Family Tabanidae
Large biting flies generally.
Three most important generas:
Stouts, Clegs (Haematopota)
Green heads, Horse flies (Tabanus)
Deer flies (Chrysops)
They can be pests to cattle, horses, and humans.
presentation on phlebotomous aregentipes (sand fly)AgraniPaudel
Phlebotomous argentipes, commonly known as the sand fly, is a small insect that can transmit leishmaniasis parasites. It is predominantly found in parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The adult flies are nocturnal and live in dark, humid places or invade houses. The female sand fly acquires leishmania parasites when feeding on infected animals and can transmit the parasites to humans through bites. The life cycle of the sand fly includes eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult stages, and takes approximately two months to complete. Control measures include insecticide spraying and improving sanitation.
Eimeria is a genus of parasites that causes coccidiosis, a disease that infects poultry. It has over 1,700 species, making it the most diverse genus in its phylum. Eimeria have a complex life cycle within the host's gut, multiplying through merozoite stages that damage intestinal cells. This can cause bloody diarrhea and death of the intestinal lining and cecum. Diagnosis involves examining intestinal autopsy and PCR assays. Preventative measures include dry litter and anticoccidial drugs in feed or water like amprolium.
Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites that can transmit various pathogens and cause economic losses. There are two main types: hard ticks and soft ticks. Hard ticks have a dorsal shield and visible mouthparts, while soft ticks do not. Ticks go through egg, larva, nymph, and adult stages, and can have one or multiple hosts during their life cycle depending on the species. Both types feed on mammals, birds, and sometimes other animals, and can transmit bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that cause diseases like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Control methods include personal protection, acaricides, biological controls, and vaccination of host animals.
Sandflies are small, blood-feeding flies that can transmit diseases like leishmaniasis. They are found worldwide and come in various colors. Female sandflies require blood meals for reproduction and can lay 100 eggs after feeding. They have piercing mouthparts adapted for sucking blood and are most active at twilight and night. Sandflies vary in size from 2-5mm and have six legs, wings, and undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to adult.
Fleas are laterally compressed insects with powerful hind legs adapted for jumping. Males have longer antennae than females, which they use to grasp females during mating. Fleas have a hardened exoskeleton and spined combs on their legs and bodies. Their life cycle involves eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Larvae feed on organic debris while adults are parasitic, feeding on host blood. Fleas can transmit diseases like plague, murine typhus, tularemia, and tapeworms between hosts.
Sand flies have a four-stage life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs hatch after 4‒20 days, although this is likely to be delayed in cooler weather
This document provides an overview of the common structures seen during diagnosis and identification of flies. It discusses the basic body structures of flies including the head, thorax, abdomen, legs, wings, mouthparts, and antennae. Key details about common fly families such as Culicidae, Simuliidae, Ceratopogonidae, Tabanidae, and Glossinidae are summarized, including morphological features, biology, life cycles, and their importance as vectors of diseases in animals.
Fleas undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larva to pupa to adult. Common flea species include cat fleas, dog fleas, human fleas, chigoe fleas, sticktight fleas, oriental rat fleas, and rabbit fleas. Fleas can cause harm through flea allergy dermatitis, tungiasis, and by transmitting diseases as plague vectors. Controlling fleas involves treating pets with soaps, combs, and flea control products from veterinarians as well as limiting outdoor time and contact with wild animals.
presentation on phlebotomous aregentipes (sand fly)AgraniPaudel
Phlebotomous argentipes, commonly known as the sand fly, is a small insect that can transmit leishmaniasis parasites. It is predominantly found in parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The adult flies are nocturnal and live in dark, humid places or invade houses. The female sand fly acquires leishmania parasites when feeding on infected animals and can transmit the parasites to humans through bites. The life cycle of the sand fly includes eggs, larvae, pupae, and adult stages, and takes approximately two months to complete. Control measures include insecticide spraying and improving sanitation.
Eimeria is a genus of parasites that causes coccidiosis, a disease that infects poultry. It has over 1,700 species, making it the most diverse genus in its phylum. Eimeria have a complex life cycle within the host's gut, multiplying through merozoite stages that damage intestinal cells. This can cause bloody diarrhea and death of the intestinal lining and cecum. Diagnosis involves examining intestinal autopsy and PCR assays. Preventative measures include dry litter and anticoccidial drugs in feed or water like amprolium.
Ticks are blood-sucking ectoparasites that can transmit various pathogens and cause economic losses. There are two main types: hard ticks and soft ticks. Hard ticks have a dorsal shield and visible mouthparts, while soft ticks do not. Ticks go through egg, larva, nymph, and adult stages, and can have one or multiple hosts during their life cycle depending on the species. Both types feed on mammals, birds, and sometimes other animals, and can transmit bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens that cause diseases like Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Control methods include personal protection, acaricides, biological controls, and vaccination of host animals.
