This ppt features the different kinds of protozoa, an animal-like protist . They are animal-like because they are heterotrophs, and are capable of moving.
This ppt features the different kinds of protozoa, an animal-like protist . They are animal-like because they are heterotrophs, and are capable of moving.
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g soz.pdffathimahardwareelect
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g sozoa ; describe
distinguishing features among groups, where on Earth these organisms are typically found, and
how they make a living
Solution
Lophotrochozoa are a group or taxon of protostome animals. The taxon consists of 2 groups-
trochozoans and lophophorata. Trochozoans are characterized by the development of mouth
before anus in the embryo.They are worm like and produce trochophore larvae - larvae that have
2 bands of cilia around their middle. Lophophorata, on the other hand, are grouped by the
presence of lophophore characterized by a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding their mouths.
These animals exhibit radial cleavage.
Lophotrochophora includes the following phyla
1. Phylum Ectoprocta:
These are mostly marine coelomates that use lophophore for feesing. They secrete and live in
zoecium (chitinous chamber).
2. Phylum platyhelminthes
These are mostly parasitic acoelomates. Some may live as scavengers or commensals. The are
flat and ribbon-shaped. They have an incomplete gut, no circulatory system, and a simple
nervous system. Their excretory system has small tubules lined with ciliated flame cells. They
are hermaphrodites.
3. Phylum Rotifera
These are small aquatic pseudocoelomate animals. They are mostly free living and a few are
paraitic. They have a ciliated food gathering organ at the tip of the head known as corona. They
have jaws in the pharynx and their digestive system has separate mouth and anus. They have
rudimentary circulatory system and they have separate sexes.
4. Phylum Annelida
They are segmented coelomates with a closed circulatory system. Their excretory system
includes nephrida. They have a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. Gas exchange is
through skin.They have setae. They are found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They can
be parasites, carnivores, predators or scavengers.
5. Phylum Nemertea
They are partially coelomate and partially acoelomate animals. They are free living and possess
proboscis - a long muscular tube covered by a sheath to capture prey. They have a complete
digestive system, a simple nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.
6. Phylum Phoronida:
They are coelomate and marine. They use lophophore for feeding. They have a U-shaped gut and
they secrete and live in a chitinous tube.
7. Phylum Brachipoda:
They are characterized by the presence of 2 calcified shells.
Ecdysozoa also belons to the group of protostome animals characterized by a three layered
cuticle which is periodically molted,a process known as ecdysis. They lack locomotary cilia.
They produce amoeboid sperm. Their embryos donot undergo spiral cleavage unlike other
protostomes.
The group includes
Phylum arthropoda
The phylum includes invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton. They have jointed limbs and
their cuticle is made of chitin. They are segmented with an open circulatory system and a ladder-
like nervous system They are found in both a.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
PARASITE WITH POLAR FILAMENTS PowerPoint presentationmahnoorbaig11301
Myxozoa:
These microscopic aquatic parasites infect fish and other aquatic animals.
Their spores contain a polar capsule with a coiled polar filament.
When triggered, the filament rapidly unravels, anchoring the spore to the host's tissues and aiding in invasion.
Their filament structure is even used for species identification.
2. Microsporidia:
These single-celled parasites infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and insects.
Their spores also possess a polar tube (similar to a filament) for injecting infectious contents into host cells.
The firing mechanism of the polar tube is incredibly fast, ensuring efficient parasite entry.
These parasites are considered emerging pathogens due to their increasing prevalence and impact on human health.
These are just two examples, and many other parasite groups utilize similar structures for host invasion. Research on these mechanisms continues to elucidate their complexity and role in parasite survival and host interaction.
