Antioxidants are molecules capable of reducing the causes or effects of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be caused by environmental factors, disease, infection, inflammation, aging (ROS production). The body produces some endogenous antioxidants, but dietary antioxidants may provide additional line of defense. Flavonoids & other polyphenolics, Vitamins C & E, and Carotenoids are the most common dietary antioxidants. Many herbs and botanicals also contain antioxidants.
Any molecule containing one or more unpaired electrons. These unpaired electrons readily form free radical molecules which are chemically reactive and highly unstable.
Antioxidants are molecules capable of reducing the causes or effects of oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be caused by environmental factors, disease, infection, inflammation, aging (ROS production). The body produces some endogenous antioxidants, but dietary antioxidants may provide additional line of defense. Flavonoids & other polyphenolics, Vitamins C & E, and Carotenoids are the most common dietary antioxidants. Many herbs and botanicals also contain antioxidants.
Any molecule containing one or more unpaired electrons. These unpaired electrons readily form free radical molecules which are chemically reactive and highly unstable.
in this presentation, the light is focused on discussing the Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, how it forms, how it affects the body and what are the diseases that correlate with oxidative stress.
nevertheless, how it can be balanced by the antioxidants and what is their role in oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is the main metabolic process that causes mitochondrial dysfunction. In this presentation we show different oxidative stress pathways and the main solutions to prevent mitochondrial damage by using non enzymatic antioxidants and boosting antioxidant enzymatic systems.
role of free radicals in human diseases. Inside the human cells, there is an effective antioxidant defence system to counter damaging actions of reactive oxygen species. ... Direct damage to structural proteins and DNA inside the cells may result in loss of cell architecture and lack of its ability to restore.
in this presentation, the light is focused on discussing the Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, how it forms, how it affects the body and what are the diseases that correlate with oxidative stress.
nevertheless, how it can be balanced by the antioxidants and what is their role in oxidative stress.
Oxidative stress is the main metabolic process that causes mitochondrial dysfunction. In this presentation we show different oxidative stress pathways and the main solutions to prevent mitochondrial damage by using non enzymatic antioxidants and boosting antioxidant enzymatic systems.
role of free radicals in human diseases. Inside the human cells, there is an effective antioxidant defence system to counter damaging actions of reactive oxygen species. ... Direct damage to structural proteins and DNA inside the cells may result in loss of cell architecture and lack of its ability to restore.
Free radicals are unstable, highly reactive molecules which are generated both in the body and outside the body. They are described as electron hungry molecules produced when oxygen is metabolized or burned by the body
Role of Free Radical in diseases
A brief introduction about Pharmacology of free radicals, generation of free radicals, Antioxidants, Free radicals causing disorders such as cancer diabetes, neuro degenerative disorders such as Parkisonism's Disease
Multiple Choice Questions with Explanatory Answers on Chemistry of Carbohydrates for Medical, Biochemistry and Biology students - Chapter 1 of Multiple Choice Questions in Biochemistry by RC Gupta
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
2. Oxidative reactions are essential for life
But they can also be harmful
Oxidative reactions can produce free
radicals
3. A free radical is an entity containing an
unpaired electron in its outermost orbit
A dot is included in the formula to show
a free radical e.g. A.
The unpaired electron makes the radical
highly reactive
4. Free radicals can be stabilized only by:
Donating electrons
to other molecules
Receiving electrons
from other molecules
New radicals are generated as a result
This can start a chain reaction
5. Chain reaction can be very destructive
The chain reaction can damage:
DNA Lipids Proteins
Potential effects of free radicals
constitute oxidative stress
6. Entities causing oxidative stress are
called reactive oxygen species (ROS)
ROS include all the free radicals that
contain oxygen
Even hydrogen peroxide is ROS
7. The chain reaction ceases only when two
radicals react and form a covalent bond
The chain reaction can also be termi-
nated by anti-oxidants
Anti-oxidants remove free radicals by
getting oxidized themselves
8. Plants as well as animals maintain
complex systems of anti-oxidants
Insufficient amounts of anti-oxidants or
their inhibition can cause oxidative stress
Oxidative stress can damage or kill cells
9. Free radicals are produced continuously
by the body
Some are made as part of normal
physiological processes
Generation of free radicals
10. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical
made by the vascular system:
To promote relaxation of
smooth muscles
To control blood pressure
11. Macrophages, neutrophils and mono-
cytes also produce free radicals
They use free radicals as part of their
defense mechanism
Free radicals generated by them are
used to kill foreign micro-organisms
12. Excessive phagocytic activity can result
in release of free radicals outside the cell
This can result in tissue injury and
disease
13. All the free radicals produced in the
body are not equally harmful
Hydroxyl radical (OH.
