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Ticks (Soft and Hard)
- 3. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Blood sucking arthropods Obligate Hematophages Ectoparasites of mammals, birds, and sometimes reptiles and amphibians. Life threatening vector (rank second; 1st Mosquitos) Transmit greater variety of infections agents Economic losses
- 4. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl 1.The head, thorax, and abdomen are fused into one body segment. 2.Arachnids do not have wings and antennae. 3.In the nymph and adult stages they have four pairs of legs.
- 5. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Significance Bite Stress Production loss Physical Damage Anemia Poisoning Disease Transmission •Tick-borne meningoencephalitis •Colorado tick fever •Nairobi sheep disease •African swine fever •Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Virus • Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia •Lyme disease •African tick bite fever •Ehrlichiosis •Tularemia •Tick-borne relapsing fever •Q fever Bacteria • Babesiosis • Theileriosis • Bovine anaplasmosis Protozoa
- 7. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthopoda Class: Arachnida Sub-class: Acari Order: Parasitiformes Sub-order: Ixodida Ixodidae Hard Ticks Argasidae Soft Ticks Nuttalliellidae Nuttalliella namaqua
- 8. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Hard Tick Soft Tick Distinguished by a dorsal shield, small in female, but covers the entire dorsal surface in males. They are also tapered anteriorly and the mouthparts are readily visible from the dorsal view. Soft Ticks are leathery and without a dorsal shield. Their mouthparts are sub- terminally attached and not visible from the dorsal view.
- 9. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Amblyomma Dermacentor Haemaphysalis Hyalomma Ixodes Rhipicephalus
- 12. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Body Sections: The anterior capitulum (or gnathosoma), which contains the head and mouthparts; and the posterior idiosoma which contains the legs, digestive tract, and reproductive organs.
- 13. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Ticks extract the blood by cutting a hole in the host's epidermis, into which they insert their hypostome, in order to keep the blood from clotting by excreting an anticoagulant or platelet aggregation inhibitor.
- 14. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Hard Ticks Soft Ticks Capitulum Anterior to body, visible from dorsum Invisible from dorsum Scutum Present Not Present Pedipalpi Strong, Non-Movable Movable, Active Difference of Sexes Evident: Male smaller with large scutum and vice versa. Not evident, female larger Position of Stigmal Plate Behind the base of 4th pair of legs Between 3rd and 4th pair of legs Morphological Differences
- 19. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Egg Laying Unlike mosquitoes, both male and female hard ticks are blood suckers, and both require several days feeding before copulation. After the male hard tick becomes engorged, he usually copulates with one or more females and then dies. Following copulation, the female tick drops to the ground. The eggs require several days to develop. Then she begins oviposition. After a few more days, her life's mission accomplished, the spent female hard tick also dies. The female soft tick may lay several small batches of eggs but she requires another blood meal before each episode of oviposition.
- 22. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Hard Ticks Soft Ticks Habitat Live outdoor, attack in the day (questing) Live in sleeping places of host. Hosts 1-3 hosts More than 10 hosts Adult Feeding 1 blood meal, Completes in days Intermittent feeders (5-12 or more) Mating On host Off host Egg Laying Thousands / single batch Less than thousand in several batches Nymph 1 instar Several (5-7) instars Life span 2 months – 3 years Long (up to 16 years)
- 23. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Hard Ticks Male smaller with larger Scutum and vice versa. Soft Ticks In males, the genital opening is almost circular, while it is oval and definitely broader than long in female specimens.
- 25. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Physical Control General Personal Chemical Control DEET, Permethrin Insecticides (Acaricides) in Spring and Summer Biological Control Resistant Breeds Vaccination
- 28. Osama Zahid IntroductionClassificationMorphologyLifeCycleControl Normal Ticks Vaccinated Ticks