This file gives general information about characteristics and importance of the fungi belonging to the order Perenosporalees and its major families albuginaceae, perenosporaceae and pythiaceae
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g soz.pdffathimahardwareelect
Identify major groupings within the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdy gg g sozoa ; describe
distinguishing features among groups, where on Earth these organisms are typically found, and
how they make a living
Solution
Lophotrochozoa are a group or taxon of protostome animals. The taxon consists of 2 groups-
trochozoans and lophophorata. Trochozoans are characterized by the development of mouth
before anus in the embryo.They are worm like and produce trochophore larvae - larvae that have
2 bands of cilia around their middle. Lophophorata, on the other hand, are grouped by the
presence of lophophore characterized by a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding their mouths.
These animals exhibit radial cleavage.
Lophotrochophora includes the following phyla
1. Phylum Ectoprocta:
These are mostly marine coelomates that use lophophore for feesing. They secrete and live in
zoecium (chitinous chamber).
2. Phylum platyhelminthes
These are mostly parasitic acoelomates. Some may live as scavengers or commensals. The are
flat and ribbon-shaped. They have an incomplete gut, no circulatory system, and a simple
nervous system. Their excretory system has small tubules lined with ciliated flame cells. They
are hermaphrodites.
3. Phylum Rotifera
These are small aquatic pseudocoelomate animals. They are mostly free living and a few are
paraitic. They have a ciliated food gathering organ at the tip of the head known as corona. They
have jaws in the pharynx and their digestive system has separate mouth and anus. They have
rudimentary circulatory system and they have separate sexes.
4. Phylum Annelida
They are segmented coelomates with a closed circulatory system. Their excretory system
includes nephrida. They have a digestive system with separate mouth and anus. Gas exchange is
through skin.They have setae. They are found in both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They can
be parasites, carnivores, predators or scavengers.
5. Phylum Nemertea
They are partially coelomate and partially acoelomate animals. They are free living and possess
proboscis - a long muscular tube covered by a sheath to capture prey. They have a complete
digestive system, a simple nervous system, and a closed circulatory system.
6. Phylum Phoronida:
They are coelomate and marine. They use lophophore for feeding. They have a U-shaped gut and
they secrete and live in a chitinous tube.
7. Phylum Brachipoda:
They are characterized by the presence of 2 calcified shells.
Ecdysozoa also belons to the group of protostome animals characterized by a three layered
cuticle which is periodically molted,a process known as ecdysis. They lack locomotary cilia.
They produce amoeboid sperm. Their embryos donot undergo spiral cleavage unlike other
protostomes.
The group includes
Phylum arthropoda
The phylum includes invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton. They have jointed limbs and
their cuticle is made of chitin. They are segmented with an open circulatory system and a ladder-
like nervous system They are found in both a.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
PARASITE WITH POLAR FILAMENTS PowerPoint presentationmahnoorbaig11301
Myxozoa:
These microscopic aquatic parasites infect fish and other aquatic animals.
Their spores contain a polar capsule with a coiled polar filament.
When triggered, the filament rapidly unravels, anchoring the spore to the host's tissues and aiding in invasion.
Their filament structure is even used for species identification.
2. Microsporidia:
These single-celled parasites infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and insects.
Their spores also possess a polar tube (similar to a filament) for injecting infectious contents into host cells.
The firing mechanism of the polar tube is incredibly fast, ensuring efficient parasite entry.
These parasites are considered emerging pathogens due to their increasing prevalence and impact on human health.
These are just two examples, and many other parasite groups utilize similar structures for host invasion. Research on these mechanisms continues to elucidate their complexity and role in parasite survival and host interaction.
This file gives general information about characteristics and importance of the fungi belonging to the order Perenosporalees and its major families albuginaceae, perenosporaceae and pythiaceae
Protozoa (also protozoan, plural protozoans) is an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, which feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. FACULTATIVE PARASITE
Are organisms that are actually free-living
organisms, but because certain conditions
require these organisms to live as parasites
so that the nature of their parasitic life is not
absolute. For example, flies such as
Sarcophaga
Ex.The larval stage normally lives in
manure, but in the absence of manure, the
female flies are forced to lay eggs on the
wounded body so that when the larvae hatch
and cause myiasis, which is usually found
between the tracks or the back of the hooves
and even in the outer ear holes.