Sandflies are small, blood-feeding flies that can transmit diseases like leishmaniasis. They are found worldwide and come in various colors. Female sandflies require blood meals for reproduction and can lay 100 eggs after feeding. They have piercing mouthparts adapted for sucking blood and are most active at twilight and night. Sandflies vary in size from 2-5mm and have six legs, wings, and undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to adult.
Fleas are laterally compressed insects with powerful hind legs adapted for jumping. Males have longer antennae than females, which they use to grasp females during mating. Fleas have a hardened exoskeleton and spined combs on their legs and bodies. Their life cycle involves eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. Larvae feed on organic debris while adults are parasitic, feeding on host blood. Fleas can transmit diseases like plague, murine typhus, tularemia, and tapeworms between hosts.
Sand flies have a four-stage life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs hatch after 4‒20 days, although this is likely to be delayed in cooler weather
This document provides an overview of the common structures seen during diagnosis and identification of flies. It discusses the basic body structures of flies including the head, thorax, abdomen, legs, wings, mouthparts, and antennae. Key details about common fly families such as Culicidae, Simuliidae, Ceratopogonidae, Tabanidae, and Glossinidae are summarized, including morphological features, biology, life cycles, and their importance as vectors of diseases in animals.
Fleas undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to larva to pupa to adult. Common flea species include cat fleas, dog fleas, human fleas, chigoe fleas, sticktight fleas, oriental rat fleas, and rabbit fleas. Fleas can cause harm through flea allergy dermatitis, tungiasis, and by transmitting diseases as plague vectors. Controlling fleas involves treating pets with soaps, combs, and flea control products from veterinarians as well as limiting outdoor time and contact with wild animals.
1. The document describes the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which transmits human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and animal trypanosomiasis (Nagana).
2. It provides details on the classification, morphology, life cycle, behavior, habitat, and medical importance of different Glossina species.
3. Specifically, it notes that Glossina palpalis transmits Gambiense sleeping sickness mainly in West and Central Africa, while G. morsitans transmits Rhodesiense sleeping sickness in East Africa.
Mosquito presentation, Md Abdul Alim, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Scienc...Abdul Alim
This document summarizes key information about diptera (flies). It begins by classifying diptera into suborders including nematocera, brachycera, and cyclorrhapha. Several families of diptera are listed along with examples. Morphological differences among suborders are described related to antennae, mouthparts, wings, larvae, and pupae. The document focuses on mosquitoes of the family culicidae, describing important genera, anatomy, identification features at different life stages, and their roles as disease vectors. Methods for controlling and preventing diptera and their immature stages are also outlined.
The document describes sand flies and rat fleas. Sand flies are small, winged insects that transmit diseases like kala azar. The female sand fly bites and sucks blood. Rat fleas are flattened parasites that live on rats and transmit diseases like plague. The female rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis is well-segmented with a semi-circular spermatheca. Control methods for both sand flies and rat fleas include removal of harborage, cleaning areas, and use of insecticides.
The document describes the housefly Musca domestica. It belongs to the kingdom Animalia, phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Diptera, and family Muscidae. As an adult, it is 6-7 mm long with red compound eyes and an aristate antenna. It has three pairs of walking legs and one pair of wings. Females lay up to 500 eggs which hatch into legless larvae that feed on decaying organic matter and pupate. Adults emerge and can transmit diseases to humans via bacteria, viruses, and parasites on their bodies. Prevention methods include sanitation and insecticide use.
This document discusses different types of blood-sucking lice that affect humans, including their morphology, life cycles, and public health importance. It covers three main types: body louse, head louse, and pubic louse. Key points include their worldwide distribution, feeding behaviors, egg-laying habits, and roles in transmitting diseases like epidemic typhus. Control methods include insecticidal treatments, combing, boiling clothes/water, and chemical disinfectants. The document also briefly overview Cyclops, a freshwater copepod genus that can act as an intermediate host for diseases like guinea-worm.
1. The document discusses various insect and vector-borne diseases, including their signs and symptoms as well as the insects that transmit them. Typhus, plague, malaria, dengue and yellow fever are discussed alongside their vector insects like body lice, fleas, mosquitoes and ticks.
2. Cockroaches are described as carriers of diseases like salmonella and triggers of allergies. Bed bugs cause itchy welts but don't transmit disease.
3. Various mosquito genera like Culex, Aedes and Anopheles transmit diseases. Anopheles culicifacies is an important malaria vector in India.
This document discusses the classification, life cycle, morphology, and medical importance of Tabanid flies. It begins by classifying Tabanids in the animal kingdom and notes there are over 4,300 species worldwide. It then describes the fly's life cycle from egg laying near water, to larvae feeding in water/mud, to pupae and finally adult flies. Key details about identifying species based on wing patterns and differentiating males and females are provided. The document concludes by explaining Tabanids can transmit diseases like loa loa filariasis and tularemia, and their bites cause blood loss in animals, which in severe cases of hundreds of ml per day.
