in this presentation, the light is focused on discussing the Reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, how it forms, how it affects the body and what are the diseases that correlate with oxidative stress.
nevertheless, how it can be balanced by the antioxidants and what is their role in oxidative stress.
Just regarded to those who trying to learn somethings.. . thanks to those who read this slide... Just pray for me , for my parents and for my teachers...
Oxidative Stress in Aging and Human Diseases - Exploring the MechanismsQIAGEN
Many modern diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver disease, arthritis and neurodegenerative disease are related to aging, and aging is closely linked to oxidative stress. Intensive research is being conducted to understand the antioxidant defense mechanism, the mechanisms of aging itself, as well as their roles in human diseases. This slidedeck provides an update on how oxidative stress is linked to aging and how inflammation leads to aging through DNA damage, telomere dysfunction, cellular senescence and oxidative stress. Recent progress on the health benefits of antioxidants and examination of their potential mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases are also covered. Various assay technologies to tackle the complex signaling pathways in this process will be introduced. Learn how you can apply these advanced tools to your research!
Free radical reactions are expected to produce progressive adverse changes that accumulate with age throughout the body. Such “normal” changes with age are relatively common to all.
However, superimposed on this common pattern are patterns influenced by genetics and environmental differences that modulate free radical damage.
These are manifested as diseases at certain ages determined by genetic and environmental factors.
Cancer and atherosclerosis, two major causes of death, are salient “free radical” diseases. Cancer initiation and promotion is associated with chromosomal defects and oncogene activation. It is possible that endogenous free radical reactions, like those initiated by ionizing radiation, may result in tumor formation.
Just regarded to those who trying to learn somethings.. . thanks to those who read this slide... Just pray for me , for my parents and for my teachers...
Oxidative Stress in Aging and Human Diseases - Exploring the MechanismsQIAGEN
Many modern diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, liver disease, arthritis and neurodegenerative disease are related to aging, and aging is closely linked to oxidative stress. Intensive research is being conducted to understand the antioxidant defense mechanism, the mechanisms of aging itself, as well as their roles in human diseases. This slidedeck provides an update on how oxidative stress is linked to aging and how inflammation leads to aging through DNA damage, telomere dysfunction, cellular senescence and oxidative stress. Recent progress on the health benefits of antioxidants and examination of their potential mechanisms in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases are also covered. Various assay technologies to tackle the complex signaling pathways in this process will be introduced. Learn how you can apply these advanced tools to your research!
Free radical reactions are expected to produce progressive adverse changes that accumulate with age throughout the body. Such “normal” changes with age are relatively common to all.
However, superimposed on this common pattern are patterns influenced by genetics and environmental differences that modulate free radical damage.
These are manifested as diseases at certain ages determined by genetic and environmental factors.
Cancer and atherosclerosis, two major causes of death, are salient “free radical” diseases. Cancer initiation and promotion is associated with chromosomal defects and oncogene activation. It is possible that endogenous free radical reactions, like those initiated by ionizing radiation, may result in tumor formation.
Free radicals in human diseases and the roleMohammed Sakr
Free radicals reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are generated by our body by various endogenous systems, exposure to different physiochemical conditions or pathological states. A balance between free radicals and antioxidants is necessary for proper physiological function. If free radicals overwhelm the body's ability to regulate them, a condition known as oxidative stress ensues. Free radicals thus adversely alter lipids, proteins, and DNA and trigger a number of human diseases. Free radicals are a main cause of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, aging and immune defense disorders. Foods like berries and carrot protect us against free radicals.
definition, properties, types of free radical, neurodegenerative disorder, cardiovascular disease, and cancer due to free radicals, importance of antioxidants and their role.
A brief introduction about Pharmacology of free radicals, generation of free radicals, Antioxidants, Free radicals causing disorders such as cancer diabetes, neuro degenerative disorders such as Parkisonism's Disease
Every component of the eye is vulnerable to damage from ROI, particularly retina. There are several reasons for the vulnerability of the retina, including high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), constant exposure to visible light, high consumption of oxygen, an abundance of photosensitisers in the neurosensory retina and the RPE, the process of phagocytosis by the RPE which is known to generate hydrogen peroxide.
