Drug excretion
•
92 likes•24,081 views
The document discusses drug excretion from the body through various routes. It describes the principal organs involved in excretion as the kidneys, lungs, biliary system, intestines, saliva, and milk. Renal excretion through the kidneys is the primary route for water soluble drugs and involves glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption. Other routes include biliary excretion into the feces, pulmonary excretion of volatile substances through the lungs, and excretion into saliva, sweat, and breast milk in small amounts for some drugs. Factors like a drug's molecular size, charge, lipid solubility, and degree of protein binding determine which excretion pathways it undergoes.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Factors affecting distribution of drug
1. After entering systemic circulation, drugs undergo disposition processes like distribution and elimination. Distribution involves the reversible transfer of drugs between compartments while elimination causes the irreversible loss of drugs from the body.
2. Several factors affect the distribution of drugs between compartments including tissue permeability, which depends on a drug's physicochemical properties and ability to pass physiological barriers. Organ size and blood flow rates also influence distribution.
3. Binding of drugs to blood components or extracellular tissues can impact distribution by altering a drug's ability to pass between compartments. Other miscellaneous factors like age, disease states, and drug interactions also affect distribution.
Excretion of drug
The document discusses drug excretion through various routes. The key points are:
1. Excretion is the process of eliminating drugs from the body, mainly through the kidneys or other routes like bile, lungs, saliva etc.
2. The kidneys are the major organs of excretion, filtering drugs through glomerular filtration and reabsorbing or secreting drugs through the tubules.
3. Drugs can be excreted through non-renal routes including the bile, lungs, saliva, skin and others. Factors like a drug's properties and plasma concentration affect its excretion.
Protein drug binding
The phenomenon of complex formation of drug with protein is called as Protein drug binding. The proteins are particularly responsible for such an interaction. A drug can interact with several tissue components.
Pharmacokinetics / Biopharmaceutics - Drug Elimination
Drugs are eliminated from the body through excretion and biotransformation. Excretion involves removing the drug intact, such as through urine or bile, while biotransformation involves enzymatic chemical conversions of the drug through phase I and phase II reactions in the liver and other tissues. The rate of drug elimination determines its clearance from the body, with renal clearance and hepatic clearance being the major pathways. First-pass effects can reduce oral bioavailability for drugs that are highly metabolized in the liver or intestines.
Drug absorption
The document discusses drug absorption and the factors that influence it. It begins by defining absorption as the movement of an unchanged drug from the site of administration into systemic circulation. It then describes the various mechanisms of drug absorption, including passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, pore transport, ion pair formation, and endocytosis. It discusses important physiological factors like drug solubility, permeability, and stability, as well as formulation factors such as dosage form, particle size, and polymorphism that can impact a drug's rate and extent of absorption. In summary, drug absorption is a complex process dependent on the drug's properties and formulation characteristics as well as physiological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.
Drug Elimination
This document discusses drug elimination, which involves biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion of drugs from the body. It describes zero-order and first-order elimination kinetics, drug metabolism pathways including phase I and II reactions, and factors that influence renal excretion of drugs such as physicochemical properties and plasma concentration. Renal clearance is defined as the volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time by the kidneys. Non-renal routes of excretion include biliary, pulmonary, dermal and gastrointestinal excretion.
Drug distribution
Drug distribution involves the reversible transfer of drugs between compartments like blood and tissues. Several factors affect how drugs are distributed, including tissue permeability, organ size and blood flow, and binding to tissue components. Drugs with certain physicochemical properties like small molecular size and appropriate lipophilicity more easily pass through barriers and cell membranes into tissues. Additionally, tissues with greater blood flow and perfusion rates allow for faster drug distribution. Finally, the extent to which drugs bind to proteins and other components in blood and tissues impacts their distribution.
Concept of clearance & factors affecting renal excretion
This document discusses the concept of renal clearance. It defines renal clearance as the volume of blood or plasma completely cleared of unchanged drug by the kidney per unit time. Renal clearance is calculated as the rate of urinary excretion divided by the plasma drug concentration. Several factors can affect renal clearance, including the physiochemical properties of the drug, plasma drug concentration, distribution and binding characteristics, urine pH, blood flow to the kidneys, biological factors, drug interactions, and disease states. Renal clearance is an important concept for understanding how drugs are eliminated from the body through the kidneys.
Recommended
Factors affecting distribution of drug
1. After entering systemic circulation, drugs undergo disposition processes like distribution and elimination. Distribution involves the reversible transfer of drugs between compartments while elimination causes the irreversible loss of drugs from the body.
2. Several factors affect the distribution of drugs between compartments including tissue permeability, which depends on a drug's physicochemical properties and ability to pass physiological barriers. Organ size and blood flow rates also influence distribution.
3. Binding of drugs to blood components or extracellular tissues can impact distribution by altering a drug's ability to pass between compartments. Other miscellaneous factors like age, disease states, and drug interactions also affect distribution.
Excretion of drug
The document discusses drug excretion through various routes. The key points are:
1. Excretion is the process of eliminating drugs from the body, mainly through the kidneys or other routes like bile, lungs, saliva etc.
2. The kidneys are the major organs of excretion, filtering drugs through glomerular filtration and reabsorbing or secreting drugs through the tubules.
3. Drugs can be excreted through non-renal routes including the bile, lungs, saliva, skin and others. Factors like a drug's properties and plasma concentration affect its excretion.
Protein drug binding
The phenomenon of complex formation of drug with protein is called as Protein drug binding. The proteins are particularly responsible for such an interaction. A drug can interact with several tissue components.
Pharmacokinetics / Biopharmaceutics - Drug Elimination
Drugs are eliminated from the body through excretion and biotransformation. Excretion involves removing the drug intact, such as through urine or bile, while biotransformation involves enzymatic chemical conversions of the drug through phase I and phase II reactions in the liver and other tissues. The rate of drug elimination determines its clearance from the body, with renal clearance and hepatic clearance being the major pathways. First-pass effects can reduce oral bioavailability for drugs that are highly metabolized in the liver or intestines.
Drug absorption
The document discusses drug absorption and the factors that influence it. It begins by defining absorption as the movement of an unchanged drug from the site of administration into systemic circulation. It then describes the various mechanisms of drug absorption, including passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, pore transport, ion pair formation, and endocytosis. It discusses important physiological factors like drug solubility, permeability, and stability, as well as formulation factors such as dosage form, particle size, and polymorphism that can impact a drug's rate and extent of absorption. In summary, drug absorption is a complex process dependent on the drug's properties and formulation characteristics as well as physiological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.
Drug Elimination
This document discusses drug elimination, which involves biotransformation (metabolism) and excretion of drugs from the body. It describes zero-order and first-order elimination kinetics, drug metabolism pathways including phase I and II reactions, and factors that influence renal excretion of drugs such as physicochemical properties and plasma concentration. Renal clearance is defined as the volume of plasma cleared of drug per unit time by the kidneys. Non-renal routes of excretion include biliary, pulmonary, dermal and gastrointestinal excretion.