The house fly is a common pest found worldwide that can transmit over 100 pathogens through its larvae feeding on feces and adults feeding on human food. As described in the document, the house fly has distinct life stages of eggs, maggots, pupae and winged adults. It is a significant threat to public health, transmitting diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, cholera and typhoid fever to humans and agricultural animals. Both non-chemical methods like improved sanitation and chemical insecticides can help control house fly populations.
Haemonchus contortus, commonly known as the barber's pole worm, is a blood-sucking parasitic nematode that infects sheep and goats. It lives in the abomasum (true stomach) of its hosts. The life cycle is direct, with larvae ingested on herbage developing into adult worms that feed on blood, potentially causing anemia. Clinical signs range from acute to chronic blood loss anemia. Diagnosis is based on identifying eggs in feces and blood analysis. Effective deworming treatments include fenbendazole, thiabendazole, ivermectin, and albendazole.
This document provides an overview of veterinary entomology and related topics. It defines veterinary entomology as the study of insects that cause disease or transmit pathogens in animals. It also discusses acarology, the study of mites and ticks, and defines arthropoda and entomology. The document outlines some key reasons for studying this subject, including insect-borne damage and disease transmission. It also lists some branches and characteristics of entomology.
This document provides information on the classification, morphology, and life cycles of several fly species. It begins with the classification of flies within the kingdom Animalia. It then describes the general structure of flies, including their segmented body plan and wing and leg structures. The document discusses the life cycles of several fly species in separate sections, including house flies, sand flies, black flies, horse flies, and tsetse flies. It notes key details about the egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. The document also covers disease transmission and control methods for some fly species.
Blackflies are small, blood-feeding flies found near rivers and streams worldwide. They have a four-stage life cycle of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. As larvae, they attach to surfaces in flowing water, and as adults, females feed on mammal blood, including humans. Their bites can be a public nuisance and they transmit diseases like river blindness. Control methods include habitat modification, insecticides, biological controls, and personal protective measures like repellents.
This document discusses ticks and the diseases they can transmit. It describes the life cycle of ticks, which have 4 stages: egg, larvae, nymph, and adult. Ticks must find a host at each stage to feed on and develop. It then profiles 3 medically important tick species in Ohio: the American dog tick, blacklegged tick, and lone star tick. For each, it provides pictures of the different life stages, descriptions of identifying features, habitats, hosts, and diseases they can transmit such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, tularemia, and others. It concludes with information on preventing tick bites, tick removal procedures, symptoms of diseases, and treatment options.
ENTO 301 discusses medical and veterinary entomology. Major insect orders that impact human and animal health include Diptera, Hemiptera, Phthiraptera, and Siphonaptera. These insects transmit diseases, inject venoms, cause allergic reactions and phobias, and create nuisances. Important disease vectors discussed include mosquitoes, black flies, sand flies, biting midges, horse flies, tsetse flies, and house flies. Many of these insects transmit pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protozoa and filarial worms.
Invisible blood sucker: no-see-um (biting midge)Kevin KF Ng
no-see-um is a tiny fly that bites human and other warm blooded mammals. It causes a reaction that range from mild to severe and last for minutes to 2 weeks. There is no effective treatment
The document discusses the order Apterygota within the class Insecta. It notes that Apterygota has 4 orders: Thysanura, Collembola, Protura, and Diplura. For each order, it provides key characteristics such as body structure, presence of eyes and antennae, mouthpart type, wing presence, abdominal segmentation, and reproductive features.
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
This is a PPT presentation that cover the general description, morphology, characteristics, and feeding habits of Order Siphonaptera. This presentation includes the first three classifications.
Fleas are small, wingless insects that feed on the blood of mammals and birds. They have mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood. Fleas go through four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Common flea species include the cat flea, dog flea, human flea, and various rat fleas.
Reabsorption-is the process of taking useful substances from the filtrate in to the blood (not to lost in the urine)
Reabsorption is selective process but filtration is non-selective
The kidneys produces 180 liters of filtrate per day and normal urinary output in per day 1 to 2 liters.
Hemiptera is an order of insects with over 100,000 species worldwide. They are classified into two suborders - Heteroptera which have piercing-sucking mouthparts and include true bugs, and Homoptera which include aphids, whiteflies, scales, and cicadas. Key characteristics include piercing-sucking or sucking mouthparts, wings (if present) that are either half membranous/half leathery or uniformly thick, and tarsi with 3 or fewer segments. They exhibit variations in wing morphology and undergo gradual or incomplete metamorphosis. Major families discussed are Cimicidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Coreidae, Pentatom
1. The document describes the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which transmits human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and animal trypanosomiasis (Nagana).