Oxidative stress is the main metabolic process that causes mitochondrial dysfunction. In this presentation we show different oxidative stress pathways and the main solutions to prevent mitochondrial damage by using non enzymatic antioxidants and boosting antioxidant enzymatic systems.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Oxidative stress
1.
2. Overview
• Oxidants & Antioxidants in biological systems
• Oxidative stress
• Molecular targets of oxidative stress
• Antioxidant defense mechanisms
• Oxidative stress related Diseases
3. Free Radicals
• Oxidation is a normal and necessary process that takes place in our body.
Sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes the degree
of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound.
• Free Radicals : are chemical species, that contain one or more
unpaired electron in an outer orbit.
• Unstable and highly reactive molecules
• Autocatalytic reaction
4. Formation of Free Radicals
• By Reduction-Oxidation reactions during normal metabolic process.
• Primary source is our body during energy production
• Enzymatic Metabolism of exogenous chemicals and drugs.
• During Inflammation.
• Prolonged low blood flow states
(atherosclerosis, heart attacks & stroke)
• Environmental contaminants
• Tobacco (Smoking) is a major oxidative
stress, that is a source of mutagens.
• Absorption of Radiation energy
• Diet (fatty and processed foods)
• Low levels of antioxidants
5. Reactive Oxygen Species
• ROS: chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen, highly reactive under
normal conditions, ROS are natural biradicals. Responsible for more than
100 human diseases. Aging, cancer, heart attacks, stroke and arthritis also
have some beneficial effects.
Reactive Oxygen
species.
Symbol Properties
superoxide radical O2
•- weak oxidant
hydroperoxyl radical HO2
• stronger oxidant than O2-
hydrogen peroxide H2O2 oxidant
hydroxyl radical OH• extremely reactive
alkoxyl radical RO• less reactive than OH
peroxyl radical ROO• weaker oxidant
singlet oxygen 1O2 strong oxidant
6. Oxidative Stress
• It is imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body.
• Under normal conditions, cells are able to balance the production of oxidants
and antioxidants. Oxidative stress occurs when cells are subjected to excess
levels of ROS or as a result of antioxidant depletion.
• It is harmful because ROS attack biological molecules such as lipids,
proteins, and DNA that involved in the pathogenesis of
lifestyle-related diseases.
• Oxidative stress has a useful role in physiologic
adaptation and in the regulation of intracellular
signal transduction. When functioning properly, free
radicals can help fight off pathogens to prevent infections.
9. Oxidative damage of Lipids
• Lipid peroxydation gives rise to lipid hydroperoxides, lipid alkoxyl, and peroxyl
radicals. Lipid peroxy radicals react with other lipids, thereby the transfer of
electrons and bringing the oxidation of substrates. Peroxisomes, which are
organelles responsible for degrading fatty acids and other molecules, produce
H2O2 as a by-product, which is then degraded by catalase..
• Cell membranes, are highly susceptible to oxidative attack and, consequently,
changes in membrane fluidity, permeability, and cellular metabolic functions
result.
10. Oxidative damage of Proteins
• Oxidative attack on proteins results in site-specific amino acid modifications,
fragmentation of the peptide chain, aggregation of cross-linked reaction products,
altered electrical charge and increased susceptibility to proteolysis
• Sulphur containing amino acids, and thiol groups specifically, are very
susceptible sites.
• The oxidation of iron-sulphur by superoxide destroys enzymatic function.
• Thus it destroys the structure, functions of essential proteins and enzymes and
whole cell metabolism is blocked.
11. Oxidative damage of DNA
• Activated oxygen and agents that generate oxygen free radicals, such as
ionizing radiation, induce numerous lesions in DNA that cause deletions,
mutations and other lethal genetic effects
• Characterizations of this damage to DNA has indicated that both the sugar and
the base moieties are susceptible to oxidation,
causing base degradation, single strand breakage,
and cross-linking to protein.
• Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA may
promote cancer and aging.