Drug distribution
Drug distribution involves the reversible transfer of drugs between compartments like blood and tissues. Several factors affect how drugs are distributed, including tissue permeability, organ size and blood flow, and binding to tissue components. Drugs with certain physicochemical properties like small molecular size and appropriate lipophilicity more easily pass through barriers and cell membranes into tissues. Additionally, tissues with greater blood flow and perfusion rates allow for faster drug distribution. Finally, the extent to which drugs bind to proteins and other components in blood and tissues impacts their distribution.
Concept of clearance & factors affecting renal excretion
This document discusses the concept of renal clearance. It defines renal clearance as the volume of blood or plasma completely cleared of unchanged drug by the kidney per unit time. Renal clearance is calculated as the rate of urinary excretion divided by the plasma drug concentration. Several factors can affect renal clearance, including the physiochemical properties of the drug, plasma drug concentration, distribution and binding characteristics, urine pH, blood flow to the kidneys, biological factors, drug interactions, and disease states. Renal clearance is an important concept for understanding how drugs are eliminated from the body through the kidneys.
Drug distribution
1. The document discusses drug distribution between blood and tissues, factors affecting it like lipid solubility, and implications of volume of distribution, plasma protein binding, redistribution, and barriers like the blood-brain and placental barriers.
2. Apparent volume of distribution describes the fluid volume required to contain the entire drug dose at the same concentration as plasma, and is affected by factors like lipid solubility and plasma protein binding.
3. Plasma protein binding influences drug availability and can cause drug interactions through displacement, while barriers like the blood-brain and placental barriers control drug passage into sensitive tissues and the fetus.
Pharmacokinetics: Excretion of drugs
This document discusses drug excretion pathways and mechanisms. It states that excretion involves the irreversible transfer of drugs and metabolites from the internal to external environment through renal and non-renal routes. The principal organs of excretion are the kidneys, bile, lungs, saliva, milk, and sweat. The kidneys are the primary route of excretion, utilizing glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and reabsorption to eliminate compounds under 500 Da. Bile actively secretes hydrophilic drugs and metabolites over 500 Da, while the lungs passively diffuse gases and volatile substances.
Protein binding of drug.ppt
This document discusses protein drug binding, including the mechanisms, classes, and factors that influence it. It begins by introducing protein drug binding and defining it as the formation of a complex between a drug and a protein. This binding can be reversible or irreversible. There are several mechanisms of binding including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, ionic bonds, and Van der Waals forces. Protein drug binding is important as it influences the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. The extent of protein binding is affected by characteristics of the drug and protein as well as disease states and interactions between drugs. In summary, this document provides an overview of the topic of protein drug binding, including the key concepts and significance.
Excretion of drugs
This document discusses drug excretion and methods to prolong drug action. It defines excretion as the process of removing drugs from the body and terminating their action. The major routes of excretion are renal (urinary), biliary, pulmonary, intestinal and through sweat glands. Renal excretion occurs through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion and reabsorption. Factors that influence renal excretion include physicochemical drug properties, plasma concentration, distribution/binding, renal blood flow, disease states, and drug interactions. Non-renal routes and methods to prolong drug action through enterohepatic recycling are also examined.
Distribution of drugs
This document discusses factors that affect the distribution of drugs in the body. It describes how physicochemical properties, plasma protein binding, tissue permeability and perfusion rates influence how drugs are distributed between compartments like blood, tissues and organs. Barriers like the blood-brain barrier can restrict drug distribution to certain sites. The apparent volume of distribution is an important pharmacokinetic parameter that depends on the extent to which drugs distribute outside of blood circulation. Redistribution can affect the duration of drug action over time.
Protein binding
Drug-plasma protein binding plays a key role in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Proteins, particularly albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, bind drugs reversibly through mechanisms like hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces. Only the unbound fraction of a drug is active, as protein-bound drug is inert and cannot cross membranes or exert effects. Several factors influence protein binding, including drug properties, protein concentrations, and disease states. The degree of protein binding impacts drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
Clearance and renal excretion
The document discusses clearance and renal excretion of drugs. It defines clearance as the volume of fluid cleared of the drug per unit time. Renal clearance is the volume of plasma cleared of the drug by the kidneys per unit time. The kidney is the major organ of excretion. Renal clearance can provide information about the mechanisms of renal excretion such as filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. The clearance concept is used to describe the elimination of drugs by various organs.
Hepatic clearance and elimination
This document discusses hepatic clearance and elimination. It begins by explaining that liver function tests can help estimate hepatic clearance by detecting hepatic dysfunction. It then covers topics like the classification of liver function tests, hepatic clearance definition and calculation, biliary excretion of drugs and enterohepatic recycling, and hepatic elimination. The overall purpose is to explain how the liver clears and eliminates drugs from the body.
Bioavailability
The document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. Bioequivalence is achieved when two drug products containing the same active ingredient have the same rate and extent of absorption. The document outlines factors that affect bioavailability such as pharmaceutical, patient, and route of administration factors. It also describes various methods to measure bioavailability including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches.
Mechanism of drug absorption in git
1. Drug absorption involves the movement of unchanged drug molecules from the site of administration into systemic circulation. It occurs primarily through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is influenced by factors like solubility, permeability, and transport mechanisms.
2. There are three main mechanisms of drug transport across the GI tract - transcellular, paracellular, and vesicular. Transcellular transport occurs across cells and includes passive diffusion, active transport, and carrier-mediated transport. Paracellular transport is between cell junctions. Vesicular transport involves endocytosis within cells.
3. The most common mechanism is passive diffusion, which does not require energy. Other mechanisms like active transport and carrier-mediated transport use
Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug Absorption
Biopharmaceutics is the study of factors influencing drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). There are three main mechanisms of drug absorption in the body: 1) transcellular/intracellular transport across epithelial cells, 2) paracellular/intercellular transport between epithelial cells, and 3) vesicular or corpuscular transport through endocytosis. Transcellular transport can occur passively through diffusion, pores or ion pairs, or actively through carriers or pumps. Paracellular transport is between tight cell junctions or through temporary openings. Vesicular transport involves pinocytosis or phagocytosis of substances into cells.
Drug metabolism
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds describes the human metabolic processes of various functional groups found in therapeutic agents.
The importance of a chapter on metabolism lies in the fact that drug interactions are based on these processes.
For pharmacists, it is necessary for them to understand why certain drugs are contraindicated with other drugs.
This chapter attempts to describe the various phases of drug metabolism, the sites where these biotransformation will occur, the role of specific enzymes, metabolism of specific functional groups, and several examples of the metabolism of currently used therapeutic agents.
Drug distribution
This document discusses drug distribution in the body. It begins by explaining that once a drug enters the bloodstream, it undergoes distribution and elimination processes that lower the plasma concentration over time. Distribution involves the reversible transfer of drugs between compartments like tissues, while elimination involves the irreversible loss of drugs from the body through metabolism and excretion. The rate and extent of distribution impacts the onset, intensity, and duration of a drug's effects. Distribution is non-uniform between tissues due to differences in perfusion rates and the extent to which different tissues take up drugs from plasma.
