Personality can be understood from several perspectives. Freud's psychoanalytic perspective views personality as being influenced by unconscious motivations from the id, ego, and superego. Trait theories see personality consisting of stable dimensions or traits. The Big Five model identifies the key traits of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator assesses preferences on scales of extraversion/introversion, sensing/intuition, thinking/feeling, and judging/perceiving. Environmental and social factors also influence personality based on social learning and cognitive theories. Personality can be assessed through self-report measures and influences behaviors in organizations and career choices.

1. Personality

2. What is Personality?
• Latin word ‘Persona’ or ‘Personnaire’
Meaning – Mask
• Personality is a persons charm, a positive attitude towards
life, a smiling face, stylish or a happiest and friendliest
behaviour.

3. • an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling,
and acting.
• Personal characteristics that lead to consistent patterns of
behavior.
• A collection of emotional, thought and behavioral
patterns unique to a person that is consistent over time.
What is Personality?

4. Determinants of Personality

5. Determinants of personality
Biological factors
Family &
Social factors
Cultural factors Situational factors
Heredity
Brain
Physical features
1.Socialisation process
(Behaviour from family &
social group)
2. Identification process
( Selecting ideal person)
3. Home environment
(Brought up)
4.Social Group.
1. Independence- Australia
2. Aggression- North Korea
3. Competition- India
4. Co-operation- Japan
1.Positive behaviour
2.Negative behaviour

6. Personality Attributes/Traits/Characteristics
Basic tendencies
Genetics
Physical characteristics
Cognitive capacities
Physiological drives
Focal vulnerabilities
Personality traits (5 factors)
Characteristic adaptations
Acquired competencies
Attitudes, beliefs, and goals
Learned behaviors
Interpersonal adaptations
A trait is a temporally stable, cross-situational
individual difference.

7. Personality Attributes/Traits/Characteristics
Self-concept
Implicit & explicit views of self
Self-esteem
Identity
Life story, personal myth
Objective biography
Overt behavior
Stream ofof consciousness
Life course
External influences
Developmental influences
Macro environment
Micro environment

8. Personality Traits
UNSTABLE
STABLE
cholericmelancholic
phlegmatic sanguine
INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED
Moody
Anxious
Rigid
Sober
Pessimistic
Reserved
Unsociable
Quiet
Sociable
Outgoing
Talkative
Responsive
Easygoing
Lively
Carefree
Leadership
Passive
Careful
Thoughtful
Peaceful
Controlled
Reliable
Even-tempered
Calm
Touchy
Restless
Aggressive
Excitable
Changeable
Impulsive
Optimistic
Active

9. Personality Traits Relevant to Organizations

10. Assess your personality…
with the major personality attributes influencing OB
• Locus of control: internal…………………………….external
• Machiavellianism low……………………………………high
• Self-Esteem: low…………………………………….high
• Self-Monitoring low…………………………………….high
• Risk Taking low……………………………………..high
• Type A Personality “B”………………………………………”A”

11. Locus of Control
Externals – who believe that their lives is due
to luck, chance or fate.
Internals – who believe that they are masters
of their own fate.

12. Machiavellianism
• They are the people who are comfortable
with getting more than they deserve and
they believe that deceit is a natural way to
achieve this goal.

13. Self-esteem: People differ in the degree to which they
like or dislike themselves is called self-esteem.
High self-esteem Low self-esteem
a. Believe their ability to
succeed and would take
more risky jobs.
b. They take unpopular
decisions.
a. They are susceptible to
external influence.
b. They seek approval from
others whom they respect
and take decisions to
please them.

14. Self-Monitoring: It refers to an individual’s level of
sensitivity to the expressive behaviour of others.
Note: High self-monitors is capable of putting on different “FACES” for
different audiences.
High self-monitors Low self-monitors
a. Can adjust their
behavior quite easily to
the situation.
b. They are good at social
networking, interpersonal
conversations and leading
people.
a. Reveal more of their moods
and personality characters.
It is easy to predict their
behaviour.
b. They are no good in these
aspects.

15. Risk taking
High risk takers would take
decisions on less/ lack of
information whereas low risk takers
seek complete information both
quantitative and qualitative.

16. Type A and B
Type A Personality
•Always moving,
walking, and eating
rapidly.
•Feel impatient with the
rate at which most
events take place.
•Strive to think or do
two or more things at
once.
•Cannot cope with
leisure time.
•Are obsessed with
numbers, measuring
their success in terms
of how many or how
much of everything they
acquire.
Type B Personality
•Never suffer from a
sense of time urgency
with its accompanying
impatience.
•Feel no need to
display or discuss
either their
achievements or
accomplishments
unless such exposure
is demanded by the
situation.
•Play for fun &
relaxation, instead of
exhibit their superiority
at any cost.
Can relax without guilt.