12. Mitochondrial are the targets of ROS
• Oxidative stress is tightly linked to mitochondrial Dysfunction. Mitochondria
are both generators and targets of ROS.
• In respond to cellular stress, Necrosis, Apoptosis, and autophagy are activated.
Mitochondrial turnover is dependent on autophagy.
• The mitochondria defends itself against this high rate of damage by a constant
turnover, thus presumably removing those damaged mitochondria that
produce increased oxidants. Despite this turnover, oxidative lesions appear to
accumulate with age in mtDNA at a higher rate than in nuclear DNA.
Oxidative damage could also account for the mutations in mtDNA that
accumulate with age.
13.
14. Antioxidants
• An antioxidant is any substance that delays, prevents or removes oxidative
damage to a target molecule.
• There is no universal best antioxidant!
• Their relative importance depends upon:
Which, how, where ROS is generated and what target of damage is measured
• thus the job of antioxidants is to neutralise or 'mop up' free radicals that
can harm our cells.
15. Antioxidative Defense
Enzymes – catalytically remove ROS
(superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase,
peroxidase)
Proteins that remove pro-oxidants (metal ions and heme)
(transferrin, ferritin, albumin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin)
Low-molecular weight substances
○ synthesized in vivo (bilirubin, uric acid, NADPH, CoQ)
○ from the diet (vitamins A, C and E, plant phenols)
• Antioxidants therefore can decrease mutagenesis,
and thus carcinogenesis, in two ways:
by decreasing oxidative DNA damage and
by decreasing cell division.
2 O2 +
+2 2
17. Aging and Dietary Restriction
• Dietary restriction activates the pituitary-
adrenocorticotropic axis, resulting in a decrease
in the release of reproductive and mitogenic
hormones, as has been shown in various animal
studies. This is consistent with suppression of
incidence of mammary tumors.
• Protein restriction appears to have the same
effects as calorie restriction An understanding of
mechanisms for this marked effect on aging and
cancer is becoming clearer and may in good part
be due to reduced oxidative damage, which is
supported by the findings of more efficient DNA
repair, better coupled mitochondrial respiration,
and a delay in the age dependent decline of some
antioxidant defenses.
18. Antioxidatns and Treatment
• antioxidants may be useful in treating patients after a stroke to
protect the nerves and brain cells from oxidative damage and lipid
peroxidation.
• Agents such as superoxide dismutase mimetics, sodium thiopental
and propofol can be used to treat reperfusion injury that occurs after
traumatic brain injury.
• These agents prevent neural cell death. Individuals with
neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and
Parkinson's disease also benefit to a certain extent from the use of
antioxidants.
Editor's Notes
As they are highly reactive and unstable, they pull electron from other molecules and cause affected molecules to become free radical and then new free radical pull electron to next molecules , so chain is produce
Ionizing and ultraviolet radiation. Smoking is a risk factor for heart disease as well as a wide variety of cancers in addition to lung cancer
Mt, energy production , As a consequence of normal aerobic respiration, mitochondria consume 02, reducing it by sequential steps to produce H20. Inevitable byproducts of this process, O2•- ,HO2• , H2O2. Chronic infection by viruses, bacteria, or parasites results in a chronic phagocytic activity and consequent chronic inflammation, which is a major risk factor for cancer.
a biradical – it has two unpaired electrons. Oxidants from normal metabolism. The formation of 02, H202, and -OH occurs by successive additions of electrons to 02. Cytochrome oxidase adds four electrons fairly efficiently during energy generation in mitochondria, but some of these toxic intermediates are inevitable by-products. For oxygen reduction, 4e are required, if these 4e are not accepted all together by oxygen molecule at one step, then ROS are produced.
A disturbance in the balance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants.