Factors affecting drug absorption
FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ABSORPTION
Physicochemical factors
Pharmaceutical factors
Patient related factors
Excretion renal and non-renal
This document discusses renal and non-renal routes of drug excretion. It describes the key organs and processes involved in excretion, including the nephron in renal excretion and factors that determine if a drug is excreted renally or non-renally. Non-renal excretion includes biliary excretion through the liver and bile ducts. Clearance, excretion ratio, and other pharmacokinetic concepts relating to measurement of excretion are also covered.
Compartment Modelling
This document discusses compartment modeling in pharmacokinetics. It begins by defining a mathematical model and compartment model. Compartmental models divide the body into compartments and use first-order kinetics to describe the movement of drugs between compartments. Common compartment models include one-compartment open models for intravenous bolus, intravenous infusion, and extravascular administration. Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters like absorption rate, elimination rate constant, and half-life are also covered.
Bioransformation ( Biopharmaceutics )
The document discusses biotransformation, which is the conversion of drugs and other xenobiotics through metabolic processes. It covers Phase I and Phase II reactions. Phase I reactions involve functional group modifications like oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. These make the compounds more polar. Phase II reactions involve conjugating the modified compounds to make them more water-soluble for excretion. The liver is the primary organ of biotransformation due to its high enzyme levels. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are largely responsible for Phase I oxidative reactions like aromatic hydroxylation.
Pharmacokinetic models
PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies.
The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are
Model approach, and
Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).
one compartment model ppt
The document discusses compartment modeling and one compartment open models. It describes how the body can be represented as a single well-mixed compartment and outlines the assumptions of compartmental models. It then covers one compartment open models for intravenous bolus administration, intravenous infusion, and extravascular administration. For intravenous bolus administration, the elimination phase can be characterized by parameters like elimination rate constant, half-life, and clearance. Intravenous infusion allows for constant rate input into the compartment. Extravascular administration models absorption as either zero-order or first-order kinetics.
Pharmacokinetics / Biopharmaceutics - One compartment model IV bolus
The one-compartment open model describes intravenous bolus administration using a single compartment to represent the body. In this model, the drug is assumed to distribute instantaneously and homogenously throughout the compartment upon injection and is eliminated immediately. This is the simplest description of drug distribution and elimination but does not accurately represent the complex nature of the body. The key parameters of this model are the volume of distribution (VD), which relates the drug dose to its concentration in plasma, and the elimination rate constant (k), which characterizes the rate of drug removal from the body.
Effectiveness of OER use in students’ mathematical outcomes: A case study in ...
Effectiveness of OER use in students’ mathematical outcomes: A case study in ...Open Education Global (OEGlobal)
This document discusses two case studies from Chile that demonstrate issues with proprietary educational resources and the potential for open educational resources (OER) to provide more effective and affordable alternatives.
Case 1 examines an expensive English and math program where platform usage and student outcomes were very low. OER like Khan Academy could provide a no-cost alternative that guarantees access.
Case 2 looks at the Ministry of Education spending $40 million annually on textbooks dominated by two foreign companies. Previous studies found textbooks to have poor quality and limited use. Openness could help fix these issues and strengthen the local publishing industry through improved resources and return on investment.Topic 8 career basics & understanding individual pupils (anis & zati)
This document discusses career basics and understanding individual pupils. It covers the concepts of lifestyle and creating a lifestyle, discovering career interests and values through psychological inventories, and applying Holland's career theory. Creating a lifestyle reflects one's self-image and can be influenced by culture, family, and social groups. Career interests can be identified using interest inventories that assess enjoyment of different tasks and occupations. Career values provide motivation and purpose to jobs. Holland's Self-Directed Search career inventory uses responses to questions to assign individuals a three-letter code matching their personality to suitable careers and fields of study. Teachers should provide guidance to help pupils with self-development based on inventory results.
More Related Content
What's hot
Drug distribution
1. The document discusses drug distribution between blood and tissues, factors affecting it like lipid solubility, and implications of volume of distribution, plasma protein binding, redistribution, and barriers like the blood-brain and placental barriers.
2. Apparent volume of distribution describes the fluid volume required to contain the entire drug dose at the same concentration as plasma, and is affected by factors like lipid solubility and plasma protein binding.
3. Plasma protein binding influences drug availability and can cause drug interactions through displacement, while barriers like the blood-brain and placental barriers control drug passage into sensitive tissues and the fetus.
Pharmacokinetics: Excretion of drugs
This document discusses drug excretion pathways and mechanisms. It states that excretion involves the irreversible transfer of drugs and metabolites from the internal to external environment through renal and non-renal routes. The principal organs of excretion are the kidneys, bile, lungs, saliva, milk, and sweat. The kidneys are the primary route of excretion, utilizing glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and reabsorption to eliminate compounds under 500 Da. Bile actively secretes hydrophilic drugs and metabolites over 500 Da, while the lungs passively diffuse gases and volatile substances.
Protein binding of drug.ppt
This document discusses protein drug binding, including the mechanisms, classes, and factors that influence it. It begins by introducing protein drug binding and defining it as the formation of a complex between a drug and a protein. This binding can be reversible or irreversible. There are several mechanisms of binding including hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds, ionic bonds, and Van der Waals forces. Protein drug binding is important as it influences the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. The extent of protein binding is affected by characteristics of the drug and protein as well as disease states and interactions between drugs. In summary, this document provides an overview of the topic of protein drug binding, including the key concepts and significance.
Excretion of drugs
This document discusses drug excretion and methods to prolong drug action. It defines excretion as the process of removing drugs from the body and terminating their action. The major routes of excretion are renal (urinary), biliary, pulmonary, intestinal and through sweat glands. Renal excretion occurs through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion and reabsorption. Factors that influence renal excretion include physicochemical drug properties, plasma concentration, distribution/binding, renal blood flow, disease states, and drug interactions. Non-renal routes and methods to prolong drug action through enterohepatic recycling are also examined.
Distribution of drugs
This document discusses factors that affect the distribution of drugs in the body. It describes how physicochemical properties, plasma protein binding, tissue permeability and perfusion rates influence how drugs are distributed between compartments like blood, tissues and organs. Barriers like the blood-brain barrier can restrict drug distribution to certain sites. The apparent volume of distribution is an important pharmacokinetic parameter that depends on the extent to which drugs distribute outside of blood circulation. Redistribution can affect the duration of drug action over time.
Protein binding
Drug-plasma protein binding plays a key role in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Proteins, particularly albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, bind drugs reversibly through mechanisms like hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces. Only the unbound fraction of a drug is active, as protein-bound drug is inert and cannot cross membranes or exert effects. Several factors influence protein binding, including drug properties, protein concentrations, and disease states. The degree of protein binding impacts drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
Clearance and renal excretion
The document discusses clearance and renal excretion of drugs. It defines clearance as the volume of fluid cleared of the drug per unit time. Renal clearance is the volume of plasma cleared of the drug by the kidneys per unit time. The kidney is the major organ of excretion. Renal clearance can provide information about the mechanisms of renal excretion such as filtration, secretion, and reabsorption. The clearance concept is used to describe the elimination of drugs by various organs.