2. It provides details on the classification, morphology, life cycle, behavior, habitat, and medical importance of different Glossina species.
3. Specifically, it notes that Glossina palpalis transmits Gambiense sleeping sickness mainly in West and Central Africa, while G. morsitans transmits Rhodesiense sleeping sickness in East Africa.
Mosquito presentation, Md Abdul Alim, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Scienc...Abdul Alim
This document summarizes key information about diptera (flies). It begins by classifying diptera into suborders including nematocera, brachycera, and cyclorrhapha. Several families of diptera are listed along with examples. Morphological differences among suborders are described related to antennae, mouthparts, wings, larvae, and pupae. The document focuses on mosquitoes of the family culicidae, describing important genera, anatomy, identification features at different life stages, and their roles as disease vectors. Methods for controlling and preventing diptera and their immature stages are also outlined.
The document describes sand flies and rat fleas. Sand flies are small, winged insects that transmit diseases like kala azar. The female sand fly bites and sucks blood. Rat fleas are flattened parasites that live on rats and transmit diseases like plague. The female rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis is well-segmented with a semi-circular spermatheca. Control methods for both sand flies and rat fleas include removal of harborage, cleaning areas, and use of insecticides.
The document describes the housefly Musca domestica. It belongs to the kingdom Animalia, phylum Arthropoda, class Insecta, order Diptera, and family Muscidae. As an adult, it is 6-7 mm long with red compound eyes and an aristate antenna. It has three pairs of walking legs and one pair of wings. Females lay up to 500 eggs which hatch into legless larvae that feed on decaying organic matter and pupate. Adults emerge and can transmit diseases to humans via bacteria, viruses, and parasites on their bodies. Prevention methods include sanitation and insecticide use.
This document discusses different types of blood-sucking lice that affect humans, including their morphology, life cycles, and public health importance. It covers three main types: body louse, head louse, and pubic louse. Key points include their worldwide distribution, feeding behaviors, egg-laying habits, and roles in transmitting diseases like epidemic typhus. Control methods include insecticidal treatments, combing, boiling clothes/water, and chemical disinfectants. The document also briefly overview Cyclops, a freshwater copepod genus that can act as an intermediate host for diseases like guinea-worm.
1. The document discusses various insect and vector-borne diseases, including their signs and symptoms as well as the insects that transmit them. Typhus, plague, malaria, dengue and yellow fever are discussed alongside their vector insects like body lice, fleas, mosquitoes and ticks.
2. Cockroaches are described as carriers of diseases like salmonella and triggers of allergies. Bed bugs cause itchy welts but don't transmit disease.
3. Various mosquito genera like Culex, Aedes and Anopheles transmit diseases. Anopheles culicifacies is an important malaria vector in India.
This document discusses the classification, life cycle, morphology, and medical importance of Tabanid flies. It begins by classifying Tabanids in the animal kingdom and notes there are over 4,300 species worldwide. It then describes the fly's life cycle from egg laying near water, to larvae feeding in water/mud, to pupae and finally adult flies. Key details about identifying species based on wing patterns and differentiating males and females are provided. The document concludes by explaining Tabanids can transmit diseases like loa loa filariasis and tularemia, and their bites cause blood loss in animals, which in severe cases of hundreds of ml per day.
The house fly is a common pest found worldwide that can transmit over 100 pathogens through its larvae feeding on feces and adults feeding on human food. As described in the document, the house fly has distinct life stages of eggs, maggots, pupae and winged adults. It is a significant threat to public health, transmitting diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, cholera and typhoid fever to humans and agricultural animals. Both non-chemical methods like improved sanitation and chemical insecticides can help control house fly populations.
Haemonchus contortus, commonly known as the barber's pole worm, is a blood-sucking parasitic nematode that infects sheep and goats. It lives in the abomasum (true stomach) of its hosts. The life cycle is direct, with larvae ingested on herbage developing into adult worms that feed on blood, potentially causing anemia. Clinical signs range from acute to chronic blood loss anemia. Diagnosis is based on identifying eggs in feces and blood analysis. Effective deworming treatments include fenbendazole, thiabendazole, ivermectin, and albendazole.
This document provides an overview of veterinary entomology and related topics. It defines veterinary entomology as the study of insects that cause disease or transmit pathogens in animals. It also discusses acarology, the study of mites and ticks, and defines arthropoda and entomology. The document outlines some key reasons for studying this subject, including insect-borne damage and disease transmission. It also lists some branches and characteristics of entomology.
This document provides information on the classification, morphology, and life cycles of several fly species. It begins with the classification of flies within the kingdom Animalia. It then describes the general structure of flies, including their segmented body plan and wing and leg structures. The document discusses the life cycles of several fly species in separate sections, including house flies, sand flies, black flies, horse flies, and tsetse flies. It notes key details about the egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. The document also covers disease transmission and control methods for some fly species.
