This presentation summarizes various dissolution testing apparatus. It describes 7 types of apparatus recognized by USP, IP, BP and EP. The first four apparatus are commonly used and include the rotating basket, paddle, reciprocating cylinder and flow through cell. The presentation provides details on the design, working, and typical uses of each apparatus type. It also discusses commonly used dissolution media and concludes that the goal of dissolution testing is to ensure pharmaceutical quality and understand biopharmaceutical properties like rate and extent of drug absorption.

1. A PRESENTAITON ON
DISSOLUTION
TESTING APPARATUS
Prepared by
Sourav Kar
6th
Sem, Div-II
Roll No-1427704097
Mentor: Dr. Gopa Roy Biswas
NSHM Institute Of Pharmaceutical
Technology

2. Definition
 Dissolution is the process by which a solid solute enters in to
a solution i.e. , mass transfer from solid surface to liquid phase.
2

3. Classification Of Dissolution Apparatus
U.S.P I.P B.P E.P
TYPE 1 Basket
Apparatus
Paddle
Apparatus
Basket
Apparatus
Paddle
Apparatus
TYPE 2 Paddle
Apparatus
Basket
Apparatus
Paddle
Apparatus
Basket
Apparatus
TYPE 3 Reciprocating
Cylinder
Flow Through
Cell
Flow Through
Cell
TYPE 4 Flow Through
Cell
TYPE 5 Paddle Over
Disk
TYPE 6 Rotating
Cylinder
TYPE 7 Reciprocating
Holder
3

4. Classification Of Dissolution Apparatus
• USP Dissolution Apparatus (Non-Official):
1. Rotating Bottle Apparatus
2. Diffusion Cell
3. Peristalsis Cell
4. Intrinsic Dissolution Method
4

5. DISSOLUTION APPARATUS-1
(ROTATING BASKET)
DESIGN:
 Vessel: -Made of borosilicate glass.
-Semi hemispherical bottom
-Capacity 1000ml
 Shaft : -Stainless steel 316
-Speed 50-100 rpm.
 Water bath :-Maintained at 37±0.5ºC
 Dosage form is kept in basket.
 USE: Tablets, capsules, floating dosage forms.
5

6. DISSOLUTION APPARATUS-2
(PADDLE)
DESIGN:
 Vessel: -Same as basket apparatus
 Shaft: - Fused with blade at bottom
 Stirring elements:- Coated with teflon
For laboratory purpose
stainless steel is used
 Rotation Speed:- 25-50 rpm
 Water-bath: -Maintains at 37±0.5°C
 Sinkers : -Platinum wire used to prevent
tablet/capsule from floating.
 Dosage form should remain at the bottom center of vessel
 USE: Orally disintegrating tablets, Chewable tablets etc.
6

7. DISSOLUTION APPARATUS-3
(RECIPROCATING CYLINDER)
DESIGN:
 Vessel: -Set of cylindrical flat bottom glass vessels
-Set of reciprocating cylinders
-stainless steel fittings.
 Agitation type: -Reciprocating
(Upward & downward)
 Volume of dissolution medium:-200-250ml
 Water bath:- Maintain at 37±0.5°C
 Dosage form is placed in cylinder
 USE: Tablets, beads, controlled and
extended release formulations.
7

8. DISSOLUTION APPARATUS-4 (FLOW
THROUGH CELL)
DESIGN:
 Reservoir :- For dissolution medium
 Pump :- Forces dissolution medium through cell (upward
direction)
-Flow rate 10-100ml/min
-Laminar flow is maintained
-Centrifugal pumps are not recommended
 Water bath:- Maintained at 37±0.5°C
 USE: Low solubility drugs, micro particulate, implants,
suppositories, controlled release formulations.
8

9. DISSOLUTION APPARATUS-4 (FLOW
THROUGH CELL)
9

10. DISSOLUTION APPARATUS-5 (PADDLE-
OVER-DISK)
DESIGN:
 Vessel & Shaft:- Same as paddle apparatus
 Rotation Speed:- 25-50 rpm
 Sample holder:-disk assembly that holds
product in such a way that release surface
is parallel with paddle blade
-Distance 25 ± 2 mm
-Samples are drawn between
surface of the medium &
the top of the paddle blade
 Temperature:32 ± 0.5°C
 USE: Transdermal products, emulsions.
10

11. DISSOLUTION APPARATUS-6 (ROTATING
CYLINDER)
 DESIGN:
 Vessel:- Same as of basket apparatus
 Shaft & Cylinder:- Stainless steel
 Sample :- Mounted to cuprophan (inner porous cellulosic material)
an entire system is adhered to cylinder.
- Dosage unit is placed in cylinder and release from side out.
 Rotation Speed:- 25-50 rpm
 Water-bath: maintained at 32±0.5°C
 USE:
 Mainly transdermal products
11

12. DISSOLUTION APPARATUS-7
(RECIPROCATING-HOLDER)
 DESIGN:
 Vessel:- A set of cylindrical vessels connected to
each other
Volume of dissolution medium 50-200 ml
 Shaft
 Holder:- Spring holder/ Reciprocating disk/
Teflon cylinder/ Acrylic rod
 Sample : - Placed on holders
 Agitation:- Reciprocating frequency 30 cycle/sec
 Water-bath:- Maintained at 32±0.5°C
 USE:
 Controlled release dosage form, non disintegrating oral formulations.
12
dissolution medium
shaft
holder
constant temp
water bath

13. Commonly Used Dissolution Media
1. Purified water
2. Dilute acid (0.001N – 0.1N HCl)
3. Stimulated gastric fluid
4. Stimulated intestinal fluid
5. Surfactants (e.g. Polysorbate, SLS)
6. Aqueous buffers (pH 5-7)
13

14. CONCLUSION
 Dissolution research started to develop in 1897 when Noyes
and Whitney derived their equation in the course of their
dissolution studies on benzoic acid and lead chloride.
 The goal of dissolution testing is to assure the
pharmaceutical quality of the product (manufacturing of
product, release property & biopharmaceutical characteristics
e.g. rate and extent of absorption).
 Dissolution testing is a routine work for pharmaceutical
quality control for oral solid dosage forms like tablets,
capsules and transdermal drug delivery systems.
 The science of dissolution testing is developing every day.
14

15. REFERENCES
D.M.Brahmankar, S Jaiswal, “Biopharmaceutics
and
Pharmacokinetics A Treatise”, Vallabh
Prakashan, 3rd
Edition, pg: 330-333.
V.U Banakar et all, “Pharmaceutical Dissolution
Testing”,
Markcel Daken, pg: 4,16,57,136,137.
The Science And Practice of Pharmacy by
REMINGTON ,Mack Pub Co. , 19th Edition,
pg: 594,
601,602.
15

16. 16