Hepatic clearance and elimination
This document discusses hepatic clearance and elimination. It begins by explaining that liver function tests can help estimate hepatic clearance by detecting hepatic dysfunction. It then covers topics like the classification of liver function tests, hepatic clearance definition and calculation, biliary excretion of drugs and enterohepatic recycling, and hepatic elimination. The overall purpose is to explain how the liver clears and eliminates drugs from the body.
Bioavailability
The document discusses bioavailability and bioequivalence. It defines bioavailability as the rate and extent to which the active ingredient is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. Bioequivalence is achieved when two drug products containing the same active ingredient have the same rate and extent of absorption. The document outlines factors that affect bioavailability such as pharmaceutical, patient, and route of administration factors. It also describes various methods to measure bioavailability including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches.
Mechanism of drug absorption in git
1. Drug absorption involves the movement of unchanged drug molecules from the site of administration into systemic circulation. It occurs primarily through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and is influenced by factors like solubility, permeability, and transport mechanisms.
2. There are three main mechanisms of drug transport across the GI tract - transcellular, paracellular, and vesicular. Transcellular transport occurs across cells and includes passive diffusion, active transport, and carrier-mediated transport. Paracellular transport is between cell junctions. Vesicular transport involves endocytosis within cells.
3. The most common mechanism is passive diffusion, which does not require energy. Other mechanisms like active transport and carrier-mediated transport use
Biopharmaceutics: Mechanisms of Drug Absorption
Biopharmaceutics is the study of factors influencing drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). There are three main mechanisms of drug absorption in the body: 1) transcellular/intracellular transport across epithelial cells, 2) paracellular/intercellular transport between epithelial cells, and 3) vesicular or corpuscular transport through endocytosis. Transcellular transport can occur passively through diffusion, pores or ion pairs, or actively through carriers or pumps. Paracellular transport is between tight cell junctions or through temporary openings. Vesicular transport involves pinocytosis or phagocytosis of substances into cells.
Drug metabolism
Metabolic Changes of Drugs and Related Organic Compounds describes the human metabolic processes of various functional groups found in therapeutic agents.
The importance of a chapter on metabolism lies in the fact that drug interactions are based on these processes.
For pharmacists, it is necessary for them to understand why certain drugs are contraindicated with other drugs.
This chapter attempts to describe the various phases of drug metabolism, the sites where these biotransformation will occur, the role of specific enzymes, metabolism of specific functional groups, and several examples of the metabolism of currently used therapeutic agents.
Drug distribution
This document discusses drug distribution in the body. It begins by explaining that once a drug enters the bloodstream, it undergoes distribution and elimination processes that lower the plasma concentration over time. Distribution involves the reversible transfer of drugs between compartments like tissues, while elimination involves the irreversible loss of drugs from the body through metabolism and excretion. The rate and extent of distribution impacts the onset, intensity, and duration of a drug's effects. Distribution is non-uniform between tissues due to differences in perfusion rates and the extent to which different tissues take up drugs from plasma.
Factors affecting drug absorption
FACTORS AFFECTING DRUG ABSORPTION
Physicochemical factors
Pharmaceutical factors
Patient related factors
Excretion renal and non-renal
This document discusses renal and non-renal routes of drug excretion. It describes the key organs and processes involved in excretion, including the nephron in renal excretion and factors that determine if a drug is excreted renally or non-renally. Non-renal excretion includes biliary excretion through the liver and bile ducts. Clearance, excretion ratio, and other pharmacokinetic concepts relating to measurement of excretion are also covered.
Compartment Modelling
This document discusses compartment modeling in pharmacokinetics. It begins by defining a mathematical model and compartment model. Compartmental models divide the body into compartments and use first-order kinetics to describe the movement of drugs between compartments. Common compartment models include one-compartment open models for intravenous bolus, intravenous infusion, and extravascular administration. Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters like absorption rate, elimination rate constant, and half-life are also covered.
Bioransformation ( Biopharmaceutics )
The document discusses biotransformation, which is the conversion of drugs and other xenobiotics through metabolic processes. It covers Phase I and Phase II reactions. Phase I reactions involve functional group modifications like oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. These make the compounds more polar. Phase II reactions involve conjugating the modified compounds to make them more water-soluble for excretion. The liver is the primary organ of biotransformation due to its high enzyme levels. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are largely responsible for Phase I oxidative reactions like aromatic hydroxylation.
Pharmacokinetic models
PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS
Drug movement within the body is a complex process. The major objective is therefore to develop a generalized and simple approach to describe, analyse and interpret the data obtained during in vivo drug disposition studies.
The two major approaches in the quantitative study of various kinetic processes of drug disposition in the body are
Model approach, and
Model-independent approach (also called as non-compartmental analysis).
one compartment model ppt
The document discusses compartment modeling and one compartment open models. It describes how the body can be represented as a single well-mixed compartment and outlines the assumptions of compartmental models. It then covers one compartment open models for intravenous bolus administration, intravenous infusion, and extravascular administration. For intravenous bolus administration, the elimination phase can be characterized by parameters like elimination rate constant, half-life, and clearance. Intravenous infusion allows for constant rate input into the compartment. Extravascular administration models absorption as either zero-order or first-order kinetics.
Pharmacokinetics / Biopharmaceutics - One compartment model IV bolus
The one-compartment open model describes intravenous bolus administration using a single compartment to represent the body. In this model, the drug is assumed to distribute instantaneously and homogenously throughout the compartment upon injection and is eliminated immediately. This is the simplest description of drug distribution and elimination but does not accurately represent the complex nature of the body. The key parameters of this model are the volume of distribution (VD), which relates the drug dose to its concentration in plasma, and the elimination rate constant (k), which characterizes the rate of drug removal from the body.
What's hot (20)
Pharmacokinetics / Biopharmaceutics - One compartment model IV bolus
Pharmacokinetics / Biopharmaceutics - One compartment model IV bolus
Viewers also liked
Effectiveness of OER use in students’ mathematical outcomes: A case study in ...
Effectiveness of OER use in students’ mathematical outcomes: A case study in ...Open Education Global (OEGlobal)
This document discusses two case studies from Chile that demonstrate issues with proprietary educational resources and the potential for open educational resources (OER) to provide more effective and affordable alternatives.
Case 1 examines an expensive English and math program where platform usage and student outcomes were very low. OER like Khan Academy could provide a no-cost alternative that guarantees access.
Case 2 looks at the Ministry of Education spending $40 million annually on textbooks dominated by two foreign companies. Previous studies found textbooks to have poor quality and limited use. Openness could help fix these issues and strengthen the local publishing industry through improved resources and return on investment.Topic 8 career basics & understanding individual pupils (anis & zati)
This document discusses career basics and understanding individual pupils. It covers the concepts of lifestyle and creating a lifestyle, discovering career interests and values through psychological inventories, and applying Holland's career theory. Creating a lifestyle reflects one's self-image and can be influenced by culture, family, and social groups. Career interests can be identified using interest inventories that assess enjoyment of different tasks and occupations. Career values provide motivation and purpose to jobs. Holland's Self-Directed Search career inventory uses responses to questions to assign individuals a three-letter code matching their personality to suitable careers and fields of study. Teachers should provide guidance to help pupils with self-development based on inventory results.