Blackflies are small, blood-feeding flies found near rivers and streams worldwide. They have a four-stage life cycle of egg, larva, pupa, and adult. As larvae, they attach to surfaces in flowing water, and as adults, females feed on mammal blood, including humans. Their bites can be a public nuisance and they transmit diseases like river blindness. Control methods include habitat modification, insecticides, biological controls, and personal protective measures like repellents.
This document discusses ticks and the diseases they can transmit. It describes the life cycle of ticks, which have 4 stages: egg, larvae, nymph, and adult. Ticks must find a host at each stage to feed on and develop. It then profiles 3 medically important tick species in Ohio: the American dog tick, blacklegged tick, and lone star tick. For each, it provides pictures of the different life stages, descriptions of identifying features, habitats, hosts, and diseases they can transmit such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, tularemia, and others. It concludes with information on preventing tick bites, tick removal procedures, symptoms of diseases, and treatment options.
ENTO 301 discusses medical and veterinary entomology. Major insect orders that impact human and animal health include Diptera, Hemiptera, Phthiraptera, and Siphonaptera. These insects transmit diseases, inject venoms, cause allergic reactions and phobias, and create nuisances. Important disease vectors discussed include mosquitoes, black flies, sand flies, biting midges, horse flies, tsetse flies, and house flies. Many of these insects transmit pathogens like viruses, bacteria, protozoa and filarial worms.
Invisible blood sucker: no-see-um (biting midge)Kevin KF Ng
no-see-um is a tiny fly that bites human and other warm blooded mammals. It causes a reaction that range from mild to severe and last for minutes to 2 weeks. There is no effective treatment
The document discusses the order Apterygota within the class Insecta. It notes that Apterygota has 4 orders: Thysanura, Collembola, Protura, and Diplura. For each order, it provides key characteristics such as body structure, presence of eyes and antennae, mouthpart type, wing presence, abdominal segmentation, and reproductive features.
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. Its complex life cycle involves freshwater snails acting as intermediate hosts. Humans can become accidentally infected by consuming raw freshwater plants containing the fluke larvae. The flukes mature and reproduce in the bile ducts of the liver, causing a disease called fascioliasis. Symptoms range from asymptomatic to abdominal pain and liver damage. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for fluke eggs or conducting imaging tests and antibody tests. Treatment primarily involves administering deworming medications like triclabendazole or bithionol.
This is a PPT presentation that cover the general description, morphology, characteristics, and feeding habits of Order Siphonaptera. This presentation includes the first three classifications.
Fleas are small, wingless insects that feed on the blood of mammals and birds. They have mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood. Fleas go through four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Common flea species include the cat flea, dog flea, human flea, and various rat fleas.
Reabsorption-is the process of taking useful substances from the filtrate in to the blood (not to lost in the urine)
Reabsorption is selective process but filtration is non-selective
The kidneys produces 180 liters of filtrate per day and normal urinary output in per day 1 to 2 liters.
Hemiptera is an order of insects with over 100,000 species worldwide. They are classified into two suborders - Heteroptera which have piercing-sucking mouthparts and include true bugs, and Homoptera which include aphids, whiteflies, scales, and cicadas. Key characteristics include piercing-sucking or sucking mouthparts, wings (if present) that are either half membranous/half leathery or uniformly thick, and tarsi with 3 or fewer segments. They exhibit variations in wing morphology and undergo gradual or incomplete metamorphosis. Major families discussed are Cimicidae, Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Coreidae, Pentatom
The document discusses the family Psychodidae, specifically the genus Phlebotomine sand flies. It describes the three subgenera (Phlebotomus, Lutzomyia, and Sergentomyia), noting that Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are important vectors for disease. It provides details on the morphology and life cycle of phlebotomine sand flies, including their pale coloring, humped thorax, maxillary palps, and wing structure as adults. It also discusses their medical importance as vectors of leishmaniasis and other diseases.
The document provides information on the orders Isoptera (termites) and Hemiptera (true bugs). It describes key characteristics of each order including their social behavior, caste systems, feeding habits, and economic importance. Termites live in large colonies, help break down dead wood in tropical environments, and can become pests when they damage structures. True bugs exhibit a range of feeding behaviors from predation to herbivory and have morphological adaptations for piercing and sucking plant or animal hosts. The order is divided into suborders Heteroptera and Homoptera.
This document discusses the identification of insects from four orders: Diptera, Siphonaptera, Phthiraptera, and Hemiptera. It provides details on the key characteristics of insects from each order. For Diptera, it describes the suborders Nematocera, Brachycera, and Cyclorrhapha. It discusses morphological features of fleas, lice, true bugs, and specific examples like mosquitoes, house flies, and tsetse flies to differentiate between types of insects within each order. The document aims to teach identification of medically and veterinary important insects through microscopic examination of specimens.
