Partial gibbs free energy and gibbs duhem equation,relation between binary solution,relation between partiaL properties,PARTIAL PROPERTIES,PARTIAL PROPERTIES IN BINARY SOLUTION,RELATIONS AMONG PARTIAL PROPERTIES,Maxwell relation,Examples
Introduction
Concepts of Fugacity
Effect of Temperature & pressure on Fugacity
Important relation of Fugacity Coefficient
Vapour Liquid Equilibrium for pure species
Fugacity & Fugacity coefficient: Species in solution
Reference
Hydrogenation- definition, catalytic hydrogenation, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation, advantages and disadvantages of catalytic hydrogenation, applications of catalytic hydrogenation
MERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
DEMERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF MICROWAVE HEATING
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED ORGANIC REACTIONS
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
Introduction
Concepts of Fugacity
Effect of Temperature & pressure on Fugacity
Important relation of Fugacity Coefficient
Vapour Liquid Equilibrium for pure species
Fugacity & Fugacity coefficient: Species in solution
Reference
Hydrogenation- definition, catalytic hydrogenation, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation, advantages and disadvantages of catalytic hydrogenation, applications of catalytic hydrogenation
MERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
DEMERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF MICROWAVE HEATING
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED ORGANIC REACTIONS
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
Surface area is an important physical property that influences the reactivity, dissolution, catalysis, and separation of materials. The surface area often must be carefully engineered and measured to optimize specific functions. In this Webinar, our applications lab will explain with real-world examples:
- Physical adsorption technique - BET theory
- Sample preparation – the start of a good measurement
- Calculating specific surface area from gas adsorption on solid surfaces
- Troubleshooting – what happens when things go wrong?
View recorded webinars:
http://bit.ly/particlewebinars
Implication of Nernst's Heat Theorem and Its application to deduce III law of thermodynamics and Determination of absolute entropies of perfectly crystalline solids using III law of thermodynamics
Excess gibbs free energy models,MARGULES EQUATION
,REDLICH-KISTER EQUATION,VAN LAAR EQUATION
,WILSON AND “NRTL” EQUATION
,UNIversal QUAsi Chemical equation
Basic Terminology,Heat, energy and work, Internal Energy (E or U),First Law of Thermodynamics, Enthalpy,Molar heat capacity, Heat capacity,Specific heat capacity,Enthalpies of Reactions,Hess’s Law of constant heat summation,Born–Haber Cycle,Lattice energy,Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy(ΔG),Bond Energies,Efficiency of a heat engine
An overview of the use of the Marcus Theory to calculate the energies of transition states.
Contributed by: Elizabeth Greenhalgh, Amanda Bischoff, and Matthew Sigman, University of Utah, 2015
Surface area is an important physical property that influences the reactivity, dissolution, catalysis, and separation of materials. The surface area often must be carefully engineered and measured to optimize specific functions. In this Webinar, our applications lab will explain with real-world examples:
- Physical adsorption technique - BET theory
- Sample preparation – the start of a good measurement
- Calculating specific surface area from gas adsorption on solid surfaces
- Troubleshooting – what happens when things go wrong?
View recorded webinars:
http://bit.ly/particlewebinars
Implication of Nernst's Heat Theorem and Its application to deduce III law of thermodynamics and Determination of absolute entropies of perfectly crystalline solids using III law of thermodynamics
Excess gibbs free energy models,MARGULES EQUATION
,REDLICH-KISTER EQUATION,VAN LAAR EQUATION
,WILSON AND “NRTL” EQUATION
,UNIversal QUAsi Chemical equation
Basic Terminology,Heat, energy and work, Internal Energy (E or U),First Law of Thermodynamics, Enthalpy,Molar heat capacity, Heat capacity,Specific heat capacity,Enthalpies of Reactions,Hess’s Law of constant heat summation,Born–Haber Cycle,Lattice energy,Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy(ΔG),Bond Energies,Efficiency of a heat engine
This is a talk I did for the IED and APG in Madrid in May 2010.
It's a thought piece exploring the energy/effort exchange when marketers attempt to create behavioural change. I don't think I come to any tight conclusions, but I hope it's good food for thought.
I've also had to hack it a bit to make it make sense without me talking. Hope it works.