Connecting OER to teachers via open pedagogy
This document discusses a toolkit created to help connect open educational resources (OER) to teachers through open pedagogy. The toolkit has two parts: basics of open and applying open education. It includes materials like a script, course manual, slides and examples to help organize workshops. The goal is to inspire teachers and help them integrate different levels of openness and pedagogy into their daily practice. Feedback from users was that knowledge of course design was lacking and part two had a lot of information. Future work involves improving the toolkit based on feedback and researching its impact on adoption of openness.
Harold Boigues - Most Successful Entrepreneur with Rare Talent
The world’s most successful entrepreneurs are born with rare talents. Yes, at here we are talking about Harold Boigues.
Derecho laboral
El documento presenta dos ejercicios sobre derecho laboral en Honduras. El primer ejercicio trata sobre una empleada contratada por un mes que fue despedida y solicita el pago de sus derechos adquiridos y vacaciones, aunque solo trabajó por un mes. La respuesta indica que solo tiene derecho a su salario del mes trabajado debido al periodo de prueba de dos meses. El segundo ejercicio trata sobre un empleado que trabajó seis meses sin contrato y ahora firmará uno por tiempo indefinido a partir de la firma, lo cual
IPOL Lubricants - IMTEX 2017 Highlights
This document discusses IPOL's participation at the IMTEX 2017 trade show, where they showcased customer testimonial videos and displayed magnetic stickers on over 80 machines from various manufacturers. The highlights include IPOL interacting with over 1000 manufacturers from 22 countries, receiving over 1500 visitors to their stall, and connecting with various industrial OEMs to explore approval possibilities. IPOL was also admired amongst lubricant manufacturers and followed up with visitors via WhatsApp and mail.
Viewers also liked (7)
Effectiveness of OER use in students’ mathematical outcomes: A case study in ...
Effectiveness of OER use in students’ mathematical outcomes: A case study in ...
Topic 8 career basics & understanding individual pupils (anis & zati)
Topic 8 career basics & understanding individual pupils (anis & zati)
Harold Boigues - Most Successful Entrepreneur with Rare Talent
Harold Boigues - Most Successful Entrepreneur with Rare Talent
Similar to Drug excretion
Drug excretion
The document discusses drug excretion through various organs and processes. The kidneys are the primary organ for water-soluble drug removal through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and reabsorption. Biliary excretion also plays a role in removing some drugs through active transport into bile. Drug conjugates are more readily excreted in bile. Enterohepatic recirculation can prolong a drug's presence as it is absorbed and secreted between the liver and intestines.
Drug Excretion
The document summarizes drug excretion from the body. The key organs involved in drug excretion are the kidneys, lungs, biliary system, intestines, saliva, and milk. The kidneys are the primary organ of excretion for water soluble drugs through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption. Biliary excretion plays a major role in removing some drug ions, anions, and un-ionized molecules from the liver into bile. Pulmonary excretion occurs through diffusion of volatile substances from the lungs. Other minor excretion routes include sweat, saliva, and milk, where diffusion of the un-ionized form of lipophilic drugs can occur.
ELIMIMATION OF DRUGS [YOGESH YADAV].pptx
The document discusses renal and non-renal drug excretion from the body. Renal excretion occurs through the kidneys via three main processes: glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption. Non-renal excretion involves routes like biliary, pulmonary, salivary, mammary, skin, and gastrointestinal excretion. Renal clearance is affected by factors like the drug's physicochemical properties, plasma concentration, binding characteristics, urine pH, blood flow to the kidneys, and disease states. The key organs and processes of drug elimination from the body are described.
Ppt k.sandhya.
The document discusses drug excretion from the body. It states that excretion is the removal of drugs and metabolites from the internal to external environment. The major organs involved in excretion are the kidneys, lungs, biliary system, intestines, saliva, and milk. Renal excretion through the kidneys is a primary pathway and involves glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption. Other routes of excretion include biliary excretion into the feces, pulmonary excretion through exhaled air, and excretion in sweat, saliva, and breast milk. The document provides details on the mechanisms and clinical implications of these various excretion pathways.
Drugexcretion 130121005834-phpapp01
The document discusses drug excretion, which is the process by which drugs are transferred from the internal to external environment. The kidneys, lungs, liver, intestines and other organs are involved in excretion. Renal excretion is the primary route for water soluble drugs. Factors like glomerular filtration, tubular secretion and reabsorption determine renal clearance. Non-renal routes include biliary, pulmonary, salivary and dermal excretion. Physicochemical properties of drugs and physiological factors impact excretion routes and rates.
Renal drug excretion
The document discusses renal drug excretion through the kidney. There are three main processes: glomerular filtration, tubular secretion, and tubular reabsorption. Glomerular filtration allows passage of small, water-soluble, non-protein bound drugs into the kidney tubule. Tubular secretion actively transports drugs against concentration gradients. Tubular reabsorption can be passive or active, and is influenced by urine pH, pKa of drugs, and other factors. Together these processes determine the rate of drug removal by the kidneys.
Lectures 15 Excretion of drug & Enterohepatic Circulation
Lectures 15 Excretion of drug & Enterohepatic CirculationIsra Institute of Rehab Sciences (IIRS), Isra University
This document discusses the main routes of drug excretion from the body. The major routes are renal excretion via the kidneys and biliary excretion via the liver and intestines. Renal excretion involves filtration, secretion, and reabsorption in the nephrons. Biliary excretion involves secretion from the liver into bile and potential reabsorption via enterohepatic circulation. Other minor routes include exhalation from the lungs, excretion in saliva, sweat, milk, and tears. Factors like age, gender, kidney function can impact renal drug clearance and dosing.Excretion of drug (VK)
The document discusses drug excretion and elimination from the body. It describes the various routes of excretion including renal, biliary, pulmonary, salivary, dermal and gastrointestinal. The key organs involved in excretion are the kidneys and liver. Drugs can be excreted unchanged or as metabolites, through glomerular filtration, tubular secretion or reabsorption in the kidneys. Non-renal routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties and include biliary excretion of conjugated metabolites. Factors like urine pH, blood flow and drug interactions can influence renal excretion. Clearance is the volume from which the drug is completely removed per unit time and includes renal, hepatic and total body clearance
ADME_SUBHAJIT.ppt
ADME is the abbreviation for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion. ADME studies are designed to investigate how a chemical (e.g. a drug compound) is processed by a living organism. Toxicology tests are often a part of this process, yielding the acronym ADMET.