The document provides information about helminths (parasitic worms). It begins by defining helminths and outlining the learning objectives and classification of helminths. The document then focuses on intestinal nematodes (roundworms), describing their key features, life cycles, transmission routes, and important examples like Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. It discusses the morphology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of these common helminth infections.
This summarizes the key information about the Nymphalidae family of butterflies:
1) Nymphalidae is the largest family of butterflies, with over 6,000 described species. It includes well-known butterflies like monarchs and painted ladies.
2) Nymphalid butterflies are often called "brush-footed" because the front pair of legs are small and brush-like, used for sensing rather than walking.
3) Species in this family can be found on every continent except Antarctica, and occupy a wide range of habitats from forests to deserts. They have diverse food sources including flowers, tree sap, and dung.
This document is a parasitology lab report that describes the identification of various trematodes under a light microscope. It provides background information on trematodes including their anatomy, taxonomy, life cycles, and examples of four species examined - Fasciola gigantica, Paramphistomum, Gastrodiscus aegypticus, and Schistosoma bovis. The discussion section describes the characteristics and life cycles of each species. The conclusion confirms that the given specimens were viewed and identified under the microscope.
The document discusses the classification of animals into taxonomic groups from broadest to most specific. The five kingdoms are animalia, plantae, protista, fungi, and monera. Animals are further divided into invertebrates without backbones and vertebrates with backbones. Invertebrates include sponges, jellyfish, worms, mollusks, arthropods like insects and crustaceans, while vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Key groups within each phylum are described.
Body lice are the most serious human lice because they can transmit diseases like epidemic typhus. Diseases spread by body lice are severe threats, especially to refugees and those affected by humanitarian crises. Controlling body lice requires insecticide spraying of clothing and living areas, in addition to personal hygiene measures.
This document provides an overview of the course Introductory Entomology (ENT-302). It defines entomology as the scientific study of insects and defines key characteristics of insects including their three-part body plan of head, thorax, and abdomen. The document also discusses the basic insect body plan, different types of insects, insect classification, characteristics of the phylum Arthropoda, classes within Arthropoda including insects, and comparisons of insects versus arachnids. It provides examples of insect metamorphosis and the success of insects.
This document discusses the characteristics and classification of various zoological pests that affect crops and crop products. It describes the systematic positions, key morphological features, and examples of common orders of insects, mites, rodents, snails, birds, and nematodes that can be agricultural pests. These pests damage crops through feeding, sucking sap, disseminating diseases, and infesting root systems, causing estimated annual losses of Rs. 750 billion for major crops in India.
The document summarizes key characteristics of the phylum Arthropoda. Arthropods have segmented bodies, jointed exoskeletons, and appendages for feeding, sensation, defense and locomotion. They include insects, arachnids, crustaceans and trilobites. Arthropods are found in many environments and have a variety of respiratory, circulatory and digestive systems.
1. This document provides information on the course Fundamentals of Entomology II, including definitions and characteristics of different orders of insects including Hemiptera and Homoptera.
2. It describes key features and examples of different families of true bugs and plant-sucking insects like aphids, whiteflies, and scale insects.
3. The insect orders and families discussed include agricultural pests that feed on and transmit pathogens in important crop plants.
Hemiptera, commonly known as true bugs, is an order of insects characterized by their piercing and sucking mouthparts.
There are over 6000 described species of Hemiptera that vary greatly in size and habitat. They exhibit incomplete or "simple" metamorphosis, progressing from egg to nymph to adult. Nymphs resemble wingless adults.
Hemiptera are divided into three suborders - Heteroptera contain true bugs like bed bugs and water bugs, Auchenorrhyncha contain plant-feeding insects like cicadas and leafhoppers, and Sternorrhyncha contain sap-sucking insects like aphids and scales. Each suborder shares
Lec. 34 Classification of class Insecta upto Orders.pptRaju Panse
This document provides information on various orders of insects through descriptions of key characteristics. It covers orders such as Orthoptera (grasshoppers), Dictyoptera (mantids), Blattodea (cockroaches), Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), Neuroptera (lacewings and antlions), Isoptera (termites), Thysanoptera (thrips), Hemiptera (true bugs), Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Coleoptera (beetles), Hymenoptera (sawflies, wasps, bees and ants), Diptera (flies) and provides comparisons between different groups such as moths and butter
Arthropods are the most diverse and abundant group of animals. They make up over 80% of all known animal species. Arthropods are found in nearly all habitats on Earth and have been highly successful in adapting to life on land, in water, and air. They have a segmented body, jointed appendages, a hard exoskeleton that is periodically molted, and bilateral symmetry. Insects are the largest class of arthropods, making up over 50% of all known animal life. Insects go through complete or incomplete metamorphosis from egg to adult. Their body segments are specialized for different functions and they have an exoskeleton, jointed legs, and often wings.