) is very reactive
It can attack all biological molecules
It can initiate chain reactions and can
damage cell membranes and DNA
14. Hydroxyl radicals are formed from
cellular water
Exposure to radioactive isotopes and X-
rays can form hydroxyl radicals
15. Superoxide radicals (O2
‒ ):
Are relatively less toxic
Are formed in reactions involving
controlled movement of electrons
16. Mitochondria normally reduce oxygen
via electron-transport chain to water
Some of the oxygen molecules may
receive only a single electron
These are converted into superoxide
radicals
FpH2 + O2 → FpH + H+ + O2
-
17. Overproduction of free radicals causes
oxidative stress
Oxidative stress can damage bio-
molecules and cells
Oxidative stress may be responsible for
many diseases
18.
19. ROS also perform some useful functions
in cells
One such function is in redox signaling
Therefore, some ROS must be formed
20. Both deficiency and overproduction of
free radicals can do harm
Therefore, levels of free radicals in the
body must be controlled
21. There are protective mechanisms to
combat free radicals
These mechanisms constitute the anti-
oxidant defense system
Function of anti-oxidant defense system
is to keep ROS at an optimum level
Anti-oxidants
22. The anti-oxidants:
Either prevent the formation
of free radicals
Or detoxify the free radicals
already formed
Can be endogenous or
exogenous
24. The exogenous anti-oxidants include:
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin C
• Vitamin E
• Selenium
• Carotenes
• Several pigments found in fruits and
vegetables
25. One mechanisms by which the super-
oxide radicals can be detoxified is:
Ferric ion of cytochrome c accepts an
electron from the superoxide radical
O2
– + Fe+++ (Cyt c) → O2 + Fe++ (Reduced cyt c)
26.
27. There are different isoforms of super-
oxide dismutase (SOD)
All contain metal ions as cofactors
The cofactor can be copper, zinc, iron or
manganese
29. Hydrogen peroxide is formed in tissues
by the action of aerobic dehydrogenases
It is detoxified by glutathione and
glutathione peroxidase
Reduced glutathione (G-SH) is converted
into oxidized glutathione (GS-SG)
30.
31. Thus, both glutathione peroxidase and
glutathione act as anti-oxidants
Glutathione reductase is required to re-
generate reduced glutathione
Therefore, glutathione reductase is also
an anti-oxidant
32.
33. Glutathione peroxidase and glutathione
reductase are metallo-enzymes
Both contain selenium
Hence, selenium is also a part of the
anti-oxidant defense system
34. H2O2 is formed in peroxisomes by flavo-
protein oxidases
Peroxisomes also possess catalase, an
anti-oxidant, which detoxifies H2O2
This segregation prevents exposure of
other cell components to H2O2
36. Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant
It prevents chain reactions involving
polyunsaturated fatty acids
This prevents damage to membranes
37. Vitamin C is a water-soluble anti-oxidant
It scavenges free radicals in aqueous
environment
It is a very important antioxidant in extra-
cellular fluids
It complements the action of vitamin E in
the membranes
38. b-Carotene is present in many fruits and
vegetables
Besides being a precursor of vitamin A,
it is a powerful antioxidant
It can react with free radicals to form
more stable entities
39. Several other anti-oxidants are present
in fruits and vegetables
These include lycopene, zeaxanthin,
lutein, resveratrol, quercetin, rutin etc
They are reported to prevent or delay a
number of degenerative diseases
40. A number of anti-oxidant supplements
are available commercially
These are obtained by extraction from
natural foods or by chemical synthesis
Their composition is not the same as in
natural foods
41. Health benefits of anti-oxidant supple-
ments are controversial
The current opinion is that antioxidants
should be obtained from natural foods
rather than from supplements