The document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking and the OSI model. It discusses the TCP/IP networking model including the layers and example protocols. It also compares the TCP/IP model to the OSI networking model, defining each of the OSI layers and providing example protocols and devices. It describes data encapsulation in TCP/IP and the perspective on data in the different layers.
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
Overview of IPv6 protocol along with various transition scenarios for the migration from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is the current and future Internet Protocol standard. As anticipated, IPv4 addresses became exhausted around 2012.
The IP address scarcity is the main driver for IPv6 protocol adoption.
IPv6 defines a much larger address space that should be sufficient for the foreseeable future, even taking into account Internet of Things scenarios with zillions of small devices connected to the Internet.
IPv6 is, however, much more than simply an expansion of the address space. IPv6 defines a clean address architecture with globally aggregatable addresses thus reducing routing table sizes in Internet routers.
IPv6 extension headers provide a standard mechanism for stacking protocols such as IP, IPSec, routing headers and upper layer headers such as TCP.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is already defined for IPv4. ICMP was totally revamped for IPv6 and as ICMPv6 provides common functions like IP address and prefix assignment.
Lack of business drivers for migrating to IPv6 is responsible for sluggish adoption of IPv6 in carrier and enterprise networks.
Numerous transition mechanisms were developed to ease the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Many of these mechanisms are complex and difficult to administer.
The transition mechanisms can be coarsely classified into dual-stack, tunneling and translation mechanisms.
1) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
2) Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
3) Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
4) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
5) Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
6) Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
7) Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
8) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
9) Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
10) Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
11) Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
Overview of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP & RSTP)Peter R. Egli
Ethernet networks require a loop-free topology, otherwise more and more broadcast and unknown unicast frames would swamp the network (creation of frame duplicates resulting in a broadcast storm). Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D) and its faster successor RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) provide loop prevention in bridged networks by establising a loop-free tree of forwarding paths between any two bridges in a network with multiple physical paths. If a link fails, STP and RSTP automatically establishes a new loop-free topology. This presentation describes in detail how STP and RSTP work along with typical examples.
Tunneling provides a mechanism to transport packets of one protocol within another protocol. The
protocol that is carried is called as the passenger protocol, and the protocol that is used for carrying the
passenger protocol is called as the transport protocol. Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is one of the
available tunneling mechanisms which uses IP as the transport protocol and can be used for carrying
many different passenger protocols. The tunnels behave as virtual point-to-point links that have two
endpoints identified by the tunnel source and tunnel destination addresses at each endpoint.
A
PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
1) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of static routing.
2) Explain the purpose of different types of static routes.
3) Configure IPv4 and IPv6 static routes by specifying a next-hop address.
4) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 default routes.
5) Explain the use of legacy classful addressing in network implementation.
6) Explain the purpose of CIDR in replacing classful addressing.
7) Design and implement a hierarchical addressing scheme.
8) Configure an IPv4 and IPv6 summary network address to reduce the number of routing table updates.
9) Configure a floating static route to provide a backup connection.
10) Explain how a router processes packets when a static route is configured.
11) Troubleshoot common static and default route configuration issues.
Overview of Spanning Tree Protocol (STP & RSTP)Peter R. Egli
Ethernet networks require a loop-free topology, otherwise more and more broadcast and unknown unicast frames would swamp the network (creation of frame duplicates resulting in a broadcast storm). Spanning Tree Protocol (IEEE 802.1D) and its faster successor RSTP (IEEE 802.1w) provide loop prevention in bridged networks by establising a loop-free tree of forwarding paths between any two bridges in a network with multiple physical paths. If a link fails, STP and RSTP automatically establishes a new loop-free topology. This presentation describes in detail how STP and RSTP work along with typical examples.
Tunneling provides a mechanism to transport packets of one protocol within another protocol. The
protocol that is carried is called as the passenger protocol, and the protocol that is used for carrying the
passenger protocol is called as the transport protocol. Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) is one of the
available tunneling mechanisms which uses IP as the transport protocol and can be used for carrying
many different passenger protocols. The tunnels behave as virtual point-to-point links that have two
endpoints identified by the tunnel source and tunnel destination addresses at each endpoint.
