OSI Model
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This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI 7-layer model and its layers from physical to application layer. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. Finally, it covers the different types of addressing used in networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
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Osi model
The document provides information on the OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model:
1. The OSI model consists of 7 layers that define a standard way for different network components to communicate with each other. Each layer provides services to the layer above it and relies on the layer below.
2. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - application, transport, internet, and host-to-network. It is a more practical standard used to build the Internet, while the OSI model provides a theoretical framework.
3. Both models separate networking functions into logical layers for modularity and interoperability. However, the TCP/IP model combines some OSI layers and has fewer layers overall.
Reference models in Networks: OSI & TCP/IP
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides details on:
- The need for a reference model to standardize network components and layer functions to promote interoperability.
- The OSI reference model, approved in 1984, which divides communication problems into seven layers to aid in network interconnection.
- Each of the seven layers of the OSI model, describing their functions and responsibilities for moving data through the network.
Tcp/ip model
The document describes the TCP/IP model and its layers:
1. The application layer contains common protocols like FTP, SMTP, HTTP, and DNS.
2. The transport layer contains TCP and UDP which manage end-to-end message transmission and error handling.
3. The network layer is IP which handles routing and congestion of data packets.
4. The lower layers include the data link layer which manages reliable data delivery to physical networks, and the physical layer which defines the physical media.
OSI reference model
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology.
OsI reference model
The document provides information about the ISO/OSI 7-layer model and TCP/IP 4-layer model for network communication. It describes the layers and functions of each model. The ISO/OSI model defines seven layers for complete communication including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has four layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application layer. It also compares the two models highlighting differences in their approach, layers, services provided, and protocol usage.
TCP-IP Reference Model
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and compares it to the OSI model. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the physical, data link, internet, and transport layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP, with TCP being connection-oriented and reliable, while UDP is connectionless. The internet layer uses IP to transport datagrams independently. The OSI model has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 5 layers that do not directly correspond to the OSI layers.
computer network OSI layer
A brief understanding of the OSI layer with functionality of each layer and comparison of osi layer and Tcp/ip
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
TCP/IP OSI
It has 4 layers. It has 7 layers.
TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards
around which the internet has developed.
OSI Model however is a "generic, protocolindependent standard."
Follows Vertical Approach Follows Horizontal Approach
In TCP/IP Model, Transport Layer does not
Guarantees delivery of packets.
In OSI Model, Transport Layer Guarantees
delivery of packets.
Recommended
Osi model
The document provides information on the OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference model:
1. The OSI model consists of 7 layers that define a standard way for different network components to communicate with each other. Each layer provides services to the layer above it and relies on the layer below.
2. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - application, transport, internet, and host-to-network. It is a more practical standard used to build the Internet, while the OSI model provides a theoretical framework.
3. Both models separate networking functions into logical layers for modularity and interoperability. However, the TCP/IP model combines some OSI layers and has fewer layers overall.
Reference models in Networks: OSI & TCP/IP
The document discusses reference models and the OSI reference model. It provides details on:
- The need for a reference model to standardize network components and layer functions to promote interoperability.
- The OSI reference model, approved in 1984, which divides communication problems into seven layers to aid in network interconnection.
- Each of the seven layers of the OSI model, describing their functions and responsibilities for moving data through the network.
Tcp/ip model
The document describes the TCP/IP model and its layers:
1. The application layer contains common protocols like FTP, SMTP, HTTP, and DNS.
2. The transport layer contains TCP and UDP which manage end-to-end message transmission and error handling.
3. The network layer is IP which handles routing and congestion of data packets.
4. The lower layers include the data link layer which manages reliable data delivery to physical networks, and the physical layer which defines the physical media.
OSI reference model
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology.
OsI reference model
The document provides information about the ISO/OSI 7-layer model and TCP/IP 4-layer model for network communication. It describes the layers and functions of each model. The ISO/OSI model defines seven layers for complete communication including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has four layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application layer. It also compares the two models highlighting differences in their approach, layers, services provided, and protocol usage.
TCP-IP Reference Model
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and compares it to the OSI model. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the physical, data link, internet, and transport layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP, with TCP being connection-oriented and reliable, while UDP is connectionless. The internet layer uses IP to transport datagrams independently. The OSI model has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 5 layers that do not directly correspond to the OSI layers.
computer network OSI layer
A brief understanding of the OSI layer with functionality of each layer and comparison of osi layer and Tcp/ip
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
TCP/IP OSI
It has 4 layers. It has 7 layers.
TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards
around which the internet has developed.
