Immunosuppressants are used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs and treat autoimmune diseases by suppressing the immune system. They work through various mechanisms such as inhibiting cytokine production, disrupting lymphocyte proliferation, or blocking T-cell surface molecules. Common immunosuppressants include corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors like cyclosporine and tacrolimus, antiproliferatives like azathioprine and mycophenolate, mTOR inhibitors like sirolimus, and antibodies against T-cells. While effective at preventing rejection, immunosuppressants can cause adverse effects like nephrotoxicity, infections, hypertension, and diabetes due to their impairment of the immune system.
Immunosuppressants are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants:
Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant
Maintenance drugs: Antirejection medications used for the long term.
Immunosuppressants are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants:
Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant
Maintenance drugs: Antirejection medications used for the long term.
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
Pharmacology of antimalarial drugs with treatment of malaria. mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects of antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, artemisinin compounds.
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
Pharmacology of antimalarial drugs with treatment of malaria. mechanism of action, uses, adverse effects of antimalarial drugs like chloroquine, quinine, artemisinin compounds.
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
Pahrmaceutical care practise- Multiple Sclerosis Case (MS)Areej Abu Hanieh
Diagnosis : Transverse Myelitis (TM) with possible Remote Multiple Sclerosis (MS) versus Recurring Transverse Myelitis (RTM) .
By : Areej Abu Hanieh
Birzeit University - Palestine
Quinolones , The Quinolone are class of antimicrobial agents that was not isolated from living organisms but, rather, was synthesized by chemists.
They are a group of synthetic broad spectrum antibacterial drugs that target DNA Synthesis. The prolific development of the Quinolones began in 1962, when Lesher et al. made the accidental discovery of nalidixic acid as a by-product of the synthesis of the antimalarial compound chloroquine.
Antibiotics and Their Types, Uses Indication Contraindication Dose Side Effects &Adverse effect.Cephalosporins are grouped into "generations" by their antimicrobial properties. Cephalosporins are categorized
chronically, and are therefore divided into first, second, and third generations.The later-generation
cephalosporins have greater effect against resistant bacteria.Fluoroquinolones are known as broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they are effective against many bacteria.
Fluoroquinolones are used to treat most common urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory
infections (such as sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis).Tetracyclines are a family of antibiotics used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections.
Immunosuppressants are drugs which inhibit cellular/humoral or both types of immune responses and have their major use in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about anti-cancer drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
Announcement about my previous presentations - Thank youAreej Abu Hanieh
ANNOUNCEMENT Thank you for all of you, my followers who sent me messages with a lot of love and appreciations, I finally graduated after 6 years of studying in Birzeit University , In doctor of Pharmacy department I hope all of you benefited from all the presentations posted before Thank you a new PharmD GraduatedAreej ^^
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. • The immune system plays an important role in protecting the body
against harmful foreign molecules
• Immune system protection can result in serious problems
• Rejection of transplanted tissue
• Autoimmune diseases
3. • The introduction of an allograft can elicit a damaging immune
response, causing rejection of the transplanted tissue
• Drugs can selectively inhibit rejection of transplanted tissues while
preventing the patient from becoming immunologically compromised
• Immunosuppressive therapy alters lymphocyte function using drugs
or antibodies against immune proteins
4. • Immunosuppressive therapy is used in the treatment of autoimmune
diseases
• Corticosteroids can control acute glomerulonephritis
5. • Immunosuppressive drug regimens usually consist of 2-4 agents with
different mechanisms of action that disrupt various levels of T-cell
activation
• Immunosuppressive drugs can be categorized according to their
mechanisms of action
• Agents that interfere with cytokine production or action
• Agents that disrupt cell metabolism, preventing lymphocyte proliferation
• Antibodies that block T-cell surface molecules
6. Selective inhibitors of cytokine production
and function
• Cyclosporine (Deximune®, Sandimmun®)
• Tacrolimus (Prograf®)
• Sirolimus (Rapamune®)
• Everolimus (Certican®)
7. Cyclosporine
• Uses
• To prevent rejection of kidney, liver, and cardiac allogeneic transplants
• Combined with corticosteroids and an anti-metabolite such as mycophenolate mofetil
• Alternative to methotrexate for the treatment of severe active rheumatoid
arthritis
• Recalcitrant psoriasis that does not respond to other therapies
• Xerophthalmia
8. MOA
• Suppresses cell mediated immune reactions
• Causes a decrease in IL-2
• Primary chemical stimulus for increasing the number of T lymphocytes
• Cyclosporine may be given either orally or by intravenous (IV)
infusion.
