Power point presentation on osi model.
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Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
Although the OSI reference model is universally recognized, the historical and technical open standard of the Internet is Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
The TCP/IP reference model and the TCP/IP protocol stack make data communication possible between any two computers, anywhere in the world, at nearly the speed of light.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
A presentation on what is OSI layer and how it works in establishing communication. The OSI layer helps in troubleshooting the problems in layers and thus reduce the time spent.
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
osi vs tcp/ip
you can get the contents from the slides of forouzan and tanenbaum of computer networking.
application layer
session layer
data link layer
presentation layer
network layer
physical layer
transmission in each osi layer
transmission in each tcp/ip layer
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.
A presentation on what is OSI layer and how it works in establishing communication. The OSI layer helps in troubleshooting the problems in layers and thus reduce the time spent.
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS OSI?
OSI MODEL
TYPES OF LAYERS
PHYSICAL LAYER
DATA LINK LAYER
NETWORK LAYER
TRANSPORT LAYER
SESSION LAYER
PRESENTATION LAYER
APPLICATION LAYER
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to their underlying internal structure and technology.
This presentation is about the introduction to network switch layer technology. A network switch is a device tha is used to connect different segments over the network.This ppt includes introduction to switch,types of switches or layer specification,advantages and disadvantages of switch..
I hope it will be very helpful for the engineering students and the others who are interested to search in deep about network switch.
osi vs tcp/ip
you can get the contents from the slides of forouzan and tanenbaum of computer networking.
application layer
session layer
data link layer
presentation layer
network layer
physical layer
transmission in each osi layer
transmission in each tcp/ip layer
The data link layer, or layer 2, is the second layer of the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking. This layer is the protocol layer that transfers data between adjacent network nodes in a wide area network (WAN) or between nodes on the same local area network (LAN) segment.
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP LayerNetwax Lab
Difference between OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
TCP/IP OSI
It has 4 layers. It has 7 layers.
TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards
around which the internet has developed.
OSI Model however is a "generic, protocolindependent standard."
Follows Vertical Approach Follows Horizontal Approach
In TCP/IP Model, Transport Layer does not
Guarantees delivery of packets.
In OSI Model, Transport Layer Guarantees
delivery of packets.
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
Internet Technology Lectures
network protocols, TCP/IP Model
Lecturer: Saman M. Almufti / Kurdistan Region, Nawroz University
facebook: https://www.facebook.com/saman.malmufti
YouTube Link:https://youtu.be/JgbAWAc0fDs
Please help!!!I can change a link layer protocol and the applicati.pdflejeunehayneswowel96
Please help!!!
I can change a link layer protocol and the application layer protocol does not need to know or be
made aware of the change. Explain why?
Solution
Answer :-
The protocols are like a pile of building blocks stacked one upon another. Because of this
appearance, the structure is often called a stack or protocol stack.
A layer does not define a single protocol it defines a data communications function that may be
performed by any number of protocols. Therefore, each layer may contain multiple protocols,
each providing a service suitable to the function of that layer. For example, a file transfer
protocol and an electronic mail protocol both provide user services, and both are part of the
Application Layer.
1) Application Layer :-
The Application Layer is the level of the protocol hierarchy where user-accessed network
processes reside. In this text, a TCP/IP application is any network process that occurs above the
Transport Layer. This includes all of the processes that users directly interact with as well as
other processes at this level that users are not necessarily aware of.
2) Presentation Layer :-
For cooperating applications to exchange data, they must agree about how data is represented. In
OSI, the Presentation Layer provides standard data presentation routines. This function is
frequently handled within the applications in TCP/IP, though TCP/IP protocols such as XDR and
MIME also perform this function.
3) Session Layer :-
As with the Presentation Layer, the Session Layer is not identifiable as a separate layer in the
TCP/IP protocol hierarchy. The OSI Session Layer manages the sessions (connections) between
cooperating applications. In TCP/IP, this function largely occurs in the Transport Layer, and the
term “session” is not used; instead, the terms “socket” and “port” are used to describe the path
over which cooperating applications communicate.
4) Transport Layer:
Much of our discussion of TCP/IP is directed to the protocols that occur in the Transport Layer.
The Transport Layer in the OSI reference model guarantees that the receiver gets the data exactly
as it was sent. In TCP/IP, this function is performed by the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP). However, TCP/IP offers a second Transport Layer service, User Datagram Protocol
(UDP), that does not perform the end-to-end reliability checks.
5) Network Layer :-
The Network Layer manages connections across the network and isolates the upper layer
protocols from the details of the underlying network. The Internet Protocol (IP), which isolates
the upper layers from the underlying network and handles the addressing and delivery of data, is
usually described as TCP/IP’s Network Layer.