OSI Model however is a "generic, protocolindependent standard."
Follows Vertical Approach Follows Horizontal Approach
In TCP/IP Model, Transport Layer does not
Guarantees delivery of packets.
In OSI Model, Transport Layer Guarantees
delivery of packets.
Osi model
Power point presentation on osi model.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
OSI MODEL - A PROJECT
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model:
1. The physical layer defines electrical specifications for activating and maintaining physical links.
2. The data link layer provides reliable transmission of data frames across physical links and defines media access control.
3. The network layer provides path selection and logical addressing between hosts across networks.
4. The transport layer segments data streams and handles flow control and reliability between hosts.
5. The session layer establishes and manages dialogues between presentation layers of two hosts.
6. The presentation layer ensures data formats are readable between applications of different systems.
7. The application layer provides network services to user applications like browsers and office programs.
The Physical Layer
The document discusses various types of guided transmission media used for data communication, including twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. It explains that twisted pair cables are commonly used to connect devices within buildings and can support speeds up to 1 Gbps. Coaxial cables have better shielding and bandwidth than twisted pair and can transmit signals over longer distances. Fiber optic cables have the highest bandwidth capacity and can support speeds over 70 Gbps. The document also provides details on the construction and properties of coaxial cables.
TCP/IP Protocols With All Layer Description
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
Asynchronous transfer mode
The document discusses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking. It describes the issues driving changes to local area networks, including supporting different types of traffic like voice, video, and data. It then provides details on the ATM standard and conceptual model, including its connection-oriented nature and use of virtual paths and channels. The document also examines the ATM protocol architecture, including the different ATM adaptation layers used to package data for transmission over ATM networks.
Introduction to Application layer
The application layer is the top layer of the OSI model and controls how applications communicate over a network. It provides services for applications including mail, file transfer, domain name translation and network security. Protocols at this layer include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS and others that allow applications to access remote files and exchange messages over the internet in a standardized way. The application layer hides the complexities of the underlying network from applications and ensures reliable and secure communication between devices.
Osi model
The OSI model is a 7-layer framework for network communication created by ISO to standardize network design. Each layer has a specific purpose, such as physical transmission of bits, logical addressing, or application functions like email. Data moves down the layers during transmission, with each layer adding encapsulation headers so higher layer data can be transmitted reliably across networks.
Osi reference model
This document provides an overview of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. It describes each layer's functions and responsibilities, including the physical layer for transmitting bits, the data link layer for framing and addressing, the network layer for routing packets, the transport layer for process-to-process delivery, the session layer for dialog control, the presentation layer for data translation, and the application layer for user interfaces and services. The OSI model was designed by ISO in the late 1970s to provide a standard framework for network protocol implementation across different systems.
Ethernet Computer network
Ethernet is a family of networking technologies commonly used in LANs, MANs and WANs. It was first standardized in 1983 at 10 Mbps and has since been updated to support higher speeds up to 10 Gbps. Fast Ethernet runs at 100 Mbps using the same frame format as standard Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet runs at 1 Gbps while maintaining compatibility. Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates at 10 Gbps while keeping the same frame format as prior standards.
TCP/IP Network ppt
The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model, describing each layer from application to network. The application layer allows programs access to networked services and contains high-level protocols like TCP and UDP. The transport layer handles reliable delivery via protocols like TCP and UDP. The internet layer organizes routing with the IP protocol. The network layer consists of device drivers and network interface cards that communicate with the physical transmission media.
Transport layer services
The document discusses transport layer protocols TCP and UDP. It provides an overview of process-to-process communication using transport layer protocols. It describes the roles, services, requirements, addressing, encapsulation, multiplexing, and error control functions of the transport layer. It specifically examines TCP and UDP, comparing their connection-oriented and connectionless services, typical applications, and segment/datagram formats.
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The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP networking model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their responsibilities in networking. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. Key protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet, and HTTP are explained in their respective layers along with functions like encapsulation and data flow between layers. Network analysis tools like Wireshark are also mentioned.
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A presentation on the OSI model. Describes the need for a layered approach, and discusses the function of each of the layers.
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The document compares the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It defines a generic standard for network communication. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - network access, internet, transport and application layers. It is based on specific TCP and IP protocols and is used widely for internet working. The key difference is that OSI model is protocol-independent while TCP/IP model supports specific protocols for internet.
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The document summarizes the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which describes how information is transferred between software applications running on different computers connected over a network. It explains that the OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer - through which data passes as it travels from the source to destination. Each layer adds header information and communicates with its corresponding layer in the source/destination computer as well as with layers above and below it to successfully transfer information between applications across a network.
