Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body acts on drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The goal of drug therapy is to deliver therapeutic yet non-toxic drug levels to target tissues. Drugs can be administered through enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal, or parenteral routes like intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous. Absorption involves the transfer of drugs from the site of administration to the bloodstream through passive diffusion, active transport, or factors like blood flow and surface area. Distribution describes how drugs enter tissues through blood flow and binding to plasma proteins, with only unbound drugs being pharmacologically active. Metabolism renders drugs more polar and ex
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ADME is a very important term used in pharmacology. "A" means absorption, "D" is for distribution, "M" is for metabolism and "E" is for excretion of drug in our body.
ABSORPTION OF DRUGS - NON PER ORAL - EXTRA VASCULAR ROUTESRam Kanth
Greetings!
Good Day to All..
This presentation is all about ABSORPTION OF DRUGS - NON PER ORAL - EXTRA VASCULAR ROUTES which covers about the various route of administration which are administered other than oral route like
1. Buccal / Sublingual
2. Rectal
3. Topical & Transdermal
4. Parenteral
5. Pulmonary & Intra nasal
6. Intra ocular &
7. Vaginal Administration
Your suggestion and comments are welcome for further improvement in my presentations.
Thank you all for your valuable time.
Disclaimer Note: Some contents in the presentation were taken from online sources which is purely used for education purpose and for any personal financial or commercial aspects. I thank all the source providers in online for your efforts and support in sharing of knowledge.
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes described as what the body does to a drug, refers to the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body—the time course of its absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Factors affecting each of the proceses- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination of Drugs and associated Pharmacokinetic Parameters- Bioavailability, Volume of Distribution, Half life of drug, Rate of Clearance
ADME is a very important term used in pharmacology. "A" means absorption, "D" is for distribution, "M" is for metabolism and "E" is for excretion of drug in our body.
ABSORPTION OF DRUGS - NON PER ORAL - EXTRA VASCULAR ROUTESRam Kanth
Greetings!
Good Day to All..
This presentation is all about ABSORPTION OF DRUGS - NON PER ORAL - EXTRA VASCULAR ROUTES which covers about the various route of administration which are administered other than oral route like
1. Buccal / Sublingual
2. Rectal
3. Topical & Transdermal
4. Parenteral
5. Pulmonary & Intra nasal
6. Intra ocular &
7. Vaginal Administration
Your suggestion and comments are welcome for further improvement in my presentations.
Thank you all for your valuable time.
Disclaimer Note: Some contents in the presentation were taken from online sources which is purely used for education purpose and for any personal financial or commercial aspects. I thank all the source providers in online for your efforts and support in sharing of knowledge.
Pharmacokinetics, sometimes described as what the body does to a drug, refers to the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body—the time course of its absorption, bioavailability, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Factors affecting each of the proceses- Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination of Drugs and associated Pharmacokinetic Parameters- Bioavailability, Volume of Distribution, Half life of drug, Rate of Clearance
The purpose of studying pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is to understand the drug action, therapy, design, development and evaluation.
PHARMACOKINETIC: It is a branch of Pharmacology which deals with the study of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion / Elimination.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of “What the body does to the drug”
PHARMACODYNAMIC:
Pharmacodynamics is the study of biochemical and physiologic effect of drug. It is the study of “What the drug does to the body”
Quantitative Data AnalysisReliability Analysis (Cronbach Alpha) Common Method...2023240532
Quantitative data Analysis
Overview
Reliability Analysis (Cronbach Alpha)
Common Method Bias (Harman Single Factor Test)
Frequency Analysis (Demographic)
Descriptive Analysis
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
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3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
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Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
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Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
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Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation - Final Version - 5.23...John Andrews
SlideShare Description for "Chatty Kathy - UNC Bootcamp Final Project Presentation"
Title: Chatty Kathy: Enhancing Physical Activity Among Older Adults
Description:
Discover how Chatty Kathy, an innovative project developed at the UNC Bootcamp, aims to tackle the challenge of low physical activity among older adults. Our AI-driven solution uses peer interaction to boost and sustain exercise levels, significantly improving health outcomes. This presentation covers our problem statement, the rationale behind Chatty Kathy, synthetic data and persona creation, model performance metrics, a visual demonstration of the project, and potential future developments. Join us for an insightful Q&A session to explore the potential of this groundbreaking project.