Oxidative damage to DNA, protiens and lipids is a major contributor to aging, immune system decline, degenerative of diseases (cardiovascular disease, brain dysfunction, cataracts)
The biological importance of ROS Physiological positive effects of ROS Kill microorganism, Second messenger (H2O2), Cellular differentiation & proliferation, Regulate signal transduction & transcription( Cytokines and growth factor receptors, non-receptor tyrosine kinases, Protein tyrosine phosphatases, Serine/Threonine kinases).Leukocytes and other phagocytic cells combat bacteria, parasites, and virus-infected cells by destroying them with nitric oxide NO, O2, H202, and OC1, a powerful oxidant mixture. These oxidants protect humans from immediate death from infection but cause oxidative damage to DNA and mutation, thereby contributing to the carcinogenic process.
The cellular targets of ROS. DNA= chemical changes in bases which leads to ..
Proteins= by Oxidation and nitration >> damage and loss of function (enzymes and other proteins)
Lipids= (polyunsaturated fatty acids) produce H2O2 by product, under some conditions H2O2 escape degradation resulting its release into other compartment of cells and increase oxidative DNA damage
Evidence suggests that, under certain conditions, some of the peroxide escapes degradation, resulting in its release into other compartments of the cell and in increased oxidative DNA damage
Lipid hydroperoxides are destroyed by glutathione peroxidase.
some DNA is oxidized. Oxidatively damaged DNA is repaired by enzymes that excise the lesions, Methods have been developed to assay several of these excised damaged bases in the urine of humans, almost all of which appear as the free base from repair by glycosylases. We estimate that the number of oxidative hits to DNA per cell per day is about 10,000 in the human. DNA-repair enzymes efficiently remove most, but not all, of the lesions formed. Oxidative lesions in DNA accumulate with age. The importance of oxidative DNA lesions in cancer and aging is underscored by the existence of specific repair glycosylases that excise these lesions from DNA. In the case of a lesion formed from oxidative damage to guanine residues in DNA, loss of a specific glycosylase activity leads to an appreciable increase in the spontaneous mutation rate, indicating the intrinsic mutagenic potential of this DNA lesion. Many other oxidative DNA lesions are likely to be important as well
This increase may be due to a lack of mtDNA repair enzymes, a lack of histones protecting mtDNA, and the proximity of mtDNA to oxidants generated during oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative damage could also account for the mutations in mtDNA that accumulate with age>> Electrons are passed through the complexes and reach their final distination. An oxygen molecule then is reduced to produce water molecule. However, Sometimes the oxygen is incompletely reduced to give superoxide radical O2•-, this can inactive enzymes or initiate lipid peroxidation in its pronated form of Hydroperoxyl.
Common diseases caused by oxidative stress Damage to biomolecules like Lipids, Proteins, DNA, will eventually lead to diseases like:
Atherosclerosis Cancer Diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis Myocardial infarction Cardiovascular diseases Chronic inflammation
Inhibit oxidation of other molecules. Antioxidants are molecules that can donate an electron to a free radical without making themselves unstable. these substances are industrial chemicals added to products to prevent oxidation, and naturally occurring compounds that are present in foods and tissue.
bilirubin, carnosine, and ubiquinol. Ubiquinone (CoQ1o), for example, is the critical small molecule for transporting electrons in mitochondria for the generation of energy. Its reduced form, ubiquinol, is an effective antioxidant in membranes. Optimal levels of dietary ubiquinone/ubiquinol could be of importance in many of the degenerative diseases.
Oxidants form one important class of agents that stimulate cell division. This may be related to the stimulation of cell division that occurs during the inflammatory process accompanying wound healing.
*Fruits and vegetables, the main source of antioxidants in the diet, are associated with a lowered risk of degenerative diseases
The antioxidant capacity of any food is measured using an ORAC score. ORAC stands for oxygen radical absorbance capacity. The higher an ORAC score the greater the antioxidant capacity of the food.
*Herbs and Spices Rich in Antioxidants *Food Rich in Antioxidants
Block and her colleagues have recently reviewed 172 studies in the epidemiological literature that relate, with great consistency, the lack of adequate consumption of fruits and vegetables to cancer incidence
The quarter of the population with low dietary intake of fruits and vegetables has double the cancer rate for most types of cancer (lung, larynx, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colon and rectum, bladder, pancreas, cervix, and ovary) when compared with the quarter with high intake.
Several antioxidants are currently used to treat diseases. For example,