17. Assessing Personality

18. Personality Perspectives
Four major perspectives
on Personality
Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations
Trait - specific dimensions of personality
Humanistic - inner capacity for growth
Social-Cognitive - influence of
environment

19. Freud’s theory proposes
that unconscious
motivations influence
personality

20. Freud’s theory - The Psychoanalytic
Perspective
 psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the
unconscious
 Unconscious
 according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and
memories.
 person relaxes and says whatever comes to
mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

21. Freud’s idea of the mind’s structure
Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious
mind

22.  Id
 Latin for “I am”
 contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic
energy
 strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive
drives
 operates on the pleasure principle, demanding
immediate gratification

23.  Superego
 the part of personality that presents internalized
ideals
 provides standards for judgement (the
conscience) and for future aspirations

24.  Ego
 the largely conscious, “executive” part of
personality
 mediates among the demands of the id,
superego, and reality
 operates on the reality principle, satisfying the
id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring
pleasure rather than pain

25. Holland’s Personality Type
• Six personality types (RIASEC)
– Realistic
– Investigative
– Artistic
– Social
– Enterprising
– Conventional
• Related to career interests and vocational choices
• Can match people and jobs on these types

26. Investigative
A
I
S
C
E
RRealistic
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional
Occupational Personality TypesOccupational Personality Types

27. Holland’s Personality Type
1. Realistic – (Practical, Shy, Materialistic, Stable)
Does what they thinks is right without affecting others.
2. Investigative – (Analytic, introverted, Curious, Precise, Independent)
Always thinks and takes decision.
3. Social – (Sociable, Outgoing, Conscientious, Need for affiliation)
Very friendly and accepts others decisions.
4. Conventional – (Dependable, Disciplined, Orderly, Efficient)
Does what rules says [Doesn’t relaxes the rules for any purpose].
5. Enterprising – (Confident, Assertive, Energetic, Need for power)
People having need for power and who can entertain others.
6. Artistic – (Creative, Impulsive, idealistic, Intuitive, Emotional)
Creative always does some thing different.

28. Holland’s Personality-Job Fit Theory
Type Personality Occupations
Realistic
Investigative
Social
Conventional
Enterprising
Artistic
Shy, Stable, Practical
Analytical, Independent
Sociable, Cooperative
Practical, Efficient
Ambitious, Energetic
Imaginative, Idealistic
Mechanic, Farmer,
Assembly-Line Worker
Biologist, Economist,
Mathematician
Social Worker,
Teacher, Counselor
Accountant, Manager
Bank Teller
Lawyer, Salesperson
Painter, Writer,
Musician

29. Big 5 Personality Traits
- Goldberg, John and Wiggins)

30. Extraversion (Positive Affectivity)
• Personality trait that predisposes individuals to experience
positive emotional states and feel good about themselves and
the world around them
• Sociable or retiring? Fun loving or sober? Affectionate or reserved?
Extraverts Introverts

31. Neuroticism (Negative Affectivity)
• Personality trait that reflects people’s tendency to
experience negative emotional states, feel
distressed, and generally view themselves and the
world around them negatively
• calm or anxious? Secure or insecure? Self-satisfied or self-pitying?
High Low
Emotional stability

32. Agreeableness
• Personality trait that captures the distinction
between individuals who get along well with
other people and those who do not
• Soft hearted or ruthless? Trusting or suspicious? Helpful or
uncooperative?
High Low

33. Conscientiousness
• Personality trait that describes the extent to
which an individual is careful, scrupulous, and
persevering
• Organized or disorganized? Careful or careless Disciplined or
impulsive?
High Low

34. Openness to Experience
• Personality trait that captures the extent to
which an individual is
– original,
– open to a wide variety of stimuli,
– has broad interests, and is
– willing to take risks as opposed to being
narrow-minded and cautious
• Imaginative or practical? Prefer variety or routine? Independent
or conforming?

35. Big 5 in Short…
Personality Factors Characters
1. Conscientiousness
2. Agreeableness
3. Neuroticism
4. Openness
5. Extroversion
Careful, dependable and
self disciplined
Courteous, good natured,
empathic and caring.
Poised, secure and calm.
Sensitive, flexible, creative and
curious.
Outgoing and cautious.