Thermodynamic laws describe the flows and interchanges of heat, energy and matter.
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Partial gibbs free energy and gibbs duhem equation
1.
2. PARTIAL PROPERTIES
Define the partial molar property of species i
jnTPi
i
n
nM
M
,,
)(
• A partial molar property is a thermodynamic quantity which indicates how
an extensive property of a solution or mixture varies with changes in
the molar composition of the mixture at constant temperature and pressure.
• When one mole of water is added to a large volume of water at 25 °C, the volume
increases by 18 cm3. The molar volume of pure water would thus be reported as
18 cm3 mol−1. However, addition of one mole of water to a large volume of
pure ethanol results in an increase in volume of only 14 cm3.
• The reason that the increase is different is that the volume occupied by a given number
of water molecules depends upon the identity of the surrounding molecules. The value
14 cm3 is said to be the partial molar volume of water in ethanol.
3. THE GIBBS/DUHEM EQUATION
Define the partial molar property of species
i:
the chemical potential and the particle molar
Gibbs energy are identical:
for thermodynamic property M:
jnTPi
i
n
nM
M
,,
)(
ii G
,...),...,,,,( 21 innnTPMnM
i
ii
nPnT
dnMdT
T
M
ndP
P
M
nnMd
,,
)(
5. •Binary solution is a mixture of two liquids that are
completely miscible one with another. The boiling point
of binary solution depends upon the solution
composition and there can be three cases:
1. the boiling points of solutions of all compositions lie
between the boiling points of clean liquids
2. the boiling points of solutions of any composition lie
above the boiling points of clean liquids
3. the boiling points of solutions of some compositions
lie below the boiling points of clean liquids
WHAT IS BINARY SOLUTION
6. PARTIAL PROPERTIES IN
BINARY SOLUTION
For binary system
2211 MxMxM
22221111 dxMMdxdxMMdxdM
Const. P and T, using Gibbs/Duhem equation
2211 dxMdxMdM
121 xx
21
1
MM
dx
dM
1
21
dx
dM
xMM
1
12
dx
dM
xMM
7. 2211 VxVxV molcmV /025.24)765.17)(7.0()632.38)(3.0( 3
mol
V
V
n
t
246.83
025.24
2000
moln 974.24)246.83)(3.0(1
moln 272.58)246.83)(7.0(2
3
111 1017)727.40)(974.24( cmVnV t
3
222 1053)068.18)(272.58( cmVnV t
EXAMPLE : 1
The need arises in a laboratory for 2000 cm3 of an antifreeze solution consisting of
30 mol-% methanol in water. What volumes of pure methanol and of pure water at
25°C must be mixed to form the 2000 cm3 of antifreeze at 25°C? The partial and
pure molar volumes are given.
Methanol (1): V1 = 38.632 cm3 /mol V1 = 40.727 cm3 /mol
Water (2) : V2 = 17.765 cm3 /mol V2 = 18.068 cm3 /mol
The total number of moles required is :
Now, Volume of the each species:
9. The enthalpy of a binary liquid system of species 1 and 2 at fixed T and P is:
Determine expressions for and as functions of x1, numerical values for the pure-
species enthalpies H1 and H2, and numerical values for the partial enthalpies at infinite
dilution and
1H 2H
1H
2H
)2040(600400 212121 xxxxxxH
)2040(600400 212121 xxxxxxH
121 xx
3
11 20180600 xxH
1
21
dx
dH
xHH
3
1
2
11 4060420 xxH
121 xx
3
12 40600 xH
01 x
mol
J
H 4201
11 x
mol
J
H 6402
EXAMPLE : 2
10. RELATIONS AMONG PARTIAL
PROPERTIES
Maxwell relation:
i
iidnGdTnSdPnVnGd )()()(
nTnP P
S
T
V
,,
jnTPinP
i
n
nS
T
G
,,,
)(
jnTPinT
i
n
nV
P
G
,,,
)(
i
xP
i
S
T
G
,
i
xT
i
V
P
G
,
PVUH
dTSdPVGd iii
iii VPUH
11. Every equation that provides the linear
relation among thermodynamics
properties if a constant composition
solution has as it’s counterpart an
equation connecting corresponding
partial properties of each species in that
solution.