
availability
• Blood flow at the site of administration, increase
blood flow at the site of absorption will increase the
rate of absorption. --- local massage after IM injection.
• Gastrointestinal Tract, small intestine is the ideal
place for drug absorption due to large surface area.
Acidic drugs absorbed from acidic media while basic
drugs from basic media. e.g. aspirin from stomach,
phenobarbitone from intestines. Increased peristaltic
activity decrease the absorption of drugs
• Presence of food or other drugs, Vitamin C increases
absorption of iron from GIT, calcium containing food
interfere with the absorption of tetracycline antibiotics.
18. Pharmacokinetics…
Distribution Involves the transport of drug
molecules within the body.
• After the drug is absorbed into the
bloodstream, it is carried by the blood or tissue
fluids to its sites of action, metabolism and
excretion.
• Protein binding is an important factor in drug
distribution.
• Albumin is important carrier for many drugs.
19. Pharmacokinetics…
• Drug distribution into the CNS is limited
because of the blood-brain barrier.
• Blood-brain barrier is composed of capillaries
with tight walls which limits movement of
drug molecules into brain tissue.
• Only drugs that are lipid soluble or have a
transport system can cross the blood-brain
barrier and reach therapeutic concentrations in
brain tissue.
20. Pharmacokinetics…
Protein binding:
• Most drugs form a complex with plasma proteins,
mainly albumin, which act as carriers.
• Only the free or unbound portion of a drug acts on
body cells
• As unbound drug acts on cells, the decrease in
plasma drug level causes some of the bound drug
to be released
• Protein binding allows a part of a drug dose to be
stored and released as needed
21. Pharmacokinetics…
Metabolism:
• Method by which drugs are inactivated or
biotransformed by the body.
• Some drugs yield metabolites that are also active
and exert effects on the body until they are
excreted.
• Most drugs are lipid soluble which aids their
passage across the cell membrane.
• In metabolism lipid soluble drugs are converted
into water soluble forms.
22. Pharmacokinetics…
• Excretion usually is by kidneys. Need to be water
soluble for this to occur. Thus, one function of
metabolism is to convert fat soluble medications to
water soluble ones.
• Hepatic drug metabolism or clearance is a major
mechanism for terminating drug action and eliminating
drug molecules from the body
• Most drugs are metabolized by the cytochrome P450
enzymes in the liver
• Liver contains complex system of enzymes, three of
which are key in the metabolism of medications/drugs
23. Pharmacokinetics…
Excretion
• Refers to the elimination of a drug from the body.
• Excretion usually is by kidneys. Need to be water soluble
for this to occur.
• Most are excreted by the kidneys although some are
excreted in the bile.
• Kidneys: excretion is through Glomerular filtration, active
tubular secretion. Drugs having m.wt less than 300 are
excreted via GF.
• Bile: Drugs with a m.wt greater than 300 are excreted
through bile e.g. erythromycin, metoprolol.
• Other minor routes of excretion are breast milk, lungs e.tc.
24. Volume of distribution
• It is the volume into which the dose of a given drug appears
to have been dissolved. It is not a real but a hypothetical
voume. Calculated as
• Vd=dose/Cp
• It is measured in liters
• If the entire drug remains in the circulation the volume of
distrubtion will be around 5litrs, equal to volume of
vascular compartment. Some highly Lipophillic drugs
(amitryptyline) have a volume of distribution more than 250
liters which indicate that most of the drug is present in
tissue compartment.
• Drugs that are not lipid soluble have low volume of
distribution e.g. amikacin, gentamicin, aspirin.
25. Plasma Protein Binding
• Drugs after absorption into blood occurs in two forms
• Free fraction: moves freely without any complexation,
pharmacologically active, is able to be metabolized and excreted.
• Protein bound fraction: this fraction is bound to plasma protein
mainly albumin, pharmacologically inactive due to large complex
size, this binding is reversible.
• There is equilibrium between free and bound drug.
• Drugs which are highly protein bound are phenytoin, warfain.
• In renal and liver diseases the binding capacity of plasma protein is
reduced due to decrease in albumin synthesis. The concentration of
free drug increases which may lead to toxicity.