The document discusses perception and personality in organizations. It defines perception as how individuals interpret and make sense of sensory information from their environment. The perceptual process involves selecting stimuli, organizing it, and interpreting it based on attitudes and expectations. When observing behaviors, people use attribution theory to determine whether the cause is internal or personal to the individual, versus external factors. There are also several errors people can make in perception and attribution. The document also defines personality as relatively stable behavioral patterns and internal states that influence how a person interacts with others. It discusses several theories for determining personality types.

1. PERCEPTION AND PERSONALITY IN ORGANIZATIONS .

2. FOUNDATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

3. “ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”

4. PERCEPTION “ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.” “ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge.

5. PERCEPTION “ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment ”.

6. PERCEPTUAL PROCESS MODEL Environmental Stimuli Selective Attention Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting

7. THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS Sensation An individual’s ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment. Selection The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing. Organization The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for “storage.” Interpretation The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.

8. SELECTIVE ATTENTION Characteristics of the object size, intensity, motion, repetition, novelty Perceptual context Characteristics of the perceiver attitudes perceptual defense expectations -- condition us to expect events

9. Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations Perception Factors in the Target Motion Novelty Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

10. FIGURE-GROUND ILLUSTRATION Field-ground differentiation The tendency to distinguish and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background.

13. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern. It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be inborn. Some factors underlying grouping are -continuity -closure -proximity -similarity

18. ATTRIBUTION THEORY IS THE CAUSE OF THE BEHAVIOR SEEN AS INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL? WE LOOK FOR THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION TO DECIDE: DISTINCTIVENESS : Is this person’s performance different on other tasks and in other situations? CONSISTENCY : Over time, is there a change in behavior or results on this task by this person? CONSENSUS : Do others perform or behave similarly when in a similar position? “ YES” answers lead to EXTERNAL attributions (Environmental causes) “ NO” answers lead to INTERNAL attributions (Personal causes)

19. ATTRIBUTION THEORY When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. observation Attribution of cause Consistency Consensus Distictinctiveness Individual behavior Internal External Internal External Internal External H L H L H L H –high L- Low Interpretation

20. External Attribution Distinctiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situation Yes High Consistency No Low Consistency No Low Consensus Yes High Consensus YES Low Distinctiveness NO High Distinctiveness Consensus Do other person Behave in the Same manner? Consistency Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ? Internal Attribution

21. PERCEPTUAL ERRORS & ATTRIBUTIONS STEREOTYPES : Based on appearance HALO (HORN) EFFECTS : One outstanding characteristic noted CONTRAST EFFECT : Ordering RECENCY EFFECT : Limited recall PROJECTION : “Similar to me” Error SKEWING ERRORS : Central tendency, leniency, strictness bias SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY : People respond the way you “expected” they would SELECTIVE PERCEPTION (MIND SETS) : Filtering, selection,

22. ATTRIBUTION ERRORS THE FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR the cause of poor performance ( by others ) is due to personal factors (lazy…didn’t try very hard) SELF-SERVING BIAS the cause of poor performance ( by myself ) is due to situational factors (poor support), not because of a lack of effort

23. IMPROVING PERCEPTUAL ACCURACY Improving Perceptual Accuracy Diversity Management Empathize With Others Postpone Impression Formation Know Yourself Compare Perceptions With Others

24. KNOW YOURSELF (JOHARI WINDOW) Known to Self Unknown to Self Known to Others Unknown to Others Open Area Blind Area Unknown Area Hidden Area Open Area Blind Area Hidden Area Unknown Area Disclosure Feedback

25. DEFINING PERSONALITY Relatively stable pattern of behaviours and consistent internal states that explain a person's behavioural tendencies Sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others and environment

26. DETERMINANTS OF PERSONALITY

27. BIG FIVE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS Outgoing, talkative Courteous, empathic Caring, dependable Poised, secure Sensitive, flexible Extraversion Agreeableness

28. MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INDICATOR Extroversion versus introversion Sensing versus intuition Thinking versus feeling Judging versus perceiving Courtesy of Thompson Doyle Hennessey & Everest

31. LOCUS OF CONTROL AND SELF-MONITORING Locus of control Internals believe in their effort and ability Externals believe events are mainly due to external causes Self-monitoring personality Sensitivity to situational cues, and ability to adapt your behaviour to that situation

32. PERSONALITY TRAITS