A
PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
A PROJECT REPORT
On
CISCO CERTIFIED NETWORK ASSOCIATE
A computer network, or simply a network, is a collection of computer and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information. Where at least one process in one device is able to send/receive data to/from at least one process residing in a remote device, then the two devices are said to be in a network. Simply, more than one computer interconnected through a communication medium for information interchange is called a computer network.
Power point presentation on osi model.
A good presentation cover all topics.
For any other type of ppt's or pdf's to be created on demand contact -dhawalm8@gmail.com
mob. no-7023419969
OSI (open systems interconnection) ModelNetwax Lab
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI) is a conceptual model that characterizes and
standardizes the internal functions of a communication system by partitioning it into abstraction layers.
The OSI Model is a conceptual, seven-layered model of how networks work. It tells us that how data is
going through one computer to another computer, and also it simplifies to troubleshoot the network
issues.
all about osi model and its layer which contain seven layer that is application ,presentation ,session ,transport ,networking, data link and physical layer . osi is appected by all and it was introduced by iso (indian standard organisation). osi is accepted by all over the world its best for networking which tell about all layer working .
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
6. TCP/IP Architectural Model and
Example Protocols
TCP/IP Architecture Layer Example Protocols
Application HTTP, POP 3, SMTP
Transport TCP,UDP
Internet IP, ICMP
Data Link & Physical Ethernet, 802.11 (Wi-Fi)
TCP/IP
16. Perspective on Encapsulation and
“Data”
The letters LH and LT stand for link header and link trailer, respectively, and refer to the data link layer header and trailer.
The letters LH and LT stand for link header and link trailer, respectively, and refer to the data link layer header and trailer.
The letters LH and LT stand for link header and link
trailer, respectively, and refer to the data link layer
header and trailer.
18. OSI Reference Model Layer Definitions
Layer Functional Description
7 All Application layer. This layer provides an interface between the communications
software and any applications that need to communicate outside the computer on
which the application resides. It also defines processes for user authentication.
6 People Presentation layer. This layer’s main purpose is to define and negotiate data
formats, such as ASCII text, EBCDIC text, binary, BCD, and JPEG. Encryption is
also defined by OSI as a presentation layer service
5 Seem Session layer. This layer defines how to start, control, and end conversations
(called sessions). This includes the control and management of multiple
bidirectional messages so that the application can be notified if only some of a
series of messages are completed. This allows the presentation layer to have a
seamless view of an incoming stream of data.
4 To Transport layer. This layer’s protocols provide a large number of services, as
described in Chapter 5, “Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport and Applications.”
Although OSI Layers 5 through 7 focus on issues related to the application, Layer
4 focuses on issues related to data delivery to another computer (for instance,
error recovery and flow control).
19. OSI Reference Model Layer Definitions
(Continued
Layer Functional Description
3 Need Network layer. This layer defines three main features: logical addressing,
routing (forwarding), and path determination. Routing defines how
devices (typically routers) forward packets to their final destination.
Logical addressing defines how each device can have an address that can
be used by the routing process. Path determination refers to the work
done by routing protocols to learn all possible routes, and choose the best
route.
2 Data Data link layer. This layer defines the rules that determine when a device
can send data over a particular medium. Data link protocols also define
the format of a header and trailer that allows devices attached to the
medium to successfully send and receive data
1
Processing
Physical layer. This layer typically refers to standards from other
organizations. These standards deal with the physical characteristics of
the transmission medium, including connectors, pins, use of pins,
electrical currents, encoding, light modulation, and the rules for how to
20. OSI Reference Model Example Devices
and Protocols
Layer Name Protocols and
Specifications
Devices
Application, presentation,
session (Layers 5–7)
Telnet, HTTP, FTP, SMTP,
POP3, VoIP, SNMP
Hosts, firewalls
Transport (Layer 4) TCP, UDP Hosts, firewalls
Network (Layer 3) IP Router
Data link (Layer 2) Ethernet (IEEE 802.3),
HDLC
LAN switch, wireless
access point, cable
modem, DSL modem
Physical (Layer 1) RJ-45, Ethernet (IEEE
802.3)
LAN hub, LAN repeater,
cables