5. INSIDENTAL/SPORADIS PARASITE
An incidental parasite is a parasite that for
some reason is in a host that is not natural.
Ex. Dipylidium caninum. This parasite is a
tapeworm in dogs known as cucumber seed
tapeworm, but by chance or "accident" it is
found in humans. The accident may occur as
follows: when a gravid segment escapes and
crawls out through the dog's anus, and is
eaten by the dog midge Ctenocephalus canis
or the human midge Pulex irritans, the
embryonated egg grows into a cysticercoid or
cryptocyst.
6. ERATICA PARASITE
A parasite that is present in a natural host but
located in an unnatural area.
Ex. Ascaris lurnbricoides. This parasite is a
nematode worm that normally resides in the
duodenum of humans and pigs. However, due
to circumstances such as hunger or
antiperistaltic movements of the intestinal
wall, the worm is pushed into the stomach or
enters the gallbladder via the bile duct.
7. SPURIOSA PARASITE
This term is actually not appropriate to
express parasite misdiagnosis. This occurs
during post-mortem diagnosis, for example
because before death the dog ate cow feces
containing Moniezia expansa worm eggs, then
at post-mortem examination the dog may be
diagnosed as infested with Moniezia expansa
worms.
9. Temporary parasites or non-periodic
parasites
Temporary parasites are organisms that have
to live part of their lives as parasites while the
rest of their lives as free-living organisms.
Ex. Anopheles mosquitoes. Anopheles females
live a small part of their lives as blood-sucking
parasites only during the hot nights, while
after that Anopheles females live freely.
10. Stationary parasites.
Stationary parasites are parasites that during one stage of their development or during their
life are always in contact with their host.
1. Periodic stationary parasites.
Included in this group are protelien parasites Ex. Gastrophilus sp. The larval stage of this fly
lives as a parasite in the horse's stomach, attaches and sucks the blood of the stomach wall and
after a month leaves the host with feces. Outside the host's body, it continues its development
and eventually becomes a free-living adult fly.
2. Permanent stationary parasites.
Permanent stationary parasites are organisms that are in constant contact with and live as
parasites on or within their hosts. An example of a parasite whose larval and adult stages are
permanent on or within a single host is lice.
12. Holoxenose parasites or monoxenose
parasites.
A holoxenose parasite is a parasite that
requires only one other organism as a host in
its life cycle. Examples of holoxenose
parasites are Eimeria tenella.
13. Heteroxenous parasites.
Heteroxenous parasites are parasites that
require more than one other organism as a
host in their life cycle.
Ex. Babesia motasi. Babesia motasi is a
protozoan that parasitizes the blood cells of
sheep. In its life cycle, the protozoan requires
ticks and sheep as hosts
15. Ectoparasites or ectozoans.
Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the
surface of the host's body or in burrows in the
skin that still have free contact with the
outside world. Including this group are
temporary or non-periodic parasites or
known parasites come and go. Called parasites
come and go because parasites visit their hosts
only at certain times.
Ex. Stomoxys flies (horse, cow) are
temporary parasites because they visit their
host to live as parasites for a certain time to
suck blood.
16. Endoparasite or entoparasite or
entozoon.
Endoparasites are parasites that are located
within the body tissues of their hosts except
those that live on the body surface and in skin
burrows.
The gastrointestinal tract seems to be a
favored location for parasites to reside or
predilect. Parasites and various species of
nernatodes, trematodes and cestodes live in
the lumen or in the mucosa of the digestive
tract wall.
18. Endoparasite or entoparasite or
entozoon.
1. Pathogenic parasites. Parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, Theileria parva,
Trypanosoma evans, Babesia bigemina and Leishmania donovani can be classified as
parasites that have pathogenic effects on their hosts.
2. Less pathogenic parasites. Fasciola hepatica is less pathogenic to sheep while
Fasciola giganlica is less pathogenic to cattle. Haemonchus contortus and
Bunostomum hookworm can be classified as less pathogenic parasites.
