Pelletization involves agglomerating powders into small spherical units called pellets. It differs from granulation in producing smaller, more uniform pellets. Common pelletization techniques include extrusion-spheronization, dry powder layering, fluid bed processes, and spray drying or congealing of solutions or suspensions. Pellets offer benefits like uniform content, preventing dust formation, and enabling controlled release when coated. Extrusion-spheronization involves extruding mixes through screens then spheronizing on a rotating friction disk. Process factors like disk speed and groove pattern affect pellet formation. Fluid bed processes spray binders onto powders for granulation and pelletization.
“Pellets Technology: Special focus on Wruster Coating and Extruder
spheronization”
Basic introduction, various methods of pellets technology, Wruster process, equipments, various process parameters and equipment parameters, Extrusion-Spheronization, Equipments, process and equipment parameters
Caleva Process Solutions
http://www.caleva.com
Another resourceful Powerpoint Presentation from Caleva Process Solutions. These selection of slides will provide you with some very useful information on Extrusion Spheronization. This includes general information, the process of Extrusion Spheronization, Wet Massing and Pelletization!
For more information on Extrusion Spheronization, visit:
http://caleva.com/
“Pellets Technology: Special focus on Wruster Coating and Extruder
spheronization”
Basic introduction, various methods of pellets technology, Wruster process, equipments, various process parameters and equipment parameters, Extrusion-Spheronization, Equipments, process and equipment parameters
Caleva Process Solutions
http://www.caleva.com
Another resourceful Powerpoint Presentation from Caleva Process Solutions. These selection of slides will provide you with some very useful information on Extrusion Spheronization. This includes general information, the process of Extrusion Spheronization, Wet Massing and Pelletization!
For more information on Extrusion Spheronization, visit:
http://caleva.com/
Direct compression is the most advanced technology. It involves only blending and compression. Thus offering advantage particularly in terms of speedy production. Because it requires fewer unit operations, less machinery, reduced number of personnel and considerably less processing time along with increased product stability.
The most common method of drug delivery is oral dosage
form of which tablet and capsule are predominant.
Tablet is more accepted as compared to capsule due to
many reason such as cost, tamper resistance, ease of
handling, ease of identification and manufacturing efficiency.
Tablet compression process understanding is resulted in
development of formulation.
Recent advances in the design of tablet compression
equipment has conducted resulted in higher efficiency,
minimized tablet variation, greater flexibility.
$ CONTENTS $
#Introduction
#Objective of granulation
#Essential properties of granules
#Mechanism of bond formation
#Mechanism of granule formation
#Method of granulation
#Modern equipments in granulation technology
Milling is mechanical process of reducing the particle size of
solids.
Various terms has been used cursing,
disintegration, dispersion, grinding, and pulverization
Direct compression is the most advanced technology. It involves only blending and compression. Thus offering advantage particularly in terms of speedy production. Because it requires fewer unit operations, less machinery, reduced number of personnel and considerably less processing time along with increased product stability.
The most common method of drug delivery is oral dosage
form of which tablet and capsule are predominant.
Tablet is more accepted as compared to capsule due to
many reason such as cost, tamper resistance, ease of
handling, ease of identification and manufacturing efficiency.
Tablet compression process understanding is resulted in
development of formulation.
Recent advances in the design of tablet compression
equipment has conducted resulted in higher efficiency,
minimized tablet variation, greater flexibility.
$ CONTENTS $
#Introduction
#Objective of granulation
#Essential properties of granules
#Mechanism of bond formation
#Mechanism of granule formation
#Method of granulation
#Modern equipments in granulation technology
Milling is mechanical process of reducing the particle size of
solids.
Various terms has been used cursing,
disintegration, dispersion, grinding, and pulverization
Pelletizing is a technique used in tumble growth agglomeration to create uniform, spherical pellets. This presentation gives an overview of the pelletizing process, how it works, the equipment used, and keys to successful pelletization.