Project Team: Jay Requarth, Jana Avery, John Andrews, Dr. Dick Davis II, Nee Buntoum, Nam Yeongjin & Mat Nicholas
Opendatabay - Open Data Marketplace.pptxOpendatabay
Opendatabay.com unlocks the power of data for everyone. Open Data Marketplace fosters a collaborative hub for data enthusiasts to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets.
First ever open hub for data enthusiasts to collaborate and innovate. A platform to explore, share, and contribute to a vast collection of datasets. Through robust quality control and innovative technologies like blockchain verification, opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of datasets, empowering users to make data-driven decisions with confidence. Leverage cutting-edge AI technologies to enhance the data exploration, analysis, and discovery experience.
From intelligent search and recommendations to automated data productisation and quotation, Opendatabay AI-driven features streamline the data workflow. Finding the data you need shouldn't be a complex. Opendatabay simplifies the data acquisition process with an intuitive interface and robust search tools. Effortlessly explore, discover, and access the data you need, allowing you to focus on extracting valuable insights. Opendatabay breaks new ground with a dedicated, AI-generated, synthetic datasets.
Leverage these privacy-preserving datasets for training and testing AI models without compromising sensitive information. Opendatabay prioritizes transparency by providing detailed metadata, provenance information, and usage guidelines for each dataset, ensuring users have a comprehensive understanding of the data they're working with. By leveraging a powerful combination of distributed ledger technology and rigorous third-party audits Opendatabay ensures the authenticity and reliability of every dataset. Security is at the core of Opendatabay. Marketplace implements stringent security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular vulnerability assessments, to safeguard your data and protect your privacy.
2. pharmacokinetics
Definition:
- refers on how the body acts on the drug
- involves the study of absorption,
distribution, metabolism
(biotransformation) and drug excretion
3. I. Overview
Aim of drug therapy
- To prevent, cure or control various disease
states
adequate drug doses must be
delivered to the target tissues
so that therapeutic yet NON – toxic
levels are obtained
4. Overview
Too much of a drug will result into toxic
effects & too little will not result into the
desired therapeutic effects.
5. 4FundamentalPathwaysofDrugMovement&
ModificationintheBody
drug in tissues
metabolites in tissues
Drug at the site of Administration
1 . ABSORPTION
(INPUT)
Drug in plasma
2. DISTRIBUTION
3. METABOLISM
4. ELIMINATION
(OUTPUT)
Drug & metabolites in urine, feces, or bile
9. parenteral Advantages
Fast: 15–30 seconds for IV,
3–5 minutes for IM and
subcutaneous (SC)
100% bioavailability
suitable for drugs not
absorbed by the gut or
those that are too irritant
(anti-cancer)
IV can deliver continuous
medication, e.g., morphine
for patients in continuous
pain, or saline drip for
people needing fluids
Disadvantages
more risk of addiction
when it comes to injecting
drugs of abuse
Belonephobia, the fear of
needles and injection.
If needles are shared, there
is risk of HIV and other
infectious diseases
It is the most dangerous
route of administration
If not done properly,
potentially fatal air boluses
(bubbles) can occur.
Need for strict asepsis
10. Parenteral
Used for drugs which are
poorly absorbed in the
GIT
Unstable drugs
For unconscious patients
Circumstances that
require a rapid onset of
action
Provides the most
control over the actual
dose delivered to the
body
11. RoutesofDrug
Administration
1. ENTERAL
A. ORAL
- most common route of administration
- Most variable
- most complicated pathway
- Cheapest
- Non - invasive
[NOTE: most drugs are absorbed in the GIT &
encounter the liver before they are distributed
into the general circulation]
12. RoutesofDrug
Administration 1. Enteral
B. SUBLINGUAL
- Placement under the tongue
- Allows the drug to diffuse into the capillaries
& therefore to enter the systemic circulation
Advantage: the drug bypasses the intestine &
liver & thus avoids 1st pass metabolism
13. RoutesofDrug
Administration1. Enteral
c. Rectal
- Useful if the drug induces vomiting if given orally or
if the patient is already vomiting
- Drainage of the rectal region bypasses the portal
circulation
- Similar to the sublingual route, it prevents the
destruction of the drug by intestinal enzymes or by
the low pH in the stomach
[note: commonly used to administer anti – emetic
agents]
14. RoutesofDrugAdministration
2. Parenteral
a. IV / intravascular
- IV injection is the most
common parenteral route
- For drugs which are not absorbed orally
- Bypasses the liver
- Permits a rapid effect and a maximal degree of
control over the circulating levels of the drug
- Can introduce bacterial contamination at the site
- Can cause hemolysis
16. Routes of Drug Administration
2. Parenteral
c. SC / subcutaneous
- This route of
administration like IM
requires absorption &
somewhat slower than
the IV route
17. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
a. Inhalation
- Provides a rapid
delivery of a drug
across a large surface
area of the mucus
membranes of the
respiratory and the
pulmonary epithelium
- Effect is as rapid as IV
injection
- For gaseous drugs
18. Advantages
Fastest method, 7–10
seconds for the drug to
reach the brain
Disadvantages
Typically a more addictive
route of administration
because it is the fastest,
leading to instant
gratification.