Clearance & Elimination detail explanation.pptx
I am a pharmacist these slides describe detail explanation on clearance and elimination. I hope pharmacy department students get more benefits about it.
pharmacokinetics.pptx
1) Pharmacokinetics is the study of the movement of drugs in the body, including processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. It quantitatively analyzes the concentrations of drugs over time in different parts of the body.
2) There are four main phases of pharmacokinetics - absorption, which involves entry of drugs into systemic circulation from the site of administration; distribution throughout the body; metabolism, where drugs are chemically altered; and excretion of drugs and metabolites from the body.
3) Many factors influence pharmacokinetic processes like a drug's physicochemical properties, route of administration, tissue permeability, binding to plasma proteins, organ blood flow and rates. Understanding these principles allows for
c ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS PRESENTATION BY- NARAYAN R K...
INTRODUCTION
Excretion is defined as the process whereby drugs and/or their metabolites are irreversibly transferred from internal to external environment.
Excretion of unchanged or intact drug is important in the termination of its pharmacological action.
The principal organs of excretion are kidneys. Excretion of drug by kidneys is called as renal excretion.
Excretion by organs other than kidneys such as lungs, biliary system, intestine, salivary glands and sweat glands is known as nonrenal excretion. Almost all drugs and their metabolites are excreted by the kidneys to some extent or the other.
Some drugs such as gentamicin are exclusively eliminated by renal route only.
Agents that are excreted in urine are –
1. Water-soluble.
2. Non-volatile.
3. Small in molecular size (less than 500 Daltons).
4. The ones that are metabolised slowly
The basic functional unit of kidney involved in excretion is the nephron. Each kidney comprises of one million nephrons.
Each nephron is made up of the glomerulus, the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal tubule and the collecting tubule.
Glomerular Filtration :
Glomerular filtration is a non-selective, unidirectional process whereby most compounds, ionised or unionised, are filtered except those that are bound to plasma proteins or blood cells and thus behave as macromolecules.
The driving force for filtration through the glomerulus is the hydrostatic pressure of the blood flowing in the capillaries. Out of the 25% of cardiac output or 1.2 litres of blood/min that goes to the kidneys via renal artery, only 10% or 120 to 130 ml/min is filtered through the glomeruli, the rate being called as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
The GFR can be determined by an agent that is excreted exclusively by filtration and is neither secreted nor reabsorbed in the tubules. The excretion rate value of such an agent is 120 to 130 ml/min. Creatinine, inulin, mannitol and sodium thiosulphate are used to estimate GFR of which the former two are widely used to estimate renal function.
Drug Excretion.pdf
At the end of this e-learning session you are able to…
1. Discuss How drug is excreted from blood circulation?
2. Explain different factor affecting excretion.
For 30+ video lecture series on Pharmacology Experiment as per PCI B Pharm Syllabus refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Ba6WSJjeBaK0HMF79hdad3g
For 2+ video lecture series on Pharmacoeconomics refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY8U1TnlcHttsRB8hwpoJRL
For 5+ video lecture series on Pharmacoepidemiology refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbqIaLoMmuF0Bf66SMFZtnb
For 5+ video lecture series on Drug discovery refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1Bbn9IE6c4MagVHZMNNinJov
For 5+ video lecture series on Drugs used in Special population use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZAed7zkXxyrgomJx2sSwHR
For 5+ video lecture series on Adverse Drug Reaction use link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BbWpd06N6RcV2q0K3JT29Wv
For 2+ video lecture series on Therapeutic drug monitoring refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BZQtOerZuDjx4yo0eOeTHIy
For 26+ video lecture series on Drugs act on central nervous system refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BY9xHaplYCYG26ALtIQp5aC
For 6+ video lecture series on drugs act on Gastrointestinal tract refer link given below: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBVbJ9HCa1BYgHRHwuarKTt96bu_2L5WK
To support this channel you can through UPI ID: abushaikh07-yahoo.com@okhdfcbank
For More Such Learning You Can Subscribe to My YouTube Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5o-WkzmDJaF7udyAP2jtgw/featured?sub_confirmation=1
Facebook Page: https://www.facebook.com/asacademylearningforever
Website Blog: https://itasacademy.blogspot.com/
Pharma Co Kinetics Filtration by Kidney
Pharma Co Kinetics Filtration by KidneyPKLI University- Institute of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Lahore , Pakistan.
Pharma co kinetics includes 1:Renal excretion (Major )
2:Biliary Excretion
3:Pulmonary Excretion
4:Salivary Excretion
5:Sweat Excretion
6:Mamamry Excretion
Pharmacokinetics,
This document discusses pharmacokinetics, which is the movement of drugs through the body via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It describes the various mechanisms of drug transport across cell membranes, including passive diffusion, ion trapping, filtration, and active or facilitated transport. Factors affecting drug absorption such as solubility, dose, and food are also covered. The document then discusses distribution of drugs to tissues, plasma protein binding, and accumulation of drugs in tissues like fat, bone, and liver.
excretion
The document discusses various routes of drug excretion from the body. It describes renal excretion through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion/reabsorption in the kidneys. It also discusses non-renal routes of excretion including biliary excretion through the liver, pulmonary excretion through the lungs, and other minor routes like salivary, mammary, dermal, and gastrointestinal excretion. Key factors that influence the different excretion pathways include a drug's physicochemical properties, binding characteristics, urine and bile pH, and physiological conditions.
Pharmacokinetics
This document provides an overview of pharmacokinetics, which is the study of what the body does to drugs. It discusses the four main aspects of pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Absorption refers to how drugs enter the bloodstream from the site of administration. Distribution is the movement of drugs through tissues and to the site of action. Metabolism is the chemical alteration of drugs in the body. Elimination is how drugs are removed from the body through routes like the kidneys, liver, lungs, skin and hair. Key factors that influence each step are highlighted such as drug properties, blood flow, metabolism enzymes, and clearance rates.
drug elimination kinetics in pharmacology
Drug elimination kinetics
Absorption of drugs will lead to distribution and metabolism leading to excretion
SEMINAR1 ON EXCRETION OF DRUGS final.pptx
This seminar discussed drug excretion through various routes in the body. The major routes discussed were renal, biliary, fecal, pulmonary, skin, saliva, milk, and placental. Renal excretion occurs primarily through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion/reabsorption in the kidney. Biliary excretion transports drugs into bile for elimination in feces. Other routes include passive diffusion through lungs, skin, saliva, and milk. Understanding factors affecting drug excretion helps determine dosing, reduce toxicity, and avoid drug interactions.
Pharmacokinetics
The document discusses the key aspects of pharmacokinetics including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body. It describes how drugs are absorbed via mechanisms like passive diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis. Factors like molecular weight, concentration gradients, and membrane permeability influence absorption rates. Most drug absorption occurs in the small intestine. Distribution of drugs depends on blood flow, ability to cross membranes, and plasma protein binding. The liver plays a major role in drug metabolism through phase I and phase II reactions, converting lipophilic drugs into more polar and water-soluble compounds that can be excreted.