3. Non-pathogenic parasites. Non-pathogenic parasites include Ascaris jumbricoides
in pigs and humans.
21. PROTOZOA
Definition :
Phylum protozoa is an animal whose body consists of one cell. The name
protozoa comes from the Latin meaning "first animal" (proto = beginning, zoon
= animal). This phylum animals live in moist or watery areas, for example in
fresh water, sea water, brackish water and soil, even in the bodies of other
organisms. There are protozoa that are free-living, commensals and parasites in
other animals. There are these animals that live individually and some are in
colonies. Generally reproduce by dividing, but there is also a conjugation, and
some are forming spores, food in the form of: bacteria, other single-celled
animals or the remains of organisms. There are saprozoic, holophytic, and
holozoic ways of taking food. Some of them use flagella, cilia, pseudopodia to
move, some even don't have locomotion.
22. PROTOZOA
Habitat and Ecology :
Protozoa live in all habitats that allow the animal to live. Protozoa require a wet
environment, for example in tub water, fresh water or other water, even in wet
soil to a depth of approximately 20 cm, in the human body or other liquid higher
animals. Each species has a role in the trophic structure or energy cycle. Some
protozoa contain chlorophyll.
23. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
1. Rhizopoda (Sarcodina )
Move with pseudopodia (pseudo feet) which are protoplasmic extensions of cells.
Types of pseudopodia: lobopodia (blunt pouches), filopodia (needles/tube shapes),
aksopodia (unbranched needles/tubes), and reticulopodia (more than one branch).
Plasmalemma body wall and shape change.
Live in fresh water, sea water, wet places, and some live in the bodies of animals or
humans.
Vegetative reproduction by orthodox binary fission.
The genus that is most easily observed is Amoeba. Ectoamoeba is a type of Amoeba
that lives outside the bodies of other organisms (free living), for example Ameoba
proteus. Entamoeba is a type of Amoeba that lives in the body of organisms, for
example Entamoeba coli
24.
25. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
2. Flagellata ( Mastigophora )
Moves with flagella (whip feathers) which are also used as sensory organs and
aids to catch food.
Body wall pellicle (pelicle) and relatively fixed shape.
Reproduction vegetatively by longitudinal and generative binary fission in
colonial flagellates, for example : Volvox sp.
Has a nucleus and chloroplasts with chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Fitoflagellates Autotrophic flagellates (chloroplasts), can photosynthesize. For
example: Euglena viridis. Heterotrophic flagellates (no chloroplasts).
Examples: Trypanosoma gambiens,Leishmania.
26.
27. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
3. Ciliata ( Ciliophora )
Tools of movement in the form of cilia (vibrating hair).
The body wall is in the form of a pellicle, the shape is relatively fixed.
Have more than one core and several core species. For example: Paramecium
aurelia.
Vegetative reproduction by transverse binary fission. Generative reproduction
by conjugation in Paramecium caudatum and autogamy in Paramecium aurelia.
Some ciliates are free-living and some are parasitic. Example of a free-living
ciliate: Paramecium caudatum.Parasite living ciliates:Balantidium coli.
28.
29. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA
4. Sporozoa
Does not have a means of locomotion, the way this animal moves is by
changing its body position.
The body wall is in the form of a pellicle, the shape is relatively fixed.
It does not have a contractile vacuole because its life is parasitic, it is
saprophytic.
Vegetative reproduction by multiple division with many new individuals.
Sexual reproduction in Plasmodium by alternating offspring.
Sporozoa include: Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium falcifarum,
Plasmodium cynomologi, Plasmodium knowlest, Plasmodium gonderi, Plasmodium
berghei,Plasmodium gallinaceum,Monocystis lumbrici.
30.