Difficulties in regulating
the exact amount of
dosage
Patient having difficulties
administering a drug via
inhaler
19. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
b. Intranasal
- Through the nose
eg. : desmopressin,
salmon calcitonin,
cocaine
20. Routes of Drug Administration
. Others
c. Intrathecal, intraventricular
- Introducing drugs directly into
the cerebrospinal fluid / CSF
Eg., amphotericin B
21. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
d.Topical
- Is used when a local effect
of a drug is required
- Eg., clotrimazole, atropine
22. Routes of Drug Administration
3. Others
e.Transdermal
- This route of administration
achieves systemic effects by
application of drugs to the
skin, usually by using a
transdermal patch.
- Rate of absorption varies
markedly
- Eg., nitroglycerin
23. III. ABSORPTION OF
DRUGS
Is the transfer of a drug
from its site of
administration to the
bloodstream
IV delivery – absorption
is complete
24. III. ABSORPTION OF DRUGS
A.Transport of Drug
from the GIT
1. PASSIVE DIFFUSION
- The driving force for
passive absorption of a
drug is the
concentration gradient
- The drug moves from a
region of high
concentration to one of
a lower concentration
- Does not involve a carrier
- Vast majority of drugs
gain access to the body
by this mechanism
25. III. ABSORPTION OF DRUGS
2. ActiveTransport
- Involves a specific carrier protein
- Is “energy dependent” & is driven by the
hydrolysis of ATP
- Also capable of moving a drug against a
concentration gradient
26. III. ABSORPTION OF DRUGS
B. Physical Factors Influencing Absorption
1. Blood flow to the absorption site
2.Total surface area available for absorption
3. Contact time at the absorption surface
28. V. Drug
Distribution
- Is the process by
which a drug
reversibly leaves the
bloodstream &
enters the
interstitium
(extracellular fluid)
and / or the cells of
the tissues.
- Affected by the following
factors:
- 1. Blood Flow
- 2. Capillary permeability
capillary structure
blood brain barrier
- 3. Binding of Drugs to
proteins
29. VI. Binding of Drugs to Plasma
Proteins
Bound drugs are
pharmacologically
INACTIVE, only the
FREE, UNBOUND drug
can act on target sites
in the tissues, elicit a
biologic response & be
available to the
processes of
elimination
A. Binding capacity of
albumin
- Reversible
low capacity high capacity
Note : ALBUMIN has the
strongest affinity forANIONIC
DRUGS & HYDROPHOBIC
DRUGS.
30. VII. DRUG METABOLISM
Drugs are often
eliminated by
biotransformation and
or excretion into the
URINE OR BILE.
LIVER – the MAJOR
SITE FOR DRUG
METABOLISM
31. Reactions of Drug Metabolism
The kidney cannot
efficiently eliminate
lipophilic drugs ,
therefore lipid soluble
agents must 1st be
metabolized in the liver
using 2 general sets of
reactions
PHASE I
PHASE II
32. Phase I
Converts lipophilic
molecules into more
polar molecules
Phase I metabolism
may increase,
decrease, or leave
unaltered the drug’s
pharmacologic activity.
Often uses the P 450
system
33. Phase II
Consists of conjugation
reactions
Uses substrates like
glucuronic acid, sulfuric
acid, acetic acid, or an
amino acid
Renders the
metabolites INACTIVE
and more water soluble
The highly polar drug
conjugates may then
be excreted by the
kidney or bile
34. DRUGELIMINATION
Removal of a drug
from the body may
occur via a number of
routes, the most
important being the
kidney or urine
Other routes:
- bile, intestine, lung,
milk,
Drugs that have been
made water soluble in
the liver are often
readily excreted in the
kidneys.
Kidney dysfunction can
lead to toxic levels of
the drug in the body
because the drug
cannot be excreted.