Transport layer
The transport layer provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts. It implements protocols like TCP and UDP that provide services such as multiplexing, reliable data transfer, and flow control. TCP is connection-oriented and provides reliable, ordered delivery of streams of bytes. UDP is connectionless and offers low-latency communications at the cost of reliability. The transport layer addresses ensure end-to-end delivery of data packets from source to destination applications.
Chapter 4 data link layer
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Osi model
The document discusses the OSI Reference Model, which divides networking functions into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has distinct responsibilities and provides services to the layer above it. The model was developed by ISO to standardize network communication and ensure compatibility between different systems.
Chapter 8: Switching
A switched network consists of interconnected nodes called switches that can temporarily connect devices linked to the switch. There are three main types of switching: circuit switching, datagram/packet switching, and virtual circuit switching. Circuit switching requires resource reservation and dedicates resources for the duration of a connection. Datagram switching does not reserve resources and allocates them on demand. Virtual circuit switching has aspects of both by dedicating resources only for packets belonging to the same connection. Switches can be constructed in single-stage or multistage designs, with multistage switches using fewer crosspoints.
Sliding window protocol
This document describes the sliding window protocol. It discusses key concepts like both the sender and receiver maintaining buffers to hold packets, acknowledgements being sent for every received packet, and the sender being able to send a window of packets before receiving an acknowledgement. It then explains the sender side process of numbering packets and maintaining a sending window. The receiver side maintains a window size of 1 and acknowledges by sending the next expected sequence number. A one bit sliding window protocol acts like stop and wait. Merits include multiple packets being sent without waiting for acknowledgements while demerits include potential bandwidth waste in some situations.
Osi model
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares the two models, noting they are similar in concept but differ in number of layers and how protocols fit within each model.
Solucion de ejercicios
El documento es un informe de un estudiante de la Universidad Pública "Santiago Mariño" en Maracaibo, Venezuela. El estudiante Carlos Portillos presentó un informe para su curso de Circuitos Eléctricos 2 el 8 de marzo de 2017.
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Osi model
Power point presentation on osi model.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
OSI MODEL - A PROJECT
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model:
1. The physical layer defines electrical specifications for activating and maintaining physical links.
2. The data link layer provides reliable transmission of data frames across physical links and defines media access control.
3. The network layer provides path selection and logical addressing between hosts across networks.
4. The transport layer segments data streams and handles flow control and reliability between hosts.
5. The session layer establishes and manages dialogues between presentation layers of two hosts.
6. The presentation layer ensures data formats are readable between applications of different systems.
7. The application layer provides network services to user applications like browsers and office programs.
The Physical Layer
The document discusses various types of guided transmission media used for data communication, including twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables. It explains that twisted pair cables are commonly used to connect devices within buildings and can support speeds up to 1 Gbps. Coaxial cables have better shielding and bandwidth than twisted pair and can transmit signals over longer distances. Fiber optic cables have the highest bandwidth capacity and can support speeds over 70 Gbps. The document also provides details on the construction and properties of coaxial cables.
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TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
Asynchronous transfer mode
The document discusses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networking. It describes the issues driving changes to local area networks, including supporting different types of traffic like voice, video, and data. It then provides details on the ATM standard and conceptual model, including its connection-oriented nature and use of virtual paths and channels. The document also examines the ATM protocol architecture, including the different ATM adaptation layers used to package data for transmission over ATM networks.
Introduction to Application layer
The application layer is the top layer of the OSI model and controls how applications communicate over a network. It provides services for applications including mail, file transfer, domain name translation and network security. Protocols at this layer include HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DNS and others that allow applications to access remote files and exchange messages over the internet in a standardized way. The application layer hides the complexities of the underlying network from applications and ensures reliable and secure communication between devices.
Osi model
The OSI model is a 7-layer framework for network communication created by ISO to standardize network design. Each layer has a specific purpose, such as physical transmission of bits, logical addressing, or application functions like email. Data moves down the layers during transmission, with each layer adding encapsulation headers so higher layer data can be transmitted reliably across networks.
Osi reference model
This document provides an overview of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network communication. It describes each layer's functions and responsibilities, including the physical layer for transmitting bits, the data link layer for framing and addressing, the network layer for routing packets, the transport layer for process-to-process delivery, the session layer for dialog control, the presentation layer for data translation, and the application layer for user interfaces and services. The OSI model was designed by ISO in the late 1970s to provide a standard framework for network protocol implementation across different systems.