Функциональные пленочные покрытия и практические аспекты их применения (2016....Valentyn Mohylyuk
Свойства полимеров, а также полимеров в комбинации с пластификатором и пигментом, пропорции этих ингредиентов, метод нанесения пленочных покрытий и технологические параметры нанесения определяют физико-хи-мические свойства конечной оболочки. На мировом фармацевтическом рынке большинство декоративных покрытий твердых лекарственных форм содержат в своем составе полимер гидроксипропилметилцеллюлозу (ГПМЦ), номенклатура используемых полимеров в функциональных оболочках более разнообразна. На рынке вспомогательных веществ, предназначенных для нанесения функциональных пленочных покрытий, предлагаются как отдель-ные компоненты (полимеры, пластификаторы, пигменты), готовые смеси
полимера, пластификатора и пигмента для приготовления суспензии, так
и готовые дисперсии (табл. 1). Функциональные покрытия используют
для решения фармакологических, технологических и маркетинговых задач.
Примечание автора: Рис. 4 А и Рис 4 В перепутаны местами
Термин «пеллета» используется в различных отраслях промышленности и несет различную смысловую нагрузку. В фармацевтической промышленности пеллетами называют сыпучие сферообразные частицы, произведенные посредством агломерации тонких порошков или гранул с использованием соответствующего процессного оборудования. Этот термин был введен в 70-х годах прошлого столетия в фармацевтической промышленности в контексте мультипартикулярных систем доставки, которые имеют ряд преимуществ перед монопартикулярными. Данная тема раскрывалась на страницах нашего журнала ранее.
FLUID BED PROCESSOR IS USED FOR MAKING GRANULES FROM POWDER IT IS ALSO USED FOR BOTTOM SPRAY FOR COATING OF PELLETS. LAB MODEL AND PRODUCTION MODEL ALSO AVAILABLE
pelletization and pelletization techniqueGeeta Tiwari
Pelletization
Pharmaceutical palate overview
Definition of pelletization
Advantage of pelletzation
Pallet formation and growth mechanism
Pelletization by excursion and spheronization
Pelletization in fluid bed system
Hotmelt excursion
Freeze pelletization
Spray drying and spray Congeling
It is an interesting material for all drug enthusiasts around the world. a lot of effort was put into it and I hope that it will benefit everyone in the slide share family.
It is the topic of Industrial pharmacy 2 from semester 7 of Bachelor of pharmacy.
It involved all information regarding Pharmaceuticals production scale up technique .role of managers, Engineer and scientists are explained properly .
ROLE OF MANAGER
1. Ensure a safe work environment for all pilot plant operations and compliance with all health and safety policies and procedures.
2.Provide technical leadership and operational oversight of Pilot Plant facility.
3.Partner with Process Development to optimize and implement new processes and technology at the pilot scale.
4.Train engineers and associates in the functional tasks necessary to successfully perform their duties.
5.Schedule activities of pilot plant personnel and ensure the tasks are completed in a timely manner.
6.Provide personnel career development, coaching, and feedback including performance management discussions with each direct report.
7.Train and oversee compliance with Quality Assurance policies and procedures that relate to the Pilot Plant.
8.Write and review standard operating procedures, batch records, process deviations reports, CAPAs, and change control requests.
Manage raw material receipt and release system.
9.Manage plant supplies and raw materials inventory.
Role of engineers:
1.Plant engineers oversee the electrical mechanical systems of a manufacturing plant, from installation to troubleshooting.
2. They are called upon to improve the plant's efficiency, upgrade to new technologies, repair equipment, increase production, and reduce manufacturing issues .
3.Try to process on a model of proposed plant before committing large sum of money on a production unit.
4.Examination of the formula to determine its ability to withstand batch scale & process modification.
5.Evaluation & Validation for process and equipment.
6.To identify the critical features of the process.
Guidelines for production & process controls.
7.To provide master manufacturing formula with instructions for manufacturing procedure.
8.To avoid the scale up problems.
