This document is a parasitology lab report that describes the identification of various trematodes under a light microscope. It provides background information on trematodes including their anatomy, taxonomy, life cycles, and examples of four species examined - Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum, Gastrodiscus aegypticus, and Schistosoma bovis. The discussion section describes the characteristics and life cycles of each species. The conclusion confirms that the given specimens were viewed and identified under the microscope.
This ppt includes the brief introduction about class Insecta or Phylum Arthropoda. In this ppt families of Class Insecta and their suitable examples also have been discussed with pictures.
Clinically important cestodes pathogenic to man are:
Tenia solium (pork tapeworm), T. saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium lattum (fish or broad tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) and Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis (hydatid).
Family Tabanidae
Large biting flies generally.
Three most important generas:
Stouts, Clegs (Haematopota)
Green heads, Horse flies (Tabanus)
Deer flies (Chrysops)
They can be pests to cattle, horses, and humans.
This ppt includes the brief introduction about class Insecta or Phylum Arthropoda. In this ppt families of Class Insecta and their suitable examples also have been discussed with pictures.
Clinically important cestodes pathogenic to man are:
Tenia solium (pork tapeworm), T. saginata (beef tapeworm), Diphyllobothrium lattum (fish or broad tapeworm), Hymenolepis nana (dwarf tapeworm) and Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis (hydatid).
Family Tabanidae
Large biting flies generally.
Three most important generas:
Stouts, Clegs (Haematopota)
Green heads, Horse flies (Tabanus)
Deer flies (Chrysops)
They can be pests to cattle, horses, and humans.
Global Warming and Schistosoma. A brief Introduction to Schistosoma: distribution, global disease burden, habitat and host range. Global warming: its causes, and effects. Global Warming and Schistosoma.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g soz.pdffathimahardwareelect
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g sozoa ; describe
distinguishing features among groups, where on Earth these organisms are typically found, and
how they make a living
Solution
Lophotrochozoa are a group or taxon of protostome animals. The taxon consists of 2 groups-
trochozoans and lophophorata. Trochozoans are characterized by the development of mouth
before anus in the embryo.They are worm like and produce trochophore larvae - larvae that have
2 bands of cilia around their middle. Lophophorata, on the other hand, are grouped by the
presence of lophophore characterized by a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding their mouths.
These animals exhibit radial cleavage.
Lophotrochophora includes the following phyla
1. Phylum Ectoprocta:
These are mostly marine coelomates that use lophophore for feesing. They secrete and live in
zoecium (chitinous chamber).
2. Phylum platyhelminthes
These are mostly parasitic acoelomates. Some may live as scavengers or commensals. The are
flat and ribbon-shaped. They have an incomplete gut, no circulatory system, and a simple
nervous system. Their excretory system has small tubules lined with ciliated flame cells. They
are hermaphrodites.
3. Phylum Rotifera
These are small aquatic pseudocoelomate animals. They are mostly free living and a few are
paraitic. They have a ciliated food gathering organ at the tip of the head known as corona. They
have jaws in the pharynx and their digestive system has separate mouth and anus. They have
rudimentary circulatory system and they have separate sexes.
4. Phylum Annelida
They are segmented coelomates with a closed circulatory system. Their excretory system
includes nephrida. They have a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. Gas exchange is
through skin.They have setae. They are found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They can
be parasites, carnivores, predators or scavengers.
5. Phylum Nemertea
They are partially coelomate and partially acoelomate animals. They are free living and possess
proboscis - a long muscular tube covered by a sheath to capture prey. They have a complete
digestive system, a simple nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.
6. Phylum Phoronida:
They are coelomate and marine. They use lophophore for feeding. They have a U-shaped gut and
they secrete and live in a chitinous tube.
7. Phylum Brachipoda:
They are characterized by the presence of 2 calcified shells.
Ecdysozoa also belons to the group of protostome animals characterized by a three layered
cuticle which is periodically molted,a process known as ecdysis. They lack locomotary cilia.
They produce amoeboid sperm. Their embryos donot undergo spiral cleavage unlike other
protostomes.
The group includes
Phylum arthropoda
The phylum includes invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton. They have jointed limbs and
their cuticle is made of chitin. They are segmented with an open circulatory system and a ladder-
like nervous system They are found in both a.