Ethernet Computer network
Ethernet is a family of networking technologies commonly used in LANs, MANs and WANs. It was first standardized in 1983 at 10 Mbps and has since been updated to support higher speeds up to 10 Gbps. Fast Ethernet runs at 100 Mbps using the same frame format as standard Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet runs at 1 Gbps while maintaining compatibility. Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates at 10 Gbps while keeping the same frame format as prior standards.
TCP/IP Network ppt
The document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model, describing each layer from application to network. The application layer allows programs access to networked services and contains high-level protocols like TCP and UDP. The transport layer handles reliable delivery via protocols like TCP and UDP. The internet layer organizes routing with the IP protocol. The network layer consists of device drivers and network interface cards that communicate with the physical transmission media.
Transport layer services
The document discusses transport layer protocols TCP and UDP. It provides an overview of process-to-process communication using transport layer protocols. It describes the roles, services, requirements, addressing, encapsulation, multiplexing, and error control functions of the transport layer. It specifically examines TCP and UDP, comparing their connection-oriented and connectionless services, typical applications, and segment/datagram formats.
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OSI Model of Networking
A presentation on the OSI model. Describes the need for a layered approach, and discusses the function of each of the layers.
introduction about TCP/IP
The document compares the OSI model and the TCP/IP model. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It defines a generic standard for network communication. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - network access, internet, transport and application layers. It is based on specific TCP and IP protocols and is used widely for internet working. The key difference is that OSI model is protocol-independent while TCP/IP model supports specific protocols for internet.
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The document summarizes the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which describes how information is transferred between software applications running on different computers connected over a network. It explains that the OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer - through which data passes as it travels from the source to destination. Each layer adds header information and communicates with its corresponding layer in the source/destination computer as well as with layers above and below it to successfully transfer information between applications across a network.
Transport layer
The transport layer provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts. It implements protocols like TCP and UDP that provide services such as multiplexing, reliable data transfer, and flow control. TCP is connection-oriented and provides reliable, ordered delivery of streams of bytes. UDP is connectionless and offers low-latency communications at the cost of reliability. The transport layer addresses ensure end-to-end delivery of data packets from source to destination applications.
Chapter 4 data link layer
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Osi model
The document discusses the OSI Reference Model, which divides networking functions into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer has distinct responsibilities and provides services to the layer above it. The model was developed by ISO to standardize network communication and ensure compatibility between different systems.
Chapter 8: Switching
A switched network consists of interconnected nodes called switches that can temporarily connect devices linked to the switch. There are three main types of switching: circuit switching, datagram/packet switching, and virtual circuit switching. Circuit switching requires resource reservation and dedicates resources for the duration of a connection. Datagram switching does not reserve resources and allocates them on demand. Virtual circuit switching has aspects of both by dedicating resources only for packets belonging to the same connection. Switches can be constructed in single-stage or multistage designs, with multistage switches using fewer crosspoints.
Sliding window protocol
This document describes the sliding window protocol. It discusses key concepts like both the sender and receiver maintaining buffers to hold packets, acknowledgements being sent for every received packet, and the sender being able to send a window of packets before receiving an acknowledgement. It then explains the sender side process of numbering packets and maintaining a sending window. The receiver side maintains a window size of 1 and acknowledges by sending the next expected sequence number. A one bit sliding window protocol acts like stop and wait. Merits include multiple packets being sent without waiting for acknowledgements while demerits include potential bandwidth waste in some situations.
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El documento es un informe de un estudiante de la Universidad Pública "Santiago Mariño" en Maracaibo, Venezuela. El estudiante Carlos Portillos presentó un informe para su curso de Circuitos Eléctricos 2 el 8 de marzo de 2017.
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The document provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI model for computer networking. It describes each layer and its functions, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer defines cable specifications, the data link layer provides addressing and error detection, and the network layer enables routing between different networks using logical addresses. Higher layers include the transport layer for reliable data transmission, and the session, presentation and application layers for establishing communication between applications and presenting data to the end user.
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The document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It introduces the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network functionality. Each layer has a specific role, such as the physical layer dealing with bit transmission and the application layer providing services to users. The document also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. Finally, it covers the different types of addresses used in TCP/IP networks, including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
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This document compares the OSI model and TCP/IP model. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - network access, internet, transport, and application layer. The OSI model is a generic standard while TCP/IP is its implementation for internet. Key differences are that OSI has strict layering and reliably delivers all packets, while TCP/IP has loose layering and TCP reliably delivers packets while IP does not.