THE COLEOPTERA IS A BIGGST ORDER IN THE CLASS INSECTA AND ALSO IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM HERE IAM DESCRIBING THE IMPORTANT CHARACTER OF THE ORDER AND ECONMOIC IMPORTANT FAMILIES COMES UNDER COLEOPTERA
Classification of Plants and Animals By SYED AASIM HAQSYED ASSIM HAQ
This document provides an overview of the classification of plants and animals. It discusses the three domain system of classifying all living things and provides details on the classification of major kingdoms of plants and animals. The key plant groups discussed include algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. The major animal phyla described are porifera, coelentrata, ctenophora, platyhelminthes, aschelminths, annelids, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, hemichordata, chordata and the classes under chordata.
Tolerance to tissue and cell antigens can be
induced by injection of hemopoietic (stem)
cells in neonatal or severely
immunocompromised (by lethal irradiation
or drug treatment) animals.
Also, grafting of allogeneic bone marrow or
thymus in early life results in tolerance to
the donor type cells and tissues. Such
animals are known as chimeras. These
findings are of significant practical
application in bone marrow grafting
Approximately 99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood in the peritubular capillaries & Only 1% of filtrate urine.
Reabsorbed substances not lost in the urine, but are carried by the peritubular capillaries to the venous system → heart
Some reabsorption is passive & most is active transport
To perform his experiments, how did Mendel prevent pea flowers from self-pollinating and control their cross-pollination?
He cut away the pollen-bearing male parts of a flower and dusted that flower with pollen from another plant.
Hippocrates: ill health resulted due to changes in air, winds, water, climate, food, nature of soil and habits of people.
Varro: Disease was caused by animate particles invisible to naked eye where carried in air via the mouth and nose to body.
Fracastorius: Agent of communicable disease was living germs that transmitted by direct contact and indirect contact with human, animal and objects respectively.
No proof b/c no experimental study
Normocytic anemia with ineffective erythropoiesis (reduced reticulocyte count)
May be normochromic or hypochromic
Results from
Chronic inflammation (e.g. rheumatologic disease): Cytokines released by inflammatory cells cause macrophages to accumulate iron and not transfer it to plasma or developing red cells (iron block anemia)
Renal failure (erythropoietin from kidneys)
Endocrine (e.g. hypothyroid)
Hepatic disease
Bone marrow suppression (EPO is elevated)
The red cell indices include
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Red cell distribution width (RDW) is another important red cell parameter obtained by electronic methods
RDW measures the variation in size of the red blood cells (degree of anisocytosis)
It must be remembered that the red cell count has the greatest potential error and must be performed with extreme care preferably using an electronic counter
Each female fly can lay approximately 500 eggs in several batches of about 75 to 150. The eggs are white and are about 1.2 mm in length. Within a day, larvae (maggots) hatch from the eggs; they live and feed in (usually dead and decaying) organic material, such as garbage or feces. They are pale-whitish, 3–9 mm long, thinner at the mouth end, and have no legs. They live at least one week. At the end of their third instar, the maggots crawl to a dry cool place and transform into pupae, colored reddish or brown and about 8 mm long. The adult flies then emerge from the pupae. (This whole cycle is known as complete metamorphosis.) The adults live from two weeks to a month in the wild, or longer in benign laboratory conditions. After having emerged from the pupae, the flies cease to grow; small flies are not young flies but are instead the result of getting insufficient food during the larval stage.
The male mounts the female from behind
Some 36 hours after having emerged from the pupa, the female is receptive to mating.
The male mounts her from behind to inject sperm. Copulation takes between a few seconds to a couple of minutes.
[3] Normally the female mates only once, storing the sperm to use it repeatedly for laying several sets of eggs.
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Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -Gokul Rangarajan
The Ultimate Guide to Setting up Market Research in Health Tech part -1
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
Ethical Approval: Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects.
Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
Resource Planning: Allocate resources including time, budget, and personnel required for each phase of the research.
Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
7. Develop Research Instruments
Survey Design: Create well-structured surveys using tools like Google Forms to gather quantitative data.
Interview and Focus Group Guides: Prepare detailed scripts and discussion points for qualitative data collection.
8. Sampling Strategy
Sampling Design: Define the sampling frame, size, and method (e.g., random sampling, stratified sampling) to ensure representation of target demographics.
Participant Recruitment: Plan recruitment strategies to reach and engage the intended participant groups effectively.
9. Data Collection and Analysis Plan
Data Collection: Implement methods for data gathering, ensuring consistency and validity.