Similar to Drug excretion (20)
Lectures 15 Excretion of drug & Enterohepatic Circulation
Lectures 15 Excretion of drug & Enterohepatic Circulation
c ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS PRESENTATION BY- NARAYAN R K...
c ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS PRESENTATION BY- NARAYAN R K...
More from Dr. Sarita Sharma
NERVOUS TISSUE.pptx
Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and is responsible for communication. There are two main cell types that make up nervous tissue: neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are excitable cells that are responsible for sending and receiving messages by converting stimuli into electrical signals called nerve action potentials, which they conduct to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Neuroglia provide support and nutrients to neurons.
Human body.pptx
The document provides an overview of the human body's organization and systems. It discusses the different levels of structural complexity from atoms and molecules to cells, tissues, organs, and systems. The major body systems are described including musculoskeletal, digestive, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, respiratory, integumentary, and their functions in maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis involves control systems that use negative feedback to regulate internal variables like temperature, pH, and glucose levels. Imbalances can develop if control is poor and threaten health.
Lymphatic System.pptx
The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic tissues. Lymph is formed from interstitial fluid that has filtered from blood capillaries. It is transported unidirectionally through lymphatic vessels by skeletal muscle and respiratory pumping action. Lymph vessels branch and join, eventually forming two main ducts that drain into veins in the neck. Lymph passes through lymph nodes, which filter lymph and activate immune cells. Together with organs like the spleen and thymus, the lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance, absorb fats, and fight infection.
Cell membrane.pptx
The document provides detailed information about the structure and functions of the cell membrane and transport processes across it. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer that regulates what passes in and out of the cell. It contains integral proteins like channels and carriers that facilitate the movement of substances through passive diffusion or active transport using cellular energy. The document thoroughly explains the structure of the membrane and bilayer, as well as different transport mechanisms like simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport involving primary and secondary carriers.
Mechanism of drug action & Receptors FINAL SY.pptx
1) Drugs act by interacting with discrete target molecules like enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors located inside or on the surface of cells.
2) The main types of drug actions are stimulation, depression, irritation, replacement, cytotoxic effects, and modification of immune status. Drugs can stimulate, depress, or irritate specialized cells.
3) The major mechanisms of drug action involve altering the activity of enzymes, opening or closing ion channels, inhibiting transporters, and activating or blocking cell surface receptors. This leads to changes in second messenger signaling and gene expression that ultimately cause a pharmacological response.
cellular level of organization 2.pptx
Cellular junctions connect neighboring cells and allow for cellular adhesion and communication. There are four main types of cellular junctions: tight junctions, gap junctions, focal junctions, and adherence junctions. Each type serves a different function in cellular adhesion and communication.
BRADYKININS.pptx
Bradykinins are inflammatory mediators that are 9-amino acid peptides formed through the proteolytic cleavage of kininogens by the enzyme kallikrein. They activate G protein-coupled receptors to cause powerful vasodilation, increased capillary permeability inducing edema, and stimulation of inflammation and pain. Bradykinins also cause cardiac stimulation through indirect and direct effects like tachycardia and increased cardiac output as well as coronary vasodilation. While they have pharmacological actions like vasodilation and increased vascular permeability, there are currently no therapeutic uses of kinin analogues though increased bradykinin levels may be involved in the cough and therapeutic efficiency produced by ACE inhibitors.
Insecticide & Opioid Poisoning and Treatment.pptx
This document discusses insecticide and opioid poisoning and treatment. It covers the following main points:
1) It describes the main groups of insecticides (organophosphorus, carbamates, chlorinated, naphthalene) and their modes of action as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or through other mechanisms.
2) The symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of poisoning from each group is outlined, including use of atropine as an antidote for organophosphorus and carbamates.
3) It also discusses opioids like morphine, their pharmacological effects, and treatment of overdose with opioid antagonists like naloxone, naltrexone, and nalmef
Biosimilars.pptx
This document discusses biosimilars and their manufacturing and regulation. It defines biosimilars as biological products that are similar but not identical to already approved biologics. Their manufacturing involves analyzing the reference product and replicating its structure through living cell cultures. Biosimilars undergo clinical trials to demonstrate similarity in safety and efficacy. Regulatory approval requires demonstrating comparability to the reference product. Issues include potential differences in efficacy and immunogenicity compared to the reference product.
Cell Culture.pptx
This document provides information on cell culture techniques. It discusses:
1. Primary cell culture involves directly culturing cells separated from tissues using enzymatic or mechanical methods. Adherent cells attach to surfaces while suspension cells remain floating.
2. Secondary cell cultures are produced when primary cells are subcultured. Cell lines can be either finite, with limited life spans, or continuous, capable of indefinite growth.
3. Cell culture media must provide nutrients and an appropriate environment for cell growth. Serum-containing and serum-free media are commonly used. Equipment like incubators, storage units, and cryogenic tanks are also needed to maintain cell cultures.
Anti-Gout agents.pptx
Dr Sarita Sharma is an Associate Professor at MMCP, MMDU. She holds a doctorate and teaches at MMCP, which is part of MMDU. This brief document provides the name, title, and place of employment of Dr Sarita Sharma.
Opioid Poisoninig ppt.pptx
1) Opioid poisoning can be treated with naloxone or naltrexone, which are opioid receptor antagonists that reverse the effects of opioids like morphine.
2) Heavy metal poisoning is treated with chelating agents like dimercaprol, dimercaptosuccinic acid, or penicillamine that bind to heavy metals like mercury and lead and help remove them from the body.
3) Specific agents are used for different heavy metals - dimercaprol for arsenic or mercury, disodium edetate for lead, desferrioxamine for iron overload in conditions like thalassemia, and penicillamine for copper in Wilson's disease.
Anti Asthmatic.pptx
Pharmacotherapeutics of Asthma discusses the treatment of asthma through pharmacotherapy. It begins with an introduction to asthma, defining it as a chronic inflammatory disease involving reversible airway obstruction. It then covers the pathophysiology of asthma including bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and the types of asthma. The document discusses the goals of asthma treatment which are to provide acute relief and reverse inflammation. It provides an overview of the major drug classes used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibodies. The mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of common asthma medications like salbutamol, theophyll
LIPID DERIVED AUTACOIDS.pptx
Lipid derived autacoids like eicosanoids and platelet activating factor (PAF) are biologically active derivatives of essential fatty acids that act as local hormones. Eicosanoids include prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are derived from arachidonic acid and perform diverse functions throughout the body like regulation of blood pressure, platelet aggregation, and uterine contraction. PAF also activates platelets, recruits white blood cells, and causes vasodilation. These lipid mediators play important roles in processes like inflammation and anaphylaxis.
NSAIDs.pptx
NSAIDs have analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. They work by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and reducing prostaglandin production. NSAIDs are classified as nonselective COX inhibitors like aspirin, preferential COX-2 inhibitors like nimesulide, or selective COX-2 inhibitors like celecoxib. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation. NSAIDs are used to treat pain, fever, and inflammation conditions like arthritis.
