This document discusses the anatomy of the bony orbit and extraocular muscles. It describes the seven bones that make up the bony orbit, including the frontal, zygomatic, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoid, lacrimal and palatine bones. It details the structures and openings of the orbital roof, floor, medial wall and lateral wall. It then discusses the six extraocular muscles - the four rectus muscles (superior, inferior, medial and lateral), and two oblique muscles (superior and inferior). It outlines the origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions of each muscle. Finally, it discusses clinical implications such as causes of strabismus and Horner's syndrome.
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orbit anatomy along with its borders and contents. extra ocular muscles and their attachment , and their actions, along with their innervation. strabismus and squint. damage of occulomotor, trochlear and abducent nerve sign and symptoms of the patient.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES.pptANUJA DHAKAL
The presentation begins with an overview of the extraocular muscles, highlighting their crucial role in controlling eye movements and maintaining proper vision. Emphasized the significance of these muscles in daily activities and visual perception.
The extraocular muscles are the six muscles that control movement of the eye and one muscle that controls eyelid elevation. The actions of the six muscles responsible for eye movement depend on the position of the eye at the time of muscle contraction.
you can get information about the extraocular muscles which are responsible for the movement of the eyes in different direction, near and distance.
you will know how many extraocular muscles and how they work....
you will get information about the different position of gazes....
Extraocular musles(EOM) They are six in number Four recti: Superior rectus Inferior rectus Medial rectus Lateral rectus Two oblique muscles: Superior oblique Inferior oblique
3. SUPERIOR RECTUS MUSCLE . Origin Superior part of common annular tendon of Zinn Course Passes anterolaterally beneath the levator At 23 degrees with the globe ‘s AP axis Pierces Tenon s capsule Insertion into sclera by flat tendinous 10 mm broad insertion 7.7 mm behind sclero-corneal junction. 42 mm long 9 mm wide
4. Nerve supply Sup division of 3rd N Blood Supply Lateral Muscular br. of Ophthalmic A APPLIED: SR loosely bound to LPS muscle. • During SR resection- eyelid may be pulled forward narr owing palpebral fissure • In hypotropia pseudoptosis may be present Origin of SR and MR are closely attached to the dural sheat h of the optic nerve pain during upward & inward movements of the globe in RETROBULBAR NEURITIS
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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Study Resources:
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
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O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
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2. Bony Orbit
Seven bones make up
the bony orbit:
Frontal
Zygomatic
Maxillary
Ethmoidal
Sphenoid
Lacrimal
Palatine
3. Bony Orbit
ROOF:
The orbital roof formed
from both the orbital plate
of the frontal bone and the
lesser wing of the sphenoid
bone. Above the roof is
cranial cavity.
Contains: Lacrimal fossa
for lacrimal gland
FLOOR:
The floor of the orbit is
formed from three bones
and related to maxillary
sinus:
Maxillary
Palatine
Orbital plate of the
zygomatic
It contains:
Infraorbital groove
Attachment of Inferior
Oblique muscle
4. Bony Orbit
MEDIAL WALL of the
orbit is formed from four
bones and related to lateral
wall of nose:
Frontal process of the
maxillary
Lacrimal
Orbital plate of the ethmoidal
Lesser wing of the sphenoid
Lacrimal fossa for lacrimal
sac.
LATERAL WALL
Formed from two bones:
Zygomatic
Greater wing of the sphenoid
Thickest and strongest
Lateral orbital tubercle
(Whitnall’s tubercle) for
attachment of lateral
check ligament
5. Orbital Foramina
The optic foramen: Transmit
Optic nerve and Ophthalmic
artery
The supraorbital foramen, or
notch: transmit supraorbital
nerve and vessels
The zygomatic foramen:
Transmit Zygomatic nerve
Infraorbital canal: Transmit
Infraorbital nerve and vessels
Superior orbital fissure:
Transmit occulomotor nerve,
trochlear nerve, abducent nerve,
Branches of Ophthalmic nerve,
Ophthalmic veins
Inferior orbital fissure:
Maxillary nerve
8. Extraocular Muscles
The four recti and
two oblique muscles
All are supplied by
oculomotor nerve III
except superior
oblique (Trochlear
N) and lateral rectus
(Abducent N)
9. Voluntary Muscles:
1. Four Recti – Superior, Inferior, Medial and Lateral
2. Two Obliques – Superior & Inferior
3. Elevator of upper eyelid – Levator palpebrae
superioris.
Involuntary Muscles:
1. Superior tarsal muscle – Deeper part of levator
palpebrae superioris
2. Inferior tarsal muscle
3. Orbicularis muscle
Extraocular Muscles
11. Extraocular Muscles: Origin
4 Recti originate from a common tendinous ring (the
annulus of Zinn) which is attached at the apex of the
orbit encircling the optic foramina and the medial
part of the superior orbital fissure.