Analysis Techniques: Decide on analytical approaches (e.g., statistical
The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-TechGokul Rangarajan
How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
Operational Partner Pitchworks VC Studio
Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
2. Acknowledgement
Addis Ababa university
Jimma university
Haramaya university
University of Gondar
American society of clinical pathology
Centre for disease prevention and control- Ethiopia
4. Learning objective
At the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
List some of the best known species of Tabanids
Describe the morphology of Tabanids
Discuss the medical importance of Tabanids
Explain the life cycle of Tabanids
Describe the control mechanisms of Tabanids
5. Introduction
Family Tabanidae
Large biting flies generally.
Three most important generas:
Stouts, Clegs (Haematopota)
Green heads, Horse flies (Tabanus)
Deer flies (Chrysops)
They can be pests to cattle, horses, and humans.
6. Morphology
• Medium to very large in size
• Varieties of colors
• Abdomen & thorax with stripes or patches of contrasting colors
• Head:
• Large semicircular in outline (semilunar)
• A pair of compound eyes of different colors (dichoptic in
female & holoptic in males)
• Antennae small & stout (3 segments): no antennal arista
(unlike muscidae & Glossinidae)
• Size & shape of antennae for distinction of generas
8. • Mouth parts stout & adapted for biting (female) & point
downwards (do not project forward unlike Tse tse,
mosquitoes)
• Thorax: stout & bear a pair of wings (when at rest like a pair
of open scissors)
• Abdomen; broad & stout of different colors
• Males feed on only sugary secretions. Females also feed on
sugary substances but in addition to biting a wide variety of
mammals such as domestic animals (esp. Horses, cattles...)
10. • Eggs: creamy white, or blackish
• Curved, approximately cigar shaped
• Firmly glued in an upright position in a large mass to
the substrate (water proofed)
• Larva: cylinderical and pointed at both ends
• Darkish pigmentation near the borders of the
segments
• Very small black head (can be retracted in to the
thorax)
11. • 11 segments (prominent raised tyre – like rings)
• 4th – 10th segments have a pair of lateral & 2 pairs of
ventral pseudopods
• Last abdominal segment bears a siphon which can be
retracted to the abdomen
• The last abdominal segement also bears a pyriform structure
called Graber’s organ (sensory function???)
12. HORSE FLY LARVA
Graber’s organ
Very small head
Pseudopods (4th – 10th segments
Tyre - like rings
Siphon
14. • Pupa: brown colored, rounded anteriorly, tapering
posteriorly
• Has leg & wing cases attached to the body
• A row of spines encircling each abdominal segment
• Six pointed projections at the apex of the abdomen
• Head & thorax combine to cephalothorax
15. Life cycle
Tabanids are holometabolous insects.
They go through the following life stages: egg, larva,
pupa and adult.
Though the life histories of the members of this fairly
large family of flies differ, they can be generalized as
follows.
Eggs are usually laid in large, layered clusters of 100-
1000 on vegetation or other objects overlying water or
moist soil.
16. Life cycle
The larva undergoes several molts as it grows and
depending on the species, the larval stage may last a
several months or as long as two to three years.
Once the larva is fully developed it moves into drier soil
to pupate. Depending on the species, the pupal stage
lasts approximately 5-21 days, and then the adult flies
emerge from the soil.
Mating occurs shortly after the adults emerge. Females
then lay in wait in vegetation until a host for a blood
meal wanders into range.
17. Medical importance
Anthrax, tularaemia, lyme disease
Nuisance or painful biting
Severe allergic reaction to saliva
Only females blood feeders (diurnal biters)
Loiasis (by chrysops)
18. Control
Native beneficial insects that target tabanids (some
hymenopteras), wasps, ...
Drainage to remove standing water or muddy areas
Traps around cattles
Repellents
19. Summary
Haematopota, Tabanus and Chrysops are the three most
important generas of Tabanids
Have curved, cigar shaped eggs glued in mass to the
substrate
Larvae has 11 segments
Tabanids are holometabolous
Act as vectors for some parasitic, bacterial and viral
pathogens
20. References
1. Horse fly/deer fly– Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. htm
2. A. Ibrahim, U. Geme, T. Melaku and G. Jigssa, Lecture
note on vector biology for Medical Laboratory Technology
students, AAU, 2004
3. Sean Strother, Tabanids (horseflies), Dermatology Online
Journal 5(2): 6
4. Courtesy to pictures: James Castner and University of
Florida, Jason M. Squitier and University of Florida,
5. R. L. Guerrant et al. Tropical infectious diseases:
Principles, pathogens and practice. 2nd ed. 2006.
Editor's Notes
The larvae, which are aquatic, semi-aquatic, or terrestrial, hatch from the eggs and drop to the water or soil below where they become voracious predators of other invertebrates or small vertebrates.
Females are attracted to large, dark, moving objects and to CO2.