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This document discusses network layering models, including the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP model. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model and TCP/IP model, describing the functions of the application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. It also discusses topics like encapsulation/decapsulation, addressing, and reasons for the lack of adoption of the OSI model compared to widespread use of TCP/IP.
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The document discusses network models and compares the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides details on the layers of the OSI model including the 7 layers from physical to application layer. It describes the functions of each layer such as physical dealing with raw bit transmission, data link framing bits into frames, network routing packets, transport ensuring reliable data delivery, session controlling connections, presentation translating between systems, and application providing user interfaces. It also summarizes the similarities and differences between the OSI and TCP/IP models.
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The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the four layers of the TCP/IP model. For each layer, it provides details on their functions and protocols. It also compares the OSI and TCP/IP models, noting they are both based on layered architectures but that the TCP/IP model combines some layers and better fits existing protocols.
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The document describes the OSI model, including its features, layers, and defects. It outlines the seven layers of the OSI model from physical to application layer, describing the main function and example protocols of each layer. Finally, it lists some defects of the OSI model, such as unmeaning protocol concepts, incomplete specifications, and difficulty realizing protocols.
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This document contains summaries of key topics related to Windows Server management:
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The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It provides an overview of the 7 layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. It also describes the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI model. The document outlines the different types of addresses used in TCP/IP including physical, logical, and port addresses. Examples are provided to illustrate how data is encapsulated and addressed as it passes through the different layers of the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite.
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This document discusses layered network models, specifically the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides an overview of each layer in both models and their functions. The key points are:
- The OSI model defines 7 layers that break communication into smaller parts to simplify the process and allow different hardware/software to work together.
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- Each layer adds header information to data as it moves down the stack. This encapsulation allows communication between layers and across networks.
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The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. It provides details on:
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The document compares the OSI and TCP/IP models and provides details on each layer of the OSI model.
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2) Each OSI layer has a specific function, with the physical layer defining physical interfaces, the data link layer handling framing and addressing, the network layer routing packets, and higher layers focusing on reliability and delivering data to applications.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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- 9. Data Link Layer: DutiesData Link Layer: Duties Framing Physical addressing Flow control Error control Access control 2-9
- 11. Network LayerNetwork Layer The network layer is responsible for the delivery of packets from the source host to the destination host 2-11
- 12. Network Layer: DutiesNetwork Layer: Duties Logical addressing and routing 2-12
- 13. Transport LayerTransport Layer The transport layer is responsible for delivery of a message from one process to another 2-13
- 14. Transport Layer: DutiesTransport Layer: Duties Service-point (port) addressing Segmentation and reassembly Connection control Flow control Error control 2-14
- 15. Reliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a MessageReliable Process-to-Process Delivery of a Message 2-15
- 16. Session LayerSession Layer Session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization 2-16
- 17. Presentation LayerPresentation Layer Presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption 2-17
- 18. Application LayerApplication Layer Application layer is responsible for providing services to the user 2-18
- 19. Application Layer: ServicesApplication Layer: Services Network virtual terminal Mail services File transfer, access, and management Directory services 2-19
- 20. Summary of LayersSummary of Layers 2-20
- 21. TCP/IP and OSI ModelTCP/IP and OSI Model 2-21
- 22. TCP/IP Protocol SuiteTCP/IP Protocol Suite Host-to-network : Physical and data link layer No specific protocol Network layer IP(Internet Protocl), ARP(Address Resolution Protocol), RARP(Reverse ARP), ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMP(Internet Group Message Protocol) Transport layer TCP(Transmission Control Protocol), UDP(User Datagram Protocl), SCTP(Stream Control Transmission Protocol), Application Layer Combined session, presentation, and application layers 2-22
- 23. AddressingAddressing Four levels of addresses in TCP/IP protocols Physical (link), logical (IP, network), port, and specific addresses 2-23
- 24. Relationship of Layers andRelationship of Layers and AddressesAddresses 2-24
- 25. Physical AddressPhysical Address A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver. 2-25 07:01:02:01:2C:4B A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
- 26. Logical (IP) AddressLogical (IP) Address The physical addresses will change from hop to hop, but the logical addresses usually remain the same 2-26
- 27. Port AddressPort Address The physical addresses change from hop to hop, but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same 2-27
- 28. Specific AddressSpecific Address Some application have user-friendly addresses that are designed for that specific address Example 1: e-mail address: nayeema.cse@diu.edu.bd Defines the recipient of an e-mail Example 2: URL (Universal Resource Locator) : www.cse.univdhaka.edu Used to find a document on the WWW 2-28