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Turbellaria
Class Monogenea
Class Trematoda
Class Cestoidea
Characteristics
Reproduction and Development
Presentation
Best of Luck
Order hemiptera and their generalized and specialized characteristics. Their Anatomy physiology habit habitat about food reproduction where they live. Aphids cicades hoppers with diagrams. Leaf hoppers bed bugs water bugs.
salamanders
reptiles
Chordata
Classification of Salamander
Urodela
Vertibrata
Habit and Habitat of salamander
External Morphology of salamander
Digestive System of salamander
Respiratory System of salamander
Circulatory System of salamander
lifespan of salamander
Adaptations of salamander
Conservation status of salamander
Reproductive system of salamander
life cycle of salamander
evolutionary significance of salamander
The Organism helminths are group of worms which are divided into three phylums, platyhelminthes, Nematoda and acanthocephala.
The phylum platyhelminthes is the group of flatworms, which includes the cestodes, turbellarians and taenia species.
The phylum Nematoda is the group of round rounds, which includes the schistosoma, and ascaris.
The phylum acanthocephala is the group of thorny head worms, however they are rare in nature.
in this presentation i give a detailed view of the bats and the salamanders which includes the reproductive system, respiration, digestive system, circulation system, their distribution, habit and habitat, external morphology, adaptation and conservation status
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdf
Parasitology lab1
1. The University of Zambia
School of veterinary medicine
Department of paraclinical studies
Name: Musalo Brian
Computer #: 10008047
Course code: VMP-4400 (parasitology)
Lab: Practical One-Identification of Trematodes
Attention: Mr. A Chota
Copyright|Musalo Brian Chisanga|Parasitology Lab report|2013
19/11/13
2. Title: Identification of Trematodes
Aim: To see and identify various structures of a given trematode species: fasciola gigantica,
paramphistomum, gastrodiscus aegypticus and schistosoma bovis using a light microscope.
Copyright|Musalo Brian Chisanga|Parasitology Lab report|2013
Introduction:
Trematoda is a class within the phylum Platyhelminthes. It includes two groups of parasitic
flatworms, known as "flukes". They are internal parasites of molluscs and vertebrates. Most
trematodes have a complex life cycle with at least two hosts. These Platyhelminthes are among the
oldest parasite known (cheng, 1973).
Taxonomy and biodiversity of trematodes or flukes are 18,000_24,000 species,
divided into two subclasses. Nearly all trematodes are parasites of mollusks and vertebrates. The
smaller Aspidogastrea, comprising about 100 species, are obligate parasites of mollusks and may
also infect turtles and fish, including cartilaginous fish. The Digenea, the majority of trematodes,
are obligate parasites of both mollusks and vertebrates, but rarely occur in cartilaginous fish.
Formerly the Monogenea were included in Trematoda on the basis that they are also vermiform
parasites, but modern phylogenetic studies have raised this group to the status of a sister class in
the Platyhelminthes, with the Cestoda.
Anatomically, Trematodes are flattened oval or worm-like animals, usually no more than
a few centimeters in length, although species as small as 1 millimeter (Monogenea) and as large
as 7 centimeters (Fasciolopsis) are known. Their most distinctive external feature is the presence
of two suckers, one close to the mouth, and the other on the underside of the animal. The body
surface of trematodes comprises a tough syncytial tegument, which helps protect against digestive
enzymes in those species that inhabit the gut of larger animals. It is also the surface of gas
exchange; there are no respiratory organs. The mouth is located at the forward end of the animal,
and opens into a muscular, pumping pharynx. The pharynx connects, via a short esophagus, to one
or two blind-ending caeca, which occupy most of the length of the body. In some species, the caeca
are themselves branched. As in other flatworms, there is no anus, and waste material must be
egested through the mouth.
Their reproductive system of most trematodes are simultaneous hermaphrodites, having
both male and female organs. There are usually two testes, with sperm ducts that join together on the
underside of the front half of the animal. This final part of the male system varies considerably in structure
between species, but may include sperm storage sacs and accessory glands, in addition to the copulatory
organ, which is either eversible, and termed a cirrus, or non-eversible, and termed a penis.