Process of solid ,liquid dosage forms and their guidelines followed along with proper equipment study is provided and the major controls to maintain scale up consideration were mentioned.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Announcement about my previous presentations - Thank youAreej Abu Hanieh
ANNOUNCEMENT Thank you for all of you, my followers who sent me messages with a lot of love and appreciations, I finally graduated after 6 years of studying in Birzeit University , In doctor of Pharmacy department I hope all of you benefited from all the presentations posted before Thank you a new PharmD GraduatedAreej ^^
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Introduction: • Pelletization can be defined as an
agglomeration process that
converts fine powders or particles
of bulk drugs and excipients into
small, free flowing, more or less
spherical units, called pellets.
• This technique enables the
formation of spherical beads or
pellets with a mean diameter
usually ranging from 0.5 to 2.0
mm.
• It can be coated and usually used
in controlled release dosage
forms.
3. Pelletization vs. granulation.
• The general terms “granulation” and
“Pelletization” are sometimes used
synonymously and no clear distinction
is made between them.
• generally if agglomerates size
distribution within the range of 0.1 to
2.0 mm and a high porosity (about 20-
50%), this process may be called
granulation.
•But if the agglomerates
have a narrow size
range, usually with mean
size from 0.5 to 2.0mm
and have a low porosity
(about 10%) with free
flowing properties then
it is called Pelletization.
4. 1950 by
pharmaceuticals scientist
Smith kline and French
improve the pellet and
pelletization technique
spheroids particles
tablets , capsules and
suspension
5. Technological Advantages
• Improvement of the uniformity of the content
• Prevention of dust formation.
• Increasing bulk density and decreasing bulk volume.
• The defined shape and weight improves the
appearance of the product.
• Improvement of the handling properties, due to the
free-flowing properties .
• Improvement of the hardness and friability of pellets.
• Controlled release application of pellets due to the
ideal low surface area-to-volume ratio that provides an
ideal shape for the application of film coatings.
6. Therapeutic Advantages
• Pellets can disperse freely throughout an area
of the gastrointestinal tract
• Pellets reduce peak plasma fluctuations and
minimize potential side effects
• Avoiding the irritant effect of some drugs on
the gastric mucosa
• Modified-release multiparticulate delivery
systems are less susceptible to dose dumping
than single-unit dosage forms
7. • Often pellets can not be pressed into tablets
because they are too rigid. In that case, pellets
have to be encapsulated into capsules.
• The production of pellets is often an expensive
process and / or requires highly specialized
equipment.
• The control of the production process is difficult
(e.g. the amount of water to be added is critical
for the quality of the pellets and overwetting can
occur very easily).
Disadvantages
9. Extrusion-Spheronization:-
• Extrusion is necessary first step in the extrusion-spheronization process.
• The size of the sphere are determined by the diameter of the extrudate used.
The extrusion-spheronization process can be broken down into following steps:-
10.
11. Screw extruder:-
• Commonly used in industrial application.
• Higher pressure and heat can degrade
pharmaceutical products.
12. Screen or basket
extruder:
- Lower
density
extrudate.
- Relatively
high
throughput.
Gear extruder:
- produces
relatively
high density.
- Gears are
robust and
last longer
Gear Extruder
Basket Extruder
13. Spheronization
• spheronization is a process of forming a spherical particles
from different rod shapes , by extrusion , that has a diameter
ranging from 0.5 to 1 mm .
14. • The size of the spheres are determined by the diameter of the
extrudate used for the spheronization process. For example,
in order to obtain spheres with a diameter of 1 mm, a 1 mm
screen is used on the extruder.
15. Spheronization machine design
• In principle the basic machine consists of a rotating friction disk, designed to increase
friction with the product, which spins at high speed at the bottom of a cylindrical bowl.
The spinning friction disc has a carefully designed groove pattern on the processing
surface. This is most often crosshatched, but several sizes and other types are
available.
16. Spheronization mechanism of action
• as the machine rotate , rods move in rotationary movement or woven rope
movement , and the most important point that rods should not be friable but
it should have a plastic properties to have the ability to spheronized.