Inflammation and tissue Repair.pptx
This document discusses inflammation and repair. It provides details on innate immunity, the mechanisms of acute inflammation including vascular events and cellular events, and the process of phagocytosis. Specifically, it notes that acute inflammation involves alteration in vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of white blood cells, and typically resolves within 2 weeks. Chronic inflammation lasts longer and involves lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages.
blood diseases.pptx
This document discusses the pathophysiology of various hematological disorders including erythrocyte, leukocyte, and platelet disorders. It covers anemias caused by impaired red blood cell production or increased destruction. It also discusses leukopenia, leukocytosis, leukemia, polycythemia, and thrombocytopenia. The causes, signs, symptoms, and treatments of these disorders are described in detail over multiple paragraphs.
More from Dr. Sarita Sharma (20)
Mechanism of drug action & Receptors FINAL SY.pptx
Mechanism of drug action & Receptors FINAL SY.pptx
Recently uploaded
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Leaf Initiation, Growth and Differentiation.pdf
Leaf initiation, growth and differentiation, genetic control of leaf development.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptx
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Orion Air Quality Monitoring Systems - CWS
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptx
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Recently uploaded (20)
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Nucleic Acid-its structural and functional complexity.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Drug excretion
- 1. EXCRETION OF DRUGS Sarita Sharma Assistant professor Department of pharmacology Mumbai
- 2. • Excretion is a process whereby drugs/metabolites are irreversibly transferred from the internal to the external environment. OR • Excretion is the passage out of systemically absorbed drug. • Principal organs involved – Kidneys, – Lungs, – Biliary system – Intestines – Saliva – Milk.
- 3. Types of excretion: RENAL excretion NON-RENAL excretion 1. Biliary excretion 2. Pulmonary excretion 3. Salivary excretion 4. Mammary excretion 5. Dermal excretion
- 4. RENAL EXCRETION Kidney is the primary organ of removal for most drugs especially for those that are water soluble and not volatile. The three principal processes that determine the urinary excretion of a drug 1.glomerular filtration, 2. tubular secretion, and 3.tubular reabsorption (mostly passive back- diffusion)
- 5. a) Glomerular Filtration • The ultrastructure of the glomerular capillary wall is such that it permits a high degree of fluid filtration while restricting the passage of compounds having relatively large molecular weights. • This selective filtration is important in that it prevents the filtration of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) that are important for maintaining the plasma volume. • Several factors, including molecular size, charge, and shape, influence the glomerular filtration of large molecules.
- 6. • As the ultrafiltrate is formed, any drug that is free in the plasma water, that is, not bound to plasma proteins or the formed elements in the blood (e.g., red blood cells), will be filtered as a result of the driving force provided by cardiac pumping. • All unbound drugs will be filtered as long as their molecular size, charge, and shape are not excessively large. • Compounds with 20 Å to 42Å may undergo glomerular filtration. • GFR normally is 120ml/min. • GFR declines progressively after the age of 50 and also low in renal failure.
- 7. b) Active Tubular Secretion • Many drugs which do not enter into GF but do so by tubule secretion which maily occurs in proximal tubules. • It is carrier mediated process which require energy for transportation of compounds against the conc. Gradient. • Mainly 2 secretion mechanism are identified: • 1) system for secretion of organic acids/anions— eg. Penicilline, salicylates etc.
- 8. • These active secretory systems are important in drug excretion because charged anions and cations are often strongly bound to plasma proteins and therefore are not readily available for excretion by filtration. • Active secretory systems can rapidly and efficiently remove many protein-bound drugs from the blood and transport them into tubular fluid. • Any drug known to be largely excreted by the kidney that has a body half-life of less than 2 hours is probably eliminated, at least in part, by
- 9. Organic Anion Transport Organic Cation Transport Acetazolamide Acetylcholine Bile salts Atropine Hydrochlorothiazide Cimetidine Furosemide Dopamine Indomethacin Epinephrine Penicillin G Morphine Prostaglandins Neostigmine Salicylate Quinine
- 10. c) Active Tubular Reabsorption • Some substances filtered at the glomerulus are reabsorbed by passive diffusion and depends on the lipid solubility and ionization of drug at the existing urinary pH. • So lipid soluble drugs filtered from GF but 99% of the drug is reabsorbed but non-lipid soluble and highly ionized drugs are unable to do so. • Active reabsorption is particularly important for endogenous substances, such as ions, glucose, and amino acids, although a small number of drugs also may be actively reabsorbed.
- 11. Clinical Implications of Renal Excretion • The rate of urinary drug excretion will depend on the drug’s volume of distribution, its degree of protein binding, and the following renal factors: 1. Glomerular filtration rate 2. Extent of active tubular secretion of the compound 5. Possibly, extent of active tubular reabsorption
- 12. 1)Biliary Excretion/Faeces: • Bile juice is secreted by the hepatic cells of the liver(steady flow—0.5 to 1 ml/min) is important for the digestion and absorption of fats. • Greater the polarity better the excretion so metabolites are more excreted than parent compound. • Generally larger molecules (MW>300) are eliminated by bile. • Some drugs which are excreted as glucuronides are hydrolysed by intestinal/bacterial enzymes to the parent drug which are reabsorbed(enterohepatic cycling) and ultimate
- 14. Drugs that Undergo Enterohepatic Recirculation Adriamycin Methadone Amphetamine Metronidazole Chlordecone Morphine 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Phenytoin Estradiol Polar Glucuronic Acid Conjugates Indomethacin Polar Sulfate Conjugates Mestranol Sulindac
- 15. • Extensive enterohepatic cycling may be partly responsible for a drug’s long persistence in the body. • Orally administered activated charcoal and/or anion exchange resins have been used clinically to interrupt enterohepatic cycling and trap drugs in the gastrointestinal tract.
- 16. PULMONARY EXCRETION • Gases and other volatile substances are eliminated by lungs, irrespective to their lipid solubility. • Alveolar transfer of the gas/vapour depends on its partial pressure in the blood. • Eg: Alcohol, general anaesthetics
- 17. EXCRETION IN OTHER BODY FLUIDS Sweat and Saliva • Minor importance for most drugs. • Saliva: • un-ionized lipid-soluble form of the drugs are excreted passively. • Thus, the bitter after taste in the mouth of a patient is an indication of drug excretion. • Substances excreted into saliva are usually swallowed, and therefore their fate is the same as that of orally administered. • Eg:caffeine, metronidazole, alcohol etc. • Sweat: • Drugs or their metabolites that are excreted into
- 18. Milk: • Milk consists of lactic secretions which is rich in fats and proteins with pH 7.0 • 0.5 to 1 litre of the milk is secreted in lactating mothers. • Low-molecular weight un-ionized water-soluble drugs will diffuse passively across the mammary epithelium and transfer into milk • However, the total amount of the drug reaching to the infant through breast feeding is generally small and majority of the drugs can be given to lactating mother without ill effects on infant • but some are contraindicated that should be avoided.
- 19. Clearance(CL) • It’s a theoritical volume of plasma from which the drug is completely removed in unit time. • CL = rate of elimination/ C • C = plasma concentration • Eg: creatinine Clearance
- 20. THANK YOU