36. MBTI
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung developed a theory
early in the 20th century to describe basic
individual preferences and explain similarities and
differences between people
Main postulate of the theory: ‘People have inborn
behavioral tendencies and preferences’
Isabel Myers and Katherine Briggs (mother-
daughter team) expanded on Jung’s work
an indicator of personality type (i.e. innate
preferences)

37. Innate Preferences
• Exercise:
– Write your name

38. Overview
1. Self-Report Instrument
2. Nonjudgmental Instrument
3. Preference Indicator
4. Well Researched Instrument
5. Based on Jung’s Theory
6. Built for the “normal” population

39. MBTI

40. MBTI

41. Four Dimensions of Personality Type
• How we interact with the world and where we
direct our energy
• The kind of information we naturally notice
• How we make decisions
• Whether we prefer to live in a more structured
way or a more spontaneous way
- Self Assessment Instrument

42. Extraversion Introversion
Interest Orientation
E I
Outer world of
actions, objects,
and people
Inner
world of
ideas and
concepts

43. E – I Dichotomy: Source of Energy
• Most people who prefer
Extraversion
– Prefer action over reflection
• May act quickly w/out
thinking
– Are attuned to external
environments
– Prefer to communicate by
talking
– Learn best through doing or
discussing
– Are sociable and expressive
– Enjoy working in groups
• Most people who prefer
Introversion
– Prefer reflection over action
• May not take action at all
– Are attuned to inner world
– Prefer to communicate in
writing
– Learn best through thorough
mental practice and
reflection
– Are private and contained
– Enjoy working alone or in
pairs

44. Sensing iNtuition
Perception
S NImmediate
reality and
direct
experience
Inferred
meanings
and
relationships

45. S – N Dichotomy: Take in Information
• Most people who prefer
Sensing
– Emphasize the pragmatic
– Prefer facts & details/
specific information
– Are oriented to present
realities
– Value realism
– Observe and remember
specifics through 5 senses
– Build carefully and
thoroughly to conclusions
– Trust experience
• Most people who prefer
Intuition
– Emphasize the theoretical
– Prefer general concepts/
high-level plans
– Are oriented to future
possibilities
– Value imagination
– See trends and patterns in
specific data
– Use a “sixth” sense
– Move quickly to conclusions,
follow hunches
– Trust inspiration

46. Thinking Feeling
Judgment
T FReliability of
logical order
– cause and
effect
Priorities
based on
personal
importance
and values

47. T – F Dichotomy: Decision Making
• Most people who prefer
Thinking
– Are analytical
– Use cause-and-effect
reasoning
– Solve problems with logic
– Strive for objective standard
of truth
– Described as reasonable
– Search for flaws in an
argument
– Fair – want everyone treated
equally
• Most people who prefer
Feeling
– Empathetic
– Guided by personal values
– Assess impact of decisions
on people
– Strive for harmony and
positive interactions
– Described as compassionate
– Search for point of
agreement in an argument
– Fair – want everyone treated
as an individual

48. Judgment Perception
Environment Orientation
J PJudging
attitude –
Control of
events and
systematic
planning
Spontaneity –
Curious,
awaiting
events and
adapting to
them

49. J – P Dichotomy: Lifestyle
• Most people who prefer
Judging
– Are scheduled/organized
– Strive to finish one
project before starting
another
– Like to have things
decided
• May decide things too
quickly
– Try to avoid last-minute
stresses; finish tasks
well before deadline
– Try to limit surprises
– See routines as effective
• Most people who prefer
Perceiving
– Are spontaneous/flexible
– Start many projects but
may have trouble
finishing them
– Like things loose and
open to change
• May decide things too
slowly
– Feel energized by last-
minute pressures; finish
tasks at the deadline
– Enjoy surprises
– See routines as limiting

50. What’s your Type ???

51. Popular Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
-16 types
ESTJ ISFJ ESFJ ISTP
ESTP ESFP ISFP ENTJ
INTJ ENTP INTP ENFJ
INFJ ENFP INFP ISTJ

52. Occupational Trends by
Type®
ISTJ
Management
Administration
Law enforcement
Accounting
ISFJ
Education
Health care
Religious settings
INFJ
Religion
Counseling
Teaching
Arts
INTJ
Scientific or technical
fields
Computers
Law
ISTP
Skilled trades
Technical fields
Agriculture
Law Enforcement
Military
ISFP
Health care
Business
Law enforcement
INFP
Counseling
Writing
Arts
INTP
Scientific or technical
fields
ESTP
Marketing
Skilled trades
Business
Law enforcement
Applied technology
ESFP
Health care
Teaching
Coaching
Childcare worker
Skilled trades
ENFP
Counseling
Teaching
Religion
Arts
ENTP
Science
Management
Technology
Arts
ESTJ
Management
Administration
Law enforcement
ESFJ
Education
Health care
Religion
ENFJ
Religion
Arts
Teaching
ENTJ
Management
Leadership

53. The Humanistic Perspective
-- Maslow’s Self-ActualizingMaslow’s Self-Actualizing
PersonPerson

54. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Behavior learned through
conditioning & observation
What we think about our situation
affects our behavior
Interaction of
Environment & Intellect

55. Ifthikar
• The maestro who created this
presentation on Personality 