31. HELMINTHS (WORMS)
Definition :
Helminthology is the study of parasites in the form of worms. Based on
taxonomy, helminths are divided into two types, namely nemathelminthes
(roundworms) and platyhelminthes (flatworms). The adult stage of the worms
belonging to the nemathelminthes (class of nematodes) is round and elongated
inshape and in transverse sections the body cavity and tools are visible. These
worms have separate genitals. Adult worms which include platyhelmintes have
flat bodies, do not have a body cavity and are usually hermaphrodites. Diseases
caused by worms (helminthiasis), widely spread throughout the world, especially
in the tropics. This is related to weather factors and the socio-economiclevel of
the community.
32. CLASSIFICATION OF HELMINTHS
1. Nematoda
Nematoda comes from the Greek, Nema which means thread.
Nematodes are worms whose shape is long, cylindrical (convex) without
segments and whose body is bilaterally symmetrical. The length of this worm
ranges from 2 mm to 1 meter. Nematodes found in humans are present in the
intestinal organs, tissues, and circulatory system. The presence of these worms
causes different clinical manifestations depending on the species and the organ
infested.
36. CLASSIFICATION OF HELMINTHS
2. Trematoda
Trematoda comes from the Greek Trematodaes which means having a hole, the body shape
is flat dorso ventral like a leaf. The digestive tract has a mouth, pharynx, but not branched
intestines have anus, Suction tool (Sucker) is to attach to the host's body that's why it is also called
suction worms. When attached, this worm sucks food in the form of tissue or body fluids of its
host. Hermaphrodites, except for the family Schistosomatidae. There are direct (Monogenea) and
indirect (Digenea) life cycles. Trematodes or leafworms that are parasitic on animals can be divided
into three sub-classes, namely Monogenea, Aspidogastrea, and Digenea. Adult trematodes
generally live in the liver, intestines, lungs, kidneys and blood vessels of vertebrates, livestock, fish,
humans. Trematodes protect themselves inside their host by covering their body surface with
cuticle; their body surface is devoid of sila. Types of Trematodes Various kinds of animals can act as
definitive hosts for worms tromotodo
38. PULMONARY TREMATODE
( paragonimus westermani )
Humans and animals that
eat sticky rice or rock
shrimp, such as cats,
badgers, dogs, tigers,
wolves and others are hosts
for this worm. in humans
this parasite causes
paragonomiasis
39. INTESTINAL TREMATODE
In the life cycle of the intestinal trematodes,
as in other trematodes, snails are needed as an
intermediate host I, where the miracidium
grows into sporocysts, continuing to become
redia and cercariae. The cercariae formed
from the redia then break free to leave the
snail's body and swim freely in the water. The
ultimate goal of the cercariae is intermediate
host II, which can be a type of freshwater fish
snail or aquatic plants. Humans get leafworm
disease by eating intermediate host IIwhich is
not cooked thoroughly.
40. BLOOD TREMATODE
The worms are flat in shape and live in
various bloodstreams. Usually these
worms enter the human body through
food or drink containing this worm
parasite and bathing in dirty water.
41. CLASSIFICATION OF HELMINTHS
3. Cestoda
Worms in the cestoidea class are also called tapeworms because of their long,
flat body shape resembling a ribbon. These worms do not have a digestive tract or
blood vessels. Its elongated body is divided into segments called proglottids and these
segments when they are adults contain the male and female reproductive organs.
42. REFERENCES
• Darwanto, Tjahaya P, & Juni Priyanto. (2010). Atlas Parasitologi Kedokteran. Jakarta: Gramedia
Pustaka Utama
• Hadijaja, Pinardi, & Sri S. Margono (2011). Dasar Parasitologi Klinik edisi pertama. Jakarta:
FKUI.
• Jefrey H.C, Leach, R.M, 1983, Atlas Helmintologi dan Parasitologi Kedokteran, Jakarta: EGC
• Natadisastra, D dan R. Agus. 2009. Parasitologi Kedokteran: ditinjau dari organ tubuh yang
diserang. Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC. Jakarta.
• Srisasi Gandahusada dkk, 2013, Parasitologi Kedokteran, Edisi ke 4, Badan Penerbit FKUI
Jakarta