SO: arises from the body of sphenoid bone above and
medial to the optic foramen
IO: arises by a round tendon from a shallow
depression on the orbital plate of maxilla
13. Extraocular Muscles: Origin
Superior ObliqueLevator palpebrae superioris
Medial Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Superior Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Inferior Oblique
14. Extraocular Muscles
Insertion: on the sclera
Recti – on sclera in front of
equator;
distance from cornea –
SR = 7.7mm, LR = 6.9mm, IR = 6.5mm,
MR = 5.5mm.
Superior Oblique – Behind the
equator on sclera in superolateral
posterior quadrant, between the
superior and lateral recti.
Inferior Oblique – Behind the
equator on sclera in inferolateral
posterior quadrant, between the recti
superior and lateralis.
15. Blood Supply:
2 muscular arteries from the ophthalmic artery
The medial (larger) branch supplies the MR, IR and
IO muscles.
The lateral (smaller) branch supplies the LR, SR, SO
and levator palpebrae muscles.
Anterior ciliary arteries (usually 7) from the above
arteries.
Veins correspond to the arteries and empty into the
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins.
16. Nerve Supply:
Superior, Inferior & Medial Recti; Levator
palpebrae superioris and Inferior Oblique
Muscles are supplied by Oculomotor (III cranial)
Nerve
19. Levator Palpebrae Superioris:
Origin: Orbital surface of lesser wing of
sphenoid bone, anterosuperior to optic canal.
Insertion: Splits into two laminas
Superior lamina (voluntary) to the skin of upper
eyelid & anterior surface of superior tarsal
plate
Inferior lamina (Muller’s muscle) (involuntary)
to the upper margin of superior tarsus
(superior tarsal or muller’s muscle) & superior
conjunctival fornix
Nerve Supply: Oculomotor nerve (voluntary
part); Sympathetic (involuntary part, ie Muller’s
muscle)
Action: Elevation of upper eyelid.
Damage to oculomotor nerve leads to
paralysis of this muscle and leads to ptosis.
Even damage to sympathetic fibers in Horner’s
syndrome leads to partial ptosis due to
paralysis of Muller’s muscle.
20. Movements of Eyeball:
Along vertical axis : Lateral rotation (Abduction) & Medial rotation
(Adduction)
Along Transverse axis: Elevation & Depression
Along anteroposterior axis: Intortion (cornea moves medially
from 12 O'clock position) & Extortion (cornea moves laterally from 12
O'clock position)
23. Actions of Oblique Muscles:
Superior Oblique:
Depression,
Abduction,
Intortion
Inferior Oblique:
Elevation,
Abduction,
Extortion
Both the obliques are attached behind the equator and thus,
cause opposite movement of the eyeball in the vertical axis.
24. Actions of Oblique Muscles:
Superior Oblique: :
Intortion
Inferior Oblique :
Extortion
Anteroposterior axis
25. Actions of Oblique Muscles:
Both oblique muscles
pull the posterolateral
quadrant
anteromedially; thus,
abduct the eyeball.
Vertical axis
28. Movements of Eyeball:
MUSCLE NERVE
SUPPLY
ACTIONS
SUPERIOR
RECTUS
Oculomotor Adduction, Elevation,
Intorsion
SIN
INFERIOR
RECTUS
Oculomotor Adduction, Depression,
Extorsion
RAD
MEDIAL
RECTUS
Oculomotor Adduction
RAD
LATERAL
RECTUS
Abducent LR6 Abduction
SUPERIOR
OBLIQUE
Trochlear SO4 Abduction, Depression,
Intorsion
SIN
INFERIOR
OBLIQUE
Oculomotor Abduction, Elevation,
Extorsion
29. Applied Anatomy:
Abnormal deviation of the is known as Squint
(Strabismus).
Paralysis of Lateral Rectus due to damage to
Abducent nerve leads to Medial Squint.
Damage to Oculomotor nerve (3Ds) leads
to paralysis of all muscles of eye except Superior
Oblique and Lateral Rectus leading to Divergent
Squint, Diplopia and Ptosis- Drooping of
Eyelid.
Damage to Trochlear nerve cause paralysis
of Superior Oblique muscle causing diplopia
while looking downwards.
Medial Squint
Divergent Squint and
Ptosis -Drooping of
Eyelid.
31. • Causes: Interruption of sympathetic pathway like multiple sclerosis,
syringomyelia, traction of stellate ganglion by cervical rib, ganglion
metastatic lesion.
• Signs:
• Constriction of pupil (miosis) due to paralysis of dilator pupillae
• Slight drooping of eyelid (ptosis) due to paralysis of Muller’s muscle
(Part of Levator palpebrae superioris)
• Enophthalmos (Retraction of eyeball) due to paralysis of
Orbicularis muscle which supports the eyeball
• Loss of sweating (anhydrosis) due to damage to sympathetic fibers
to the sweat glands
• Loss of ciliospinal reflex
Horner’s syndrome