9. Adverse effects
• Nephrotoxicity
• Monitor blood levels and monitor kidney function
• Coadministration of drugs that can cause kidney dysfunction (aminoglycoside antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, such as diclofenac, naproxen, or
sulindac) can potentiate the nephrotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity
Infections
Lymphoma
Anaphylactic reactions
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Hyperkalemia
Tremor
Hirsutism
Glucose intolerance
Gum hyperplasia
10. Tacrolimus
• Approved for the prevention of rejection of liver and kidney
transplants
• Given with a corticosteroid and/or an antimetabolite
• Gained favor over cyclosporine because of its
• potency and decreased episodes of rejection and of
• lower doses of corticosteroids used
11. • may be administered orally or IV
• Causes a decrease in IL-2
• Adverse effects
• Nephrotoxicity
• Neurotoxicity (tremor, seizures, and hallucinations)
• Posttransplant insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Anaphylactoid reactions to the injection
12. Sirolimus
• Approved in renal transplantation
• Can be used together with cyclosporine and corticosteroids, allowing
lower doses of those medications to be used
• The combination of sirolimus and cyclosporine is synergistic because
sirolimus works later in the immune activation cascade
• drug is available as an oral solution or tablet.
15. Azathioprine
• A prodrug that is converted first to 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and
then to the nucleotide, thioinosinic acid
• Rapid proliferation is important for the immune response which
depends on the de novo synthesis of purines required for cell division,
for lymphocytes in particular
• Adverse effects
• Bone marrow suppression
16. Mycophenolate mofetil
• Used in heart kidney and liver transplants
• Rapidly hydrolyzed in the GI tract to mycophenolic acid a potent
inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which blocks the
formation of guanosine phosphate
• depriving the rapidly proliferating T and B cells of a key component of nucleic
acids
17. • Adverse effects
• Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain
• Leukopenia
• Anemia
• In an effort to minimize the GI effects associated with mycophenolate
mofetil, enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium is contained within a
delayed-release formulation
18. ANTIBODIES
• They are prepared by
• immunization of either rabbits or horses with human lymphoid cells
(producing a mixture of polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies) or
• by hybridoma technology (producing antigen-specific monoclonal antibodies).
Hybridomas are produced by fusing mouse antibody-producing
19. Antithymocyte globulins
• Antithymocyte globulins are polyclonal antibodies that are primarily used
at the time of transplantation to prevent early allograft rejection along
with other immunosuppressive agents.
• The antibodies bind to the surface of circulating T lymphocytes
• The antibody-bound cells are phagocytosed in the liver and spleen,
resulting in lymphopenia and impaired T-cell responses.
• The antibodies are slowly infused intravenously, and their half-life
• extends from 3 to 9 days.
20. Muromonab-CD3 (OKT3)
• Muromonab-CD3 is a murine (mouse) monoclonal antibody that is
directed against the glycoprotein CD3 antigen of human T cells.
• indicated for the treatment of corticosteroid-resistant acute rejection
of kidney, heart, and liver allografts.
• The drug has been discontinued from the market due to the
availability of newer biologic drugs with similar efficacy and fewer
side effects.
21. Basiliximab
• Basiliximab is said to be “chimerized” because it consists of 25%
murine and 75% human protein.
• Basiliximab is approved for prophylaxis of acute rejection in renal
transplantation in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids.
It is not used for the treatment of ongoing rejection.
22. • Bind to IL-2 receptor on activated T cells, interfere with the
proliferation of these cells
• Basiliximab is given as an IV infusion.
• The drug is generally well tolerated, with GI toxicity as the main
adverse effect.
23. CORTICOSTEROIDS
• the first pharmacologic agents to be used as immunosuppressives,
both in transplantation and in various autoimmune disorders.
• For transplantation, the most common agents are
• prednisone and methylprednisolone, whereas
• autoimmune conditions (refractory rheumatoid arthritis, systemic
lupus erythematosus, and asthma).
• prednisone and prednisolone
24. • The exact mechanism responsible for the immunosuppressive action of the
corticosteroids is unclear.
• The T lymphocytes are affected most. The steroids are able to rapidly
reduce lymphocyte populations by lysis or redistribution.
• On entering cells, they bind to the glucocorticoid receptor
• The complex passes into the nucleus and regulates the translation of DNA
• Among the genes affected are those involved in inflammatory responses
25. • The use of these agents is associated with numerous adverse effects.
• they are diabetogenic and can with prolonged use
• cause hypercholesterolemia,
• cataracts,
• osteoporosis, and
• hypertension