Video for
Spheronization
17. Key Spheronization Factors:
• Disc speed and load
• Disc groove geometry
• Disc diameter and speed
• Retention time
• Product paramaters
• Other factors
18. Disc Speed
There is an optimum disc speed and load for each disc diameter:
- Momentum too low:
Extrudate not densified
sufficiently.
No spheres formed.
Granules fracturing.
- Momentum too high (from under
loading or disc speed too high):
Too much force on the
granules.
Compression of particles
within the granules.
Minimum porosity.
19. Disc Groove Geometry:
• Both radial and cross hatched will work effectively.
• Radial disc had gentler and more controlled action.
• Radial not suitable for large diameter discs.
Cross Hatched Disk Radial Disk
20. Retention time:
• Typical retention time to obtain spheres range
from 2 to 6 minutes.
• The edges of cylindrical granules are the most
fragile part and they will generate dust during
handling .
• Spheronization with short retention time can
help to reduce dust significantly.
21. Table summarizing the different types of caleva
spheronizers for pharmaceutical production and
development :
Equipment Description Main use
Micro spheronizer A Bench Top Laboratory
Unit
Laboratory:small quantity
Spheronizer-120 Bench top Laboratory/experimental
Spheronizer-250 Lab scale bench top Low cost high output
Spheronizer-380 A Production or Pilot Plant
Spheronizer
Quality spheroids output
Spheronizer-500 A Production or Pilot Plant
Spheronizer
Quality spheroids output
28. ROTOGRANULATION
Rotogranulation is one of the most recent methods for the
production of spheroids. The single-unit spheronizing system
can be described using terms like centrifugal granulator, rotary
fluidized-bed granulator, rotary fluid bed, rotary processor or
rotor granulator :
1)The preblending of the formulation powder, including the
active ingredients, fillers, disintegrants, in a flow of air.
2)The granulation of the mixture by spraying a suitable
liquid binder onto the fl uidized (suspended) powder bed.
3) The drying of the granulated product to the desired
moisture content.
29. • During processing, three mechanical forces cause particle
movement, mixing, and granulating.
• First, the spinning of the disk generates a centrifugal force.
• Second, a lifting force is generated by the hot air passes
through the adjustable disk gap.
• Third, gravitational force causes material to fall down onto
the disk.
• These forces provide good mixing and result in granules,
drying, coating with good content uniformity.
30. During spraying-drying, a drug is solution or
suspension is sprayed, with or without
excipients, into a hot-air stream, generating
dry and highly spherical particles.
Spray-drying
Spray-drying represents another process
based on globulation.
31.
32. Inlet air temperature: 180-
250 Co .
Outlet air temperature:
80-115Co ..
Inlet moisture content:
75-85%.
outlet moisture content:
3-3.5%.
Operating
conditions:Spray rate:
2290kghr
Air flow
rate:
31500kg
hr.
33. Advantages:
• This technique is suitable for
development of controlled-released
pellets.
• It is generally employed to improve
dissolution rates and bioavailability of
poor soluble drugs.
• This method is applied for heat
sensitive pharmaceuticals: amino acids,
antibiotics, ascorbic acid, liver
extracts, pepsin and similar enzymes,
protein hydrosylate and thiamine.
• Particle size and size distribution, bulk
density, porosity, moisture content,
flowability and friability can be easily
controlled by the design and operation
of the spray drier.
The spray-dried
powder particles are
homogenous,
approximately
spherical, nearly
uniform in size.
34. Spray-congealing:
Spray-congealing is similar to
spray-drying, it is also called
spray-chilling.
In spray-congealing the drug is
allowed to melt, disperse or dissolve
in hot melts of gums, waxes, fatty
acids, or other melting solids.
The dispersion is them sprayed into a
stream of air and other gases with a
temperature below the melting point
of the formulation components,
under appropriate processing
conditions, spherical congealed
pellets are obtained.