6) Data Link Layer :-
The reliable delivery of data across the underlying physical network is handled by the Data Link
Layer. TCP/IP rarely creates protocols in the Data Link Layer. Most RFCs that relate to the Data
Link Layer discuss how IP can make use of existing data link protocols.
7) Physi.
The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
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Power point presentation on logical families.
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This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
ER(Entity Relationship) Diagram for online shopping - TAEHimani415946
https://bit.ly/3KACoyV
The ER diagram for the project is the foundation for the building of the database of the project. The properties, datatypes, and attributes are defined by the ER diagram.
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
3. CONTENT:
OSI
LAYERS OF OSI
TCP/IP
LAYERS OF TCP/IP
NETWORK
PROTOCOL
CONNECTION ORIENTED & CONNECTION LESS SERIVES
WHAT ARE PACKETS , FRAMES , AND DATAGRAM
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OSI AND TCPIP
UDP
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UDP AND TCPIP
5. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally
recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and
for operating system involved in networking functions.
An open system is a set of protocols that allow two
different systems to communicate regardless of their
underlying architecture
OSI reference model is a concept that describe the
steps to be followed for data communication to
take place.
Creating a guideline for network data
transmission between computer and components
that have different hardware vendors, software,
operating systems and protocols
7. Layers of OSI model
• Application Layer (Layer-7): This is where the user application sits that
needs to transfer data between or among hosts. For example: HTTP, file
transfer application (FTP) and electronic mail etc.
• Presentation Layer (Layer-6): This layer helps to understand data
representation in one form on a host to other host in their built-in
representation. Data from the sender is converted to on-the-wire data
(general standard format) and at the receiver’s end it is converted to the
built-in representation of the receiver.
8. Layers of OSI model
• Session Layer (Layer-5): This layer provides session management
capabilities between hosts. For example, if some host needs a password
verification for access and if credentials are provided then for that session
password verification does not happen again. This layer can assist in
synchronization, dialog control and critical operation management (e.g.,
online bank transaction).
• Transport Layer (Layer-4): This layer provides end to end data delivery
among hosts. This layer takes data from the above layer and breaks it
smaller units called Segments and then gives it to the Network layer for
transmission.
9. Network Layer (Layer-3): This layer helps to uniquely identify host and defines
the path which the packets will follow or be routed to reach the destination.
• Data Link Layer (Layer-2): This layer takes the raw transmission data (signal,
pulses etc.) from the Physical Layer and makes Data Frames, and sends that to
the upper layer and vice versa. This layer also checks any transmission errors
and sorts it out accordingly.
Layers of OSI model
10. Physical Layer (Layer-1): This layer deals with hardware
technology and actual communication mechanism such as
signaling, voltage etc.
Layers of OSI model
13. TCP is one of the main protocols in TCP/IP networks.
Whereas the IP protocol deals only with packets, whereas TCP
enables two hosts to establish a connection and exchange of
data. TCP guarantees delivery of data and also guarantees
that packets will be delivered in the same order in which they
were sent.
TCP/IP
14. TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
Software that breaks messages into packets, hands
them off to the IP software for delivery, and then
orders and reassembles the packets at their
destination
Internet Protocol (IP)
Software that deals with the routing of packets
through the maze of interconnected networks to their
final destination
15. TCP/IP Model Layers
Each layer of the TCP/IP has a particular function to perform and each layer is completely
separate from the layer(s) next to it. The communication process that takes place, at its simplest
between two computers, is that the data moves from layer 4 to 3 to 2 then to 1 and the
information sent arrives at the second system and moves from 1 to 2 to 3 and then finally to
layer 4.
Application Layer
The application layer is concerned with providing network services to applications. There are
many application network processes and protocols that work at this layer, including HyperText
Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) and File Transfer Protocol
(FTP).
At this layer sockets and port numbers are used to differentiate the path and sessions which
applications operate. Most application layer protocols, especially on the server side, have
specially allocated port numbers, e.g. HTTP = 80 and SMTP = 25, and FTP = 20 (Control), 21
(Data).
16. Transport Layer
This layer is concerned with the transmission of the data. The two main protocols that operate
at this layer are Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). TCP
is regarded as being the reliable transmission protocol and it guarantees that the proper data
transfer will take place. UDP is not as complex as TCP and as such is not designed to be
reliable or guarantee data delivery. UDP is generally thought of as being a best effort data
delivery, i.e. once the data is sent, UDP will not carry out any checks to see that it has safely
arrived.
The Internet Layer
This is the layer that contains the packet construct that will be transmitted. This takes the form
of the Internet Protocol (IP) which describes a packet that contains a source IP Address,
destination IP Address and the actual data to be delivered.
Network Access Layer
This is the lowest level of the TCP/IP protocol stack and functions carried out here include
encapsulation of IP packets into frames for transmission, mapping IP addresses to physical
hardware addresses (MAC Addresses) and the use of protocols for the physical transmission of
data.