3. Copyright|Musalo Brian Chisanga|Parasitology Lab report|2013
Materials:
Light microscope
Prepared slides
Specimens: fasciola gigantica, paramphistomum, gastrodiscus aegypticus & schistosoma
bovis
Procedures:
A light microscope was switched on and the given slides were mounted onto the
microscope for viewing at x10 resolution and what was seen under the light microscope
was drawn.
Other specimens were provided in preservative chemical solutions in bottles and others
were provided in a petri dish for examination
Results:
4. Discussion:
Fasciola gigantica, the famous liver fluke is a tropical/subtropical trematode: The definitive hosts
of fasciola are a variety of mammals, especially ruminants. Their Site of infection are mainly the
bile ducts and gall bladder. The Typical size is approximately 15-30 mm in length and their
distribution is worldwide. The Intermediate host includes several species of lymnaeid snails :
Lymnaeidae is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic
pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila. Lymnaeidae is the only family
within the superfamily Lymnaeoidea. The liver flukes have one sporocyst and two redial
generations occur. The Metacercariae undergo encystment on a variety of aquatic vegetation. The
adults are lodged in the gall bladder and bile ducts and they give unembryonated eggs out with
feces, they develop in 9-10 days and hatch, miricidia penetrate several species of snails sporocyst;
two redial generations cercariae emerge 5-7 week post-infection and encyst as metacercariae on
underwater vegetation which are ingested; cross gut and penetrate liver. They feed in the liver for
2 weeks, then enter bile ducts. After another month, mature and produce eggs
Paramphistomum is the genus name in the Paramphistomatidae family, these are Rumen fluke,
conical fluke and pear-shaped fluke. They measure 5 to 13 mm long and 2 to 5 mm wide, light red
or pinkish in color. The definitive host is in the Ruminants, and other herbivores while its
Intermediate host: multiple genera of snails. Their Predilection site are in the Adult flukes in the
rumen and the immature flukes are in small intestines. The paramphistomum are Cosmopolitan in
distribution. Adults are present in rumen of domestic animals and they are pinkish in color. The
Life-cycle starts with adults in rumen that gives eggs out with feces that mature in water into a
miracidium that hatches and penetrates multiple genera (plural form of genus) of snail hosts. They
have one sporocyst and two redial generations and cercariae encyst on aquatic vegetation which is
later eaten by herbivore, then excyst in duodenum; penetrate gut; migrate through tissues to
abomasum enter lumen and migrate anteriorly to rumen and finally mature in 2-4 months.
Gastrodiscus aegypticus genus is in the family of paramphistomatidae. These trematode occurs in
the small and large intestines of equines, pigs, warthogs in Africa and India. It is pink in color
when fresh. It has an anterior part which is more or less cylindrical, while the rest of the body is
saucer-shaped with margins curved inwards. The ventral surface is covered by a number of regular
arranged papillae. The posterior sucker is small and subterminal, the oral sucker has two
posteriolateral pouches. The tests are lobed and slightly diagonal and lie behind the middle with
the ovary posterior to them. The life cycle is similar to that of the rumen fluke.
Schistosomes are blood trematodes belonging to the Phylum Platyhelminthes, class Trematoda,
subclass Digenea. They differ from other trematodes in that they have separate sexes, The male
worms resemble a rolled leaf where they bear the longer and more slender female in a ventral canal
(the gynaecophoric canal).They require definitive and intermediate hosts to complete their life
cycle. Their characteristics include elongated bodies, in general have no pharynx and they are
Dioecious (separate male and female organs) Male carries female in gynaecopholic canal. Their
eggs non-operculate and thin shelled with lateral or terminal spine. Their life cycle have no second
intermediate host. They live in blood vessels, especially mesenteric blood vessels of birds and
mammals.
Copyright|Musalo Brian Chisanga|Parasitology Lab report|2013
5. Conclusion:
The provided specimens of fasciola gigantica, paramphistomum, gastrodiscus aegypticus and
schistosoma bovis were viewed and identified under a light microscope at x10 power.
Copyright|Musalo Brian Chisanga|Parasitology Lab report|2013
References:
Cheng C.T, 1973, General parasitology, academic press incorporation. Orlando, Florida,
USA. Page 416.
Stewart C.S Schell, 1990, How to know the trematodes, WM.C.Brown company
publishers, USA.
Soulsby E.J.L, 1965, Textbook of veterinary parasitology, Blackwell scientific
publications, oxford, UK.