19. NETWORK
A computer network can be as simple as two PCs
connected together via a single copper cable or it
can be grown up to the extreme level where every
computer in this world are connected to each
other, called The Internet.
A network also includes data exchange.
23. A uniform set of rules that enable two devices
to connect and transmit data to one another
protocols determine how data are transmitted
between computing devices and over networks
. They defines issues such as error control and
data compression methods.
25. CONNECTION –ORIENTED
Connection-oriented communication includes the steps of
setting up a call from one computer to another,
transmitting/receiving data, and then releasing the call,
like a voice phone call. However, the network connecting
the computers is a packet switched network, unlike the
phone system's circuit switched network. Connection-
oriented communication is done in one of two ways over
packet switched network: with and without virtual circuits
26. Connectionless:
Connectionless communication is just packet switching
where no call establishment and release occur. A
is broken into packets, and each packet is transferred
separately. Moreover, the packets can travel different
route to the destination since there is no connection.
Connectionless service is typically provided by the UDP
(User Datagram Protocol), which we will examine
later. The packets transferred using UDP are also
called datagrams.
Feature Connectionless Connection-oriented
How is data sent? one packet at a time as continuous stream of packets
28. Packet: This term is considered by many to
most correctly refer to a message sent by
protocols operating at the network layer of
the OSI Reference Model. So, you will
commonly see people refer to “IP packets”.
However, this term is commonly also used to
refer generically to any type of message, as I
mentioned at the start of this topic
29. Datagram: This term is basically synonymous with “packet” and is
also used to refer to network layer technologies. It is also often
used to refer to a message that is sent at a higher level of the OSI
Reference Model (more often than “packet” is).
Frame: This term is most commonly associated with messages
that travel at low levels of the OSI Reference Model. In particular,
it is most commonly seen used in reference to data link
layer messages.
A packet is a group of bits of data. A frame is a place to put a
packet.
31. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OSI AND TCPIP
OSI
1. The OSI model is a reference model
2. In OSI model , the protocols came
after the model was described .
3. The OSI model has 7 layers.
4. The OSI model support both
connection and connection –
oriented communication in the
network layer , but only connection
– oriented communication in
transport .
TCPIP
1. The TCP|IP model is an
implementation of the OSI model.
2. In TCP|IP model , the protocols came
first , and the model was really just a
description of the existing protocols.
3. The TCPIP model has only 4 layer .
4. The TCPIP model supports both
connectionless and connection-
oriented communication in the
transport layer , giving user the
choice.
32. 5. Follows horizontal approach .
6. OSI model has a separate
presentation layer.
7. OSI is a general model.
8. Protocols are hidden in OSI
model and are easily replaced as
the technology changes.
9. OSI model defines services ,
interface and protocols very
clearly and make clear
distinction between them.
5. Follows vertical approach.
6. TCP|IP does not have a
separate presentation layer.
7. TCPIP model cannot be used
in any other application.
8. In TCPIP replacing protocol is
not easy.
9. In TCPIP is not clearly
separate its services , interface
and protocols.
34. UDP(USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL
UDP is a one – to - one or one – to – many
connectionless and unreliable transport protocol.
UDP packets are called as user datagram's.
User datagram's consist of 8-bytes header
and data.
35.
36. UDP is suitable for applications that need fast, efficient
transmission such as games .
UDP’s stateless nature is also responsible for servers that
answer small queries from huge number of client.
UDP is faster because there is no error checking
for packets.
Continue……
37. Used for the transmission of small
amount of data.
Accuracy is not of prime concern.
Also used for multimedia
transmission.
Faster compared to TCP.
38. • UDP header size is 8 bytes.
• Udp does not have an option for flow
control.
• There is no guarantee that the message or
packets sent would reach at all.
39. UDP DATAGRAM FORMAT
Header
(8 bytes)
Data
Source Port
(16 bits)
Message Length
(16 bits)
Checksum
(16 bits)
Destination Port
(16 bits)
40. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UDP & TCPIP
TCP us a connection-oriented protocol
As a message makes its way across the INTERNET from
one computer to another. This is connection based.
TCP rearranges DATA packets in the order specified
TCP is suited for applications that require high reliability,
and transmission time is relatively less critical
The speed for TCP is slower than UDP
There is absolute guarantee that the data transferred
remains intact and arrives in the same order in which it
was sent.
TCP header size is 20 bytes
UDP
UDP is connectionless protocol.
UDP is also a protocol used in message transport
or transfer . This is not connection based which
means that one program can send a load of
packets to another and that would be the end of
the relationship
UDP is suitable for application that need fast ,
efficient transmission , such as games . UDP’s
stateless nature is also useful for servers that
answer small quires from huge numbers of clients
UDP has no inherent order as all packets are
independent of each other . If ordering is required ,
it has to be